Effective simulation method for parametric signal-noise interaction in transmission fibers

We propose a new method for effective numerical simulation of transmission system performance and study of correlated noise evolution along an optical fiber with nonlinear parametric interaction between the amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) and the modulated optical signal. The method is based on an evaluation of the noise covariance matrix by using full nonlinear Schr?dinger equation (NLSE) and an analytical model for the optical receiver. Using extensive brute-force Monte Carlo simulation as a verification tool, we test the accuracy of the method and illustrate the analytical receiver model limitations in the case of moderate as well as substantial growth of non-Gaussian optical noise along the optical fiber transmission link.     

光学频率梳非线性传输及其在相位噪声探测中的应用

光纤传递链路中相位噪声探测是基于光纤的精确射频标准传递系统中重要组成部分。为解决光纤链路相位噪声探测中节点反射干扰的问题, 本文基于广义非线性薛定谔方程, 理论上研究了窄带光学频率梳在色散位移光纤中的非线性光学传播特性。在理论分析的基础上, 结合密集波分复用架构, 提出了一种基于锁模光学频率梳进行光纤传递射频信号的相位噪声探测新技术, 克服了节点反射干扰, 给出了初步实验验证。     

Optical scattering noise in high Q fiber ring resonators and its effect on optoelectronic oscillator phase noise

Nonlinear phenomena occurring in an optical fiber ring resonator featuring ultrahigh Q factor are experimentally studied. The laser is locked onto the resonator, and the optical power induced in the resonator is controlled. The onset of the first stimulated Brillouin scattering wave occurs at an optical input power as low as -9 dBm in these resonators. When the resonator is used as the frequency reference device in an optoelectronic oscillator (OEO), it has been found that these parasitic signals mix with the OEO signal and degrade its phase noise. More than 20 dB improvement of the OEO phase noise has been demonstrated by limiting these nonlinear optical effects.     

相位敏感型光时域反射传感系统光学背景噪声的产生机理及其抑制方法

相位敏感型光时域反射(Φ-OTDR)传感系统具有响应速度快、灵敏度高等优点,能够实现对微弱扰动的分布式检测,在重大设施的入侵警戒、大型工程结构的健康监测等领域具有广阔应用前景.然而,与传统的OTDR传感系统不同,Φ-OTDR系统中存在着激光器中心频率漂移、偏振相关的噪声、光纤应变与干涉强度非线性对应关系引起的测量失真等光学背景噪声,对有效信号的提取形成了不可忽视的干扰,从而限制了Φ-OTDR传感系统在实际应用环境下的传感性能.本文对这些光学背景噪声的产生机理进行了深入分析,并提出了相应的噪声抑制方法.实验结果表明,本文提出的方法可以有效抑制Φ-OTDR传感系统中的光学背景噪声,并显著提高传感系统性能.     

Reduction of fiber-nonlinearity-enhanced amplifier noise by means of phase-sensitive amplifiers

In optical fiber transmission systems near the zero-dispersion wavelength that use in-line erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFA's), the enhancement of optical amplifier noise caused by four-wave mixing (FWM) in transmission fibers degrades signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) excessively. We theoretically show that the enhancement of amplifier noise by the FWM in transmission fibers can be effectively eliminated by implementing in-line phase-sensitive amplifiers (PSA's). Small-signal analysis of the nonlinear Schr?dinger equation shows that the transmission distance limited by the SNR of an in-line PSA system is expanded four times more than that of an in-line EDFA system.     

Optimized design of two-pump fiber optical parametric amplifier and its noise characteristics

In the paper, based on the pump depleted model of two-pump fiber optical parametric amplifier (FOPA), the simulations are done to indicate the effect of amplifier parameters on gain characteristics, such as the input signal power, the wavelength separation between the two pumps, the fiber length, the nonlinear coefficient and the fourth-order dispersion of fiber. By optimizing the amplifier parameters, when FOPA attains low gain-saturation, the FOPA has a higher gain, a broader flat gain bandwidth and a lower noise figure. However, with the enhancement of gain-saturation the parametric gain decreases, the flat gain bandwidth becomes narrow and the noise figure also increases.     

