高校大型科研仪器开放共享运行机制探究

随着国内高等教育的快速发展,国家对高等教育事业投入经费的逐年增加,高校办学规模越来越大,高校购置的大型科研仪器也日益增多.如何科学购置大型科研仪器、减少重复投入、提高大型科研仪器开放率和利用率,是国内众多高校面临的棘手问题.针对目前高校大型科研仪器管理的现状和存在的问题,从完善制度、转变理念、经费投入、管理手段、人才队伍等方面,完善高校大型科研仪器开放共享运行机制,进一步提高高校大型科研仪器使用率,充分发挥大型科研仪器使用绩效.     

高校大型仪器开放实验室网络培训体系的探索

大型仪器在高校人才培养和科研测试服务中发挥着重要作用,系统的培训体系是高校大型仪器共享平台高效运行的基本保障,也是高校推进一流教育和拔尖人才培养的客观要求。系统性规范化的网络培训模式有利于提升培训的效果。通过构建包含安全培训及考核、仪器使用培训及考核、仪器原理及应用技巧、仪器测试成果与前沿展示互动交流于一体的网络资源平台,探索基于此平台的培训管理体系和长效完备的学习支撑体系,为高校大型仪器开放共享与人才培养体系建设提供了新思路。     

我国今年将建立仪器设备数据库

<正>中央全面深化改革领导小组第六次会议不久前审议通过了《关于国家重大科研基础设施和大型科研仪器向社会开放的意见》。科技部召开新闻通气会就意见中提到备受社会关注的如何解决科技资源分散、封闭、重复、低效等问题进行解读。随着科研设施与仪器数量、价值快速增长,利用率和共享水平不高的问题逐渐凸显。据科技部透露,2013年我国大型科学仪器年均有效工作机时为1 157 h,对外服务率为10.6%。对此,科技部发展计划司副司长蔡文沁表示,此次意见指导对象主要包括两大类:一部分是重大科研基础设施,这     

基于CiteSpace的实验队伍研究热点和趋势

将文献计量和知识图谱用于分析实验队伍的研究热点,使用CiteSpace软件分析相关文章的作者、单位、期刊、关键词等信息,研究实验队伍研究的热点和变化趋势. 研究表明,相关研究数量整体呈上升趋势. 全国该领域研究单位和学者众多,但缺乏权威核心研究团队. 近些年“科研仪器”“开放共享”“绩效考核”等关键词已经取代“实验室”“管理体制”“实验教学”等关键词成为了新的研究热点. 实验队伍的研究与“科研仪器”“开放共享”密不可分. 相比于科研仪器的增长,实验队伍仍存在数量不足和质量不强的问题.     

三部门联合开启仪器开放共享评价考核工作

正前不久科技部办公厅、财政部办公厅、教育部办公厅联合发布关于开展中央级高校和科研院所重大科研基础设施和大型科研仪器开放共享评价考核工作的通知。通知内容显示,本次评价考核范围为中央级高等学校和科研院所,以法人单位为考核对象,对其拥有的重大科研基础设施和原值50万元以上的大型科研仪器2017年度的开     

强化管理机制, 推进科研设施与仪器开放共享

正重大科研基础设施和大型科研仪器是用于探索未知世界、发现自然规律、实现技术变革的重要科学研究工具. 近年来,我国科研设施与仪器建设投入持续增加,高校和科研院所原值50万元以上的大型科研仪器已超过10万台套. 2014年,《国务院关于国家重大科研基础设施和大型科研仪器向社会开放的意见》发布,各有关部门和科研单位围绕健全国家创新体系和提高全社会创新能力,加快推进科研设施与仪器开共享,为科技创新和社会需求服务,为实施创新驱动发展战略提供有效支撑     

以大型仪器为依托构建本科生科研素质培养的新模式

本文以江汉大学高分子材料与工程专业本科教学为例,提出以大型仪器为依托构建本科生科研素质培养的新模式。借助于大型仪器在本科生科研素质培养中的优势作用,采用建立在线资料库、大型仪器模拟仿真、大型仪器操作实训、组建学生科研团队和建立多元化考核评价体系等措施,进一步激发学生的学习兴趣,培养学生的自主学习能力、独立思考能力、团队协作能力和创新能力。通过转变学习方式和方法,提升学生的学习和科学研究等方面的综合能力,为高素质、有特色的应用型技术人才的培养提供一定的参考。     

加快推进国产科研仪器"进口替代"的思考

科学进步离不开科研仪器技术的发展, 科研仪器自主研制已成为我国促进技术创新的强劲动力和人才培养的重要平台. 飞船发射、航母制造、北斗导航等高科技重大突破离不开我国自行研制的高端科研仪器, 科技创新已成为当今各国提高综合国力的战略支撑. 每年我国对科研仪器的市场需求很大, 但进口仪器占比70%, 部分高端仪器更是100%依赖进口. 由于高、精、尖科研仪器的核心技术、关键零部件被国外封锁, 导致我国研发的高端科研仪器丧失国际竞争力. 针对上述现象, 通过对国产科研仪器目前现状分析, 就如何加强国家创新引导力来加快推进国产科研仪器高质量发展, 从而提升在国际市场的竞争力, 最终实现"进口替代"进行探讨.     

三部委印发《国家重大科研基础设施和大型科研仪器开放共享管理办法》

<正>为落实《国务院关于国家重大科研基础设施和大型科研仪器向社会开放的意见》(国发[2014]70号),推动国家重大科研基础设施和大型科研仪器的开放共享,不久前科技部、发展改革委、财政部三部门共同研究制定了《国家重大科研基础设施和大型科研仪器开放共享管理办法》。该办法适用于中央级研究开发机构、高等院校以及其它机构。该办法所指的国家重大科研基础设施和大型科研仪器(以下简称科研设施与仪器)主要包括政府预算资金投入建设和购置的用于科学研究和技术开发活动的各类重大     

大型仪器科学管理(196~203)大型科研仪器平台的可持续管理

大型科研仪器平台的运行水平与科技创新活动的产出效果息息相关.可持续管理是提升其运行水平的关键.梳理以往相关研究, 结合实际管理经验, 从其基本功能链解析大型科研仪器平台的边界、统一、功能和反馈等内涵.聚焦科研仪器平台自身运行层面, 丰富平台的功能网络结构, 进而辨析当前的主要管理问题, 明确平台稳定运行的必要特征.通过辨明人员在平台运行过程中的作用, 探讨在初始期、上升期、稳定期和繁荣期等4个发展阶段的可持续管理对策, 为平台运行提供可行的参考.     

Incorporating specificity into optimization: evaluation of SPA using CSAR 2014 and CASF 2013 benchmarks

Scoring functions of protein–ligand interactions are widely used in computationally docking software and structure-based drug discovery. Accurate prediction of the binding energy between the protein and the ligand is the main task of the scoring function. The accuracy of a scoring function is normally evaluated by testing it on the benchmarks of protein–ligand complexes. In this work, we report the evaluation analysis of an improved version of scoring function SPecificity and Affinity (SPA). By testing on two independent benchmarks Community Structure-Activity Resource (CSAR) 2014 and Comparative Assessment of Scoring Functions (CASF) 2013, the assessment shows that SPA is relatively more accurate than other compared scoring functions in predicting the interactions between the protein and the ligand. We conclude that the inclusion of the specificity in the optimization can effectively suppress the competitive state on the funnel-like binding energy landscape, and make SPA more accurate in identifying the “native” conformation and scoring the binding decoys. The evaluation of SPA highlights the importance of binding specificity in improving the accuracy of the scoring functions.     

A practical approach for linearity assessment of calibration curves under the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) guidelines for an in-house validation of method of analysis

Linearity assessment as required in method validation has always been subject to different interpretations and definitions by various guidelines and protocols. However, there are very limited applicable implementation procedures that can be followed by a laboratory chemist in assessing linearity. Thus, this work proposes a simple method for linearity assessment in method validation by a regression analysis that covers experimental design, estimation of the parameters, outlier treatment, and evaluation of the assumptions according to the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry guidelines. The suitability of this procedure was demonstrated by its application to an in-house validation for the determination of plasticizers in plastic food packaging by GC.     

Carbon Dots for Carbon Dummies: The Quantum and The Molecular Questions Among Some Others

Carbon Dots (CDs) are carbon nanoparticles which were discovered in 2004. Despite two decades of intensive work from the scientific community and a colossal amount of gathered experimental data, no definitive consensus exists to date on several key aspects such as the actual definition of CDs and the origin of their emissive properties. This review proposes a critical evaluation of these fundamental questions. Lay persons will also find here an alternative introduction to the CDs domain, including synthetic strategies, photophysical properties, as well as challenges and outlook of this exciting new area.     

基于香港高中化学学科校本评核的教、学、评活动设计*

化学实验评价对于培养学生的创新意识和化学学科实践能力具有重要意义,尝试借鉴香港高中化学学科校本评核方法设计“教、学、评”活动促进学生化学学习和实验能力发展。介绍了香港高中化学学科校本评核框架及准则,以人教版《化学1》(2003年课标本)“铁盐和亚铁盐”为例,结合2017年课标设计实验评价量表,通过实验活动串联教学任务,以期实现教、学、评目标。通过评价反馈,促使更加科学、全面地评估学生的实验能力表现,为教师的化学教学实践提供改进依据。     

基础化学实验教学效果评价体系的构建与实施

从专家听课及学生评教两方面构建了基础化学实验教学效果评价体系,介绍了评价教师教学方法、教学内容及教学效果的实施方法。在此基础上,制定了相应的奖惩管理制度。实践表明,科学开展实验教学效果评价有利于教师重视实验教学,激发教学积极性,从而显著提高教学质量。     

Information-theoretical feature selection using data obtained by scanning electron microscopy coupled with and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer for the classification of glass traces

In this work, a selection of the best features for multivariate forensic glass classification using Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with an Energy Dispersive X-ray spectrometer (SEM-EDX) has been performed. This has been motivated by the fact that the databases available for forensic glass classification are sparse nowadays, and the acquisition of SEM-EDX data is both costly and time-consuming for forensic laboratories. The database used for this work consists of 278 glass objects for which 7 variables, based on their elemental compositions obtained with SEM-EDX, are available. Two categories are considered for the classification task, namely containers and car/building windows, both of them typical in forensic casework. A multivariate model is proposed for the computation of the likelihood ratios. The feature selection process is carried out by means of an exhaustive search, with an Empirical Cross-Entropy (ECE) objective function. The ECE metric takes into account not only the discriminating power of the model in use, but also its calibration, which indicates whether or not the likelihood ratios are interpretable in a probabilistic way. Thus, the proposed model is applied to all the 63 possible univariate, bivariate and trivariate combinations taken from the 7 variables in the database, and its performance is ranked by its ECE. Results show remarkable accuracy of the best variables selected following the proposed procedure for the task of classifying glass fragments into windows (from cars or buildings) or containers, obtaining high (almost perfect) discriminating power and good calibration. This allows the proposed models to be used in casework. We also present an in-depth analysis which reveals the benefits of the proposed ECE metric as an assessment tool for classification models based on likelihood ratios.     

Coupling of capillary electrophoresis with reaction detection for the on-line evaluation of radical scavenging activity of analytes

The main task of this work was to create a rapid, simple and less material and time consuming method involving capillary electrophoretic separation in order to separate analytes and evaluate antioxidant activity within a single analytical run. Several interfaces were developed and used to couple CE to the reaction detector. The method developed enables simultaneous electrophoretic separation and evaluation of antioxidant activity of each separated compound in the mixture. The analysis was performed using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) as synthetic radical reagent. The on-line capillary electrophoresis-reaction (antioxidant activity) detection method can be used for a rapid evaluation of individual antioxidants in complex mixtures, particularly extracts of natural products. Possibility to evaluate radical scavenging activity of extracts of natural products components is demonstrated on an example of aqueous propolis extract. Four phenolic acids where separated and their radical scavenging activity was on-line evaluated.     

Electronic tongue for quality assessment of ethanol, vodka and eau-de-vie

Rapid quality assessment of alcoholic beverages, including brand identification and detection of products of unacceptable quality or counterfeits is an important practical task. In the present work the multisensor electronic tongue system (ET), based on array of potentiometric chemical sensors was applied to recognition and classification of spirits such as vodka and ethanol used for vodka production and also for eau-de-vie in cognac production. The ET system was capable of detecting presence of contaminant substances in vodka in concentrations exceeding allowed levels as well as of distinguishing vodka complying and not complying with state quality standards. Ten brands of vodka produced at the same distillery using water and ethanol of different purity and various taste additives were discriminated using the instrument. The ET could distinguish synthetic and alimentary grain ethanol as well as alimentary ethanol of different grades (i.e. different degree of purification). A feasibility study was run on several eau-de-vie samples, which included fresh and aged eau-de-vie as well as samples produced using different distillation technology and samples kept in contact with different kinds of oak. The electronic tongue showed a promise as an analytical instrument for rapid quality assessment of spirits.     

Evaluation of the Use of QSARS for Priority Setting and Risk Assessment

Abstract Impending changes in EEC legislation have accelerated the need to define the principles and practical considerations of the use of QSARs in priority setting and risk assessment. It is important to delineate the limitations of this approach and to review whether and how this information should be used in the risk assessment. The value and limitations of QSARs for use in priority setting and risk assessment will not be discussed in detail since the European Chemical Industry Ecology and Toxicology Centre (ECETOC) has only recently established a Task Force to tackle this issue. The terms of reference of the Task Force are: (1) compare the predictions obtained with QSARs to measured data using ECETOC databases and other sources of data and comment on the validity and applicability of such QSARs; (2) identify and review software packages which are available for accessing and using appropriate QSARs; (3) identify those aspects of environmental distribution, fate and effects where the further development of QSARs is desirable and feasible; and (4) provide a scientific basis for ECETOC's contribution to the activities of the European Chemicals Bureau (ECB) in this area. In this short paper, only an initial and personal evaluation is made of when and where to use QSARs in the priority setting and risk assessment process within the regulatory framework. Some critical remarks and suggestions are provided to guide future developments and integration of QSARs in the risk assessment process.