Rhodium nanocatalysts stabilized by various bipyridine ligands in nonaqueous ionic liquids: influence of the bipyridine coordination modes in arene catalytic hydrogenation

Rhodium nanoparticles stabilized by 2,2'-, 3,3'-, 4,4'-bipyridine ligands were prepared in various ionic liquids according to a chemical reduction approach. Zerovalent nanospecies in the size range of 2.0-2.5 nm were characterized. The nature of the bipyridine and its influence on the coordination environment of rhodium nanoparticles were investigated in various nonaqueous ionic liquids according to the cation and anion. The hydrogenation of various aromatic compounds by these colloidal suspensions was carried out at 80 degrees C and under 40 bar of H 2. A first structural explanation based on bipyridine coordination modes is proposed to justify the observed different activities.     

Polyborane reactions in ionic liquids: new efficient routes to functionalized decaborane and o-carborane clusters

In contrast to reactions that have been observed in traditional organic solvents, decaborane olefin-hydroboration and alkyne-insertion reactions have been found to proceed in ionic liquid solvents without the need of a catalyst. These reactions now provide important new, high-yield synthetic pathways to functionalized decaborane and o-carborane clusters.     

Biphasic hydroformylation in ionic liquids: interaction between phosphane ligands and imidazolium triflate, toward an asymmetric process

Biphasic hydroformylation of dec-1-ene and styrene, at commercially competitive rates, can be successfully performed in imidazolium triflate ionic liquids; the ionic liquid network forms 'inclusion complexes' with the phosphane ligands used to modify the rhodium catalyst.     

Charge separation and efficient light energy conversion in sensitized mesoscopic solar cells based on binary ionic liquids

A 7.4% power conversion efficiency at air mass (AM) 1.5 full sunlight was reached with a mesoscopic solar cell employing a new binary ionic liquid electrolyte composed of 1-propyl-3-methylimidazolium iodide and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tricyanomethanide in conjunction with the amphiphilic ruthenium complex NaRu(4-carboxylic acid-4'-carboxylate)(4,4'-dinonyl-2,2'-bipyridine)(NCS)(2), coded as Z-907Na. Ultramicroelectrode voltammetric, nanosecond laser transient absorbance, and photovoltaic measurements show that a high iodide concentration is required for dye regeneration to compete efficiently with charge recombination. A surprisingly fast reductive quenching process is turned on in pure iodide melts. This channel is unproductive, explaining the lower photocurrents observed under these conditions.     

Neutral and cationic complexes with P-bonded 2-pyridylphosphines as N-donor ligands toward rhodium. Electrical charge vs steric hindrance on the conformational control

Bimetallic palladium(II)-rhodium(I) and gold(I)-rhodium(I) complexes of the type [(4,4'-Me2-bipy)(C6F5)Pd(mu-PPh(3-n)Pyn)Rh(diene)](BF4)2 and [(C6F5)Au(mu-PPh(3-n)Pyn)Rh(diene)](BF4) (n = 2, 3; Py = 2-pyridyl) have been synthesized. The P donor atom of the bridging ligands (mu-PPh(3-n)Pyn) is coordinated to the Pd or to the Au center. The resulting complexes react with [Rh(diolefin)(solv)2]+ (solv = acetone) in a way similar to pyrazolylborates, affording square-planar or pentacoordinated rhodium complexes with two or the three N-donor ends chelating the Rh atom. The metallacycles formed upon chelation can adopt one of two conformations in the square-planar Rh(I) complexes, either bringing the other metal close to the Rh center or bringing it to a remote position. The first conformation is preferred for the gold P-coordinated complexes and the second for the palladium complexes. The X-ray structures of [(4,4'-Me2-bipy)](C6F5)Pd(mu-PPhPy2)Rh(COD)](BF4)2 (COD = 1,5 cyclooctadiene) and [Au(C6F5)(mu-PPhPy2)Rh(TFB)](BF4) (TFB = 5,6,7,8-tetrafuoro-1,4-dihydro-1,4-etenonaphthalene) are reported.     

Structure and properties of new ionic liquids based on alkyl- and alkenyltrifluoroborates.

A new series of low-melting, low-viscosity, hydrophilic ionic liquids, which comprise 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ([EMI]+) and alkyl(alkenyl)trifluoroborate anions ([RBF3]-, R=n-C(m)H(2m+1) (m=1-5), CH2CH), were prepared and characterized. The phase-transition behavior, thermal stability, density, viscosity, conductivity, and surface tension of these salts were measured. The influence of the structural variations, such as changing the length and fluorination of the alkyl chain (R) in the anion [RBF3]-, on the above properties was extensively investigated. The low viscosity of these [RBF3]- salts suggests that a high degree of freedom and/or a somewhat flat-shaped feature in the anion make an important contribution to reducing the viscosity. The Walden products for each salt are not constant and vary with temperature, which suggests that the ions in these salts are not completely dissociated.     

Mechanism of adsorption,electroreduction and hydrogenation of compounds with ethylenic bonds on platinum and rhodium: Part II. Comparison of the electroreduction and catalytic hydrogenation processes

The catalytic liquid-phase hydrogenation of maleic acid on platinum and rhodium has been investigated. It is shown that the rate-determining step of this process as well as of the electroreduction process of maleic acid is the interaction of the chemisorbed particle of maleic acid with the adsorbed hydrogen which is formed at the preceding rapid stage of either the dissociative adsorption of molecular hydrogen, or the electrochemical stage of hydrogen ion discharge. The rate of the process with the same degree of surface coverage with hydrogen and chemisorbed particles of maleic acid does not depend on whether the process is carried out catalytically or electrochemically, on whether maleic acid and hydrogen were preliminarily adsorbed on the surface of the electrode-catalyst or not. With due regard for the mutual influence of chemisorbed particles participating in the rate-determining stage, the main kinetic equations for the electroreduction and catalytic hydrogenation processes have been derived. The difference in the rates of electroreduction of maleic acid on platinum and rhodium, with the same degree of electrode surface coverage with reactants, is shown to be the result of differences in the adsorption heats (or bonding strength with the surface) of hydrogen and maleic acid on these two metals. Experimental procedures are described in Part I [1].     

Catalytic degradation of lignin model compounds in acidic imidazolium based ionic liquids: Hammett acidity and anion effects

Ionic liquids based on the 1-methylimidazolium cation with chloride, bromide, hydrogen sulfate, and tetrafluoroborate counterions along with 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate were employed to degrade two lignin model compounds, guaiacylglycerol-β-guaiacyl ether and veratrylglycerol-β-guaiacyl ether. The acidity of each ionic liquid was approximated using 3-nitroaniline as an indicator to measure the Hammett acidity (H₀). While all of the tested ionic liquids were strongly acidic (H₀ between 1.48 and 2.08), the relative acidity did not correlate with the ability of the ionic liquid to catalyze β-O-4 ether bond hydrolysis. The reactivity of the model compounds in the ionic liquids is dependent not only on the acidity, but also on the nature of the ions and their interaction with the model compounds.     

Synthesis of an efficient catalyst based on nickel and chromium oxides for hydrogenation reactions

The dissolution of nickel metal in nitric acid in the presence of the dichromate anion as the oxidizer is reported. The formation of Ni(II) and Cr(III) nitrates takes place in two steps with the intermediate formation of nitrous acid. A new method to synthesize the nickel-chromium oxide catalyst from nickel and chromium nitrate solutions is suggested, in which the solutions are obtained by an environmentally friendly technology from nickel metal, chromium(VI) oxide, and nitric acid. The catalyst is highly active and selective in benzene hydrogenation and in CO preferential hydrogenation in the presence of CO₂.     

New non-volatile and odorless organosulfur compounds anchored on ionic liquids. Recyclable reagents for Swern oxidation

A new class of odorless and non-volatile organosulfur compounds grafted to imidazolium ionic liquid scaffold has been synthesized. The sulfoxides can be used effectively for the oxidation of primary allylic and benzylic alcohols into aldehydes and secondary alcohols to ketones under Swern oxidation conditions and the corresponding sulfides can be recovered and recycled.     

The use of imidazolium ionic liquids for the formation and stabilization of ir0 and rh0 nanoparticles: efficient catalysts for the hydrogenation of arenes

Stable transition-metal nanoparticles of the type [M(0)](n) are easily accessible through the reduction of Ir(I) or Rh(III) compounds dissolved in "dry" 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ionic liquid by molecular hydrogen. The formation of these [M(0)](n) nanoparticles is straightforward; they are prepared in dry ionic liquid whereas the presence of the water causes the partial decomposition of ionic liquid with the formation of phosphates, HF and transition-metal fluorides. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) show the formation of [Ir(0)](n) and [Rh(0)](n) nanoparticles with 2.0-2.5 nm in diameter. The isolated [M(0)](n) nanoparticles can be redispersed in the ionic liquid, in acetone or used in solventless conditions for the liquid-liquid biphasic, homogeneous or heterogeneous hydrogenation of arenes under mild reaction conditions (75 degrees C and 4 atm). The recovered iridium nanoparticles can be reused several times without any significant loss in catalytic activity. Unprecedented total turnover numbers (TTO) of 3509 in 32 h, for arene hydrogenation by nanoparticles catalysts, have been achieved in the reduction of benzene by the [Ir(0)](n) in solventless conditions. Contrarily, the recovered Rh(0) nanoparticles show significant agglomeration into large particles with a loss of catalytic activity. The hydrogenation of arenes containing functional groups, such as anisole, by the [Ir(0)](n) nanoparticles occurs with concomitant hydrogenolysis of the C-O bond, suggesting that these nanoparticles behave as "heterogeneous catalysts" rather than "homogeneous catalysts".     

Recent update on use of ionic liquids for enzyme immobilization,activation, and catalysis: A partnership for sustainability

Recent literature survey suggested that, ionic liquid not only possesses potential as a green solvent, but also plays a significant role in enzyme immobilization, activation, stabilization, and catalysis. Furthermore, biocatalysis in ionic liquids (IL) may be a key sustainable solution for the next generation chemical processes, which requisite extensive research efforts to expand the knowledge horizons in this field. In view of this, the present review highlights the recent update of potential applications of IL in biocatalysis for (i) biomass pretreatment/hydrolysis, (ii) enzyme immobilization-activation, (iii) organic transformation, (iv) bioremediation, and (v) biosensing. Moreover, this review also addresses the challenging issues and future outlook of this research area for the industrial development in near future.     

Architectural diversity of six coordination compounds based on (S)-(+)-mandelic acid and different N-donor auxiliary ligands: syntheses,structures, and luminescent properties

Six transition metal coordination compounds with H₂mand and different N-donor ligands, [Co(Hmand)₂(2,2′-bipy)]·H₂O (1), [Ni(Hmand)₂(2,2′-bipy)]·H₂O (2), [Ni(Hmand)₂(bpe)] (3), [Zn(Hmand)₂(2,4′-bipy)(H₂O)]·2H₂O (4), [Zn(Hmand)(bpe)(H₂O)]_n[(ClO₄)]_n·nH₂O (5), and [Zn(Hmand)(4,4′-bipy)(H₂O)]_n[(ClO₄)]_n (6), were synthesized under different conditions (H₂mand = (S)-(+)-mandelic acid, bpe = 1,2-di(4-pyridyl)ethane, 4,4′-bipy = 4,4′-bipyridine, 2,4′-bipy = 2,4′-bipyridine, 2,2′-bipy = 2,2′-bipyridine). Their structures were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis and further characterized by elemental analysis, infrared spectra, thermogravimetric analysis, powder X-ray diffraction, and circular dichroism. Compounds 1 and 2 are isostructural (0-D structures), which are extended to supramolecular 1-D chains by hydrogen bonding. Compound 3 exhibits 1-D straight chain structures, which are further linked via hydrogen bond interactions to generate a 3-D supramolecular architecture. Compound 4 displays a discrete molecular unit. Neighboring units are further linked by hydrogen bonds and π–π interactions to form a 3-D supramolecular architecture. Compound 5 displays a 2-D undulated network, further extended into a 3-D supramolecular architecture through hydrogen bond interactions. Compound 6 possesses a 2-D sheet structure. Auxiliary ligands and counteranions play an important role in the formation of final frameworks, and the hydrogen-bonding interactions and π–π stacking interactions contributed to the formation of the diverse supramolecular architectures. Compounds 1, 2, 4, 5, and 6 crystallize in chiral space groups, with the circular dichroism spectra exhibiting positive cotton effects. Furthermore, the luminescent properties of 4–6 have been examined in the solid state at room temperature, and the different crystal structures influence emission spectra significantly.     

Inorganic-organic hybrid compounds based on octamolybdates and multidentate N-donor ligand: syntheses, structures, photoluminescence and photocatalysis

Six inorganic-organic hybrid compounds, namely, [Cu(2)(2,4'-tmbpt)(2)(β-Mo(8)O(26))(H(2)O)(2)]·7H(2)O (), [Cu(2,4'-tmbpt)(γ-Mo(8)O(26))(0.5)(H(2)O)]·H(2)O (), [Co(2,4'-Htmbpt)(2)(γ-Mo(8)O(26))(H(2)O)(2)] (), [Zn(2,4'-Htmbpt)(2)(γ-Mo(8)O(26))(H(2)O)(2)] (), [Ni(2,4'-tmbpt)(α-Mo(8)O(26))(0.5)(H(2)O)]·2.5H(2)O () and [Ag(2,4'-Htmbpt)(β-Mo(8)O(26))(0.5)] (), have been synthesized under hydrothermal conditions (2,4'-tmbpt = 1-((1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)methyl)-3-(2-pyridyl)-5-(4-pyridyl)-1,2,4-triazole). The structures of compounds have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses and characterized by infrared spectra (IR), elemental analyses, powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) analyses and thermogravimetric analyses (TGA). Compound shows a 3D (3,4)-connected framework constructed by the 2D Cu(ii)-organic fragments and [β-Mo(8)O(26)](4-) anions. Compound exhibits a 2D layer structure based on Cu(ii)-organic chains and [γ-Mo(8)O(26)] chains. The layers are extended into a 3D supramolecular framework by hydrogen-bonding interactions. Compounds and are isostructural, and display 1D chain structures. The chains are further interlinked by hydrogen-bonding interactions to form 3D supramolecular architectures. Compound shows a 3D framework based on the 2D Ni(ii)-organic fragments and [α-Mo(8)O(26)](4-) anions. In compound , the 1D chains constructed by the Ag(i) ions, 2,4'-Htmbpt ligands and [β-Mo(8)O(26)](4-) anions are extended by hydrogen-bonding interactions into a 2D supramolecular layer. Each layer threads into the adjacent layers, yielding a 2D → 3D interdigitated structure. Moreover, the photoluminescent properties of and , the optical band gaps of , and the photocatalytic properties of have also been investigated.     

1,1,3,3-四烷基胍羰基钴离子液体:高效可循环利用的环氧化合物羰基化反应催化新材料

离子液体因其所独有的物理化学性质如蒸气压低、热稳定性好以及结构和性能的可调性等优点而备受关注.四羰基钴阴离子是多种重要均相催化反应的催化活性物种,含有四羰基钴阴离子的金属有机离子液体有效结合了羰基金属和离子液体各自的特点和优势,作为一类新颖而且重要的功能化离子液体,受到国内外研究者的青睐.2001年,Dyson等首次报道了一种室温下为液态的羰基钴金属有机离子液体[bmim][Co(CO)4],为四羰基钴阴离子离子液体的研究开创了先河.此后,有关羰基钴金属有机离子液体的催化应用研究也相继报道.目前[CnPy][Co(CO)4]以及[bmim][Co(CO)4]在环氧化合物的羰基化反应中已有报道,但该类催化剂的催化活性特别是循环使用性能有待进一步提高.胍盐具有阳离子电荷分散程度高、热稳定性和化学稳定性高、三个氮原子上的基团可以调节等特点,使得胍盐离子液体的设计、合成和应用研究受到国内外学者关注.由于其自身结构特点,氮原子上有取代氢可以和含F,O,N底物作用形成氢键,并且氮原子上取代烷基之间作用使阳离子的平面结构发生变化,使得与三个氮原子相连的碳原子处于缺电子状态,使阳离子表现出Lewis酸性.所以其在环氧化合物氢酯基化反应中可起到稳定四羰基钴阴离子以及活化环氧化合物的作用.基于此,本文以较高收率合成了四种新型的1,1,3,3-四烷基胍羰基钴金属有机离子液体:1,1-二甲基-3,3-二乙基胍羰基钴(3a),1,1-二甲基-3,3-二正丁基胍羰基钴(3b),1,1-二甲基-3,3-四亚甲基胍羰基钴(3c),1,1-二甲基-3,3-五亚甲基胍羰基钴(3d).通过红外光谱、紫外-可见光谱、1H核磁共振谱、13C核磁共振谱、高分辨质谱、差示量热扫描仪和热重分析对该类化合物进行了结构确认及性质研究.这四种催化剂,特别是3a,在环氧化合物的氢酯基化反应中表现出优异的催化性能,在无需任何助剂的情况下具有较好的催化活性及底物适用性.此外,以不同构型的环氧丙烷为反应底物,氢酯基化反应结果显示:在该催化体系作用下,产物的构型与底物保持一致,没有发生消旋.尤其值得指出的是,催化剂3a在环氧丙烷的氢酯基化反应中表现出了优异的循环稳定性能,在循环使用6次后依然可以获得较好的转化率(91%)和选择性(94%).     

Tridentate chiral NPN ligands based on bis(oxazolines) and their use in Pd-catalyzed enantioselective allylic substitution in molecular and ionic liquids

NPN ligands based on the bis(oxazoline) skeleton can be prepared by a divergent method, which allows a high modularity both in the type of phosphorous group (phosphinite, phosphate, phosphane) and the substitution in the methylene bridge. The Pd complexes of these ligands can efficiently promote the allylic substitution both in molecular solvents and ionic liquids, with important effect of the nature of ligand, which also controls the partial recovery of the Pd catalyst in ionic liquid.     

Synthesis of imidazole derivatives: Ester and hydrazide compounds with antioxidant activity using ionic liquid as an efficient catalyst

The pyrrolidinium hydrogen sulfate (PHS) was used as an excellent ionic liquid catalyst for the preparation of many imidazoles moiety, which have biologically application via one-pot multicomponent reaction. Imidazoles were afforded through the reaction of equimolar from 1,2-diphenylethane-1,2-dione, ammonium acetate, different aromatic aldehydes, and ethyl glycinate hydrochloride. This method has the advantages of giving excellent yield, shortened reaction times, and ease of establishment. Moreover, the yielded of imidazoles components can be purified and crystallized by a nonchromatographic technique, and the catalyst can be reused. These entire novel synthesized components have been identified by spectral data: IR, NMR and mass spectra. These compounds have an in vivo antioxidant activity on experimental animals (rats).