Nonlinear phase noise generated in air-silica microstructure fiber and its effect on carrier-envelope phase

We present measurements of the nonlinear phase noise that is due to amplitude-to-phase conversion in air-silica microstructure fiber that is utilized to broaden the frequency comb from a mode-locked femtosecond laser to an optical octave. When the octave of the continuum is employed to phase stabilize the laser-pulse train, this phase noise causes a change in the carrier-envelope phase of 3784-rad/nJ change in pulse energy. As a result, the jitter on the carrier-envelope phase that is due to fiber noise, from 0.03 Hz-55 kHz, is ~0.5rad .     

Mitigation of phase noise in dispersion compensated quasi-linear optical transmission systems: Analysis

We theoretically investigate the phase noise in quasi-linear optical transmission systems and study the mitigation of phase noise by properly choosing periodic dispersion compensation and amplification. Variational method is used to deduce the analytical formula for calculating the phase fluctuations of a Gaussian pulse. The analytical predictions are then checked against direct simulations by numerically solving the nonlinear Schrödinger equation. We find that stronger dispersion compensation maps can be used to reduce phase noise and it can be further mitigated by modifying the dispersion map appropriately. It is also found that shorter amplifier spacing yields lower phase noise. We also explore the effect of pre-, post- and bi-end dispersion compensation configurations on phase noise with full compensation and check the reduction of phase noise along the fiber link.     

Effect of phase noise on optical minimum-shift keying transmission systems

Phase-modulated (PM) signals have recently been used in long-haul lightwave communication systems to reach record distances. Added directly to the signal phase, linear and nonlinear phase noise cause performance degradation in PM systems. Minimum-shift keying (MSK), as a special format of PM signals, presents some different features of phase noise tolerance. This paper investigates the effect of phase noise on the performance degradation in the 10 Gb/s optical MSK systems and analyzes the contribution of phase noise to the bit error rate (BER), compared with the conventional PM format, 50% duty cycle optical return-to-zero differential phase-shift keying (RZ-DPSK) signals, in several typical local fiber dispersion transmission systems. The effect of intensity noise on the performance degradation in the corresponding transmission systems is also investigated.     

Intensity noise of Kerr oscillators

Absorbing or emitting elements generate noise waves. The main purpose of this paper is to determine from first principles the spectral density of noise waves relating to nonlinear elements. This was done by considering the combination of linear elements (whose noise properties are well understood) and lossless circuits that are nonlinear because of the Kerr effect. Lossless nonlinear circuits transform noise waves but do not generate noise. A semiclassical theory shows that noise waves remain at the shot noise level (for full population inversion) if the optical gain is considered a function of photon rate (rather than optical intensity). This result, in exact agreement with an independent theory of spectral-hole burning, is conjectured to be general. Intensity fluctuations of a Kerr oscillator are squeezed below the shot-noise level for large Kerr constants.     

Fundamental noise limitations to supercontinuum generation in microstructure fiber

Broadband noise on supercontinuum spectra generated in microstructure fiber is shown to lead to amplitude fluctuations as large as 50% for certain input laser pulse parameters. We study this noise using both experimental measurements and numerical simulations with a generalized stochastic nonlinear Schr?dinger equation, finding good quantitative agreement over a range of input-pulse energies and chirp values. This noise is shown to arise from nonlinear amplification of two quantum noise inputs: the input-pulse shot noise and the spontaneous Raman scattering down the fiber.     

Optimum splitting ratio for amplifier noise reduction by an asymmetric nonlinear optical loop mirror

We theoretically and experimentally analyze the influence of the splitting ratio and the input power on the noise reduction capability of an asymmetric nonlinear optical loop mirror (NOLM) for different input noise levels. An easy method to calculate the optimum parameters for noise reduction is also presented. The best noise reduction is found at NOLM input powers at which the nonlinear transfer function has a slope close to zero. Additionally, the splitting ratio of the NOLM has to be adapted to its input noise level to suppress amplitude fluctuations effectively. Since the noise reduction by the NOLM is due to the Kerr nonlinearity, which has a timescale below a few femtoseconds, the noise reduction is applicable to short pulses in the picosecond and femtosecond range. This makes the NOLM applicable as an optical regenerator in an optical data transmission system at high bit rates, such as 160 GBit/s.     

Ultralow phase noise microwave generation with an Er:fiber-based optical frequency divider

We present an optical frequency divider based on a 200 MHz repetition rate Er:fiber mode-locked laser that, when locked to a stable optical frequency reference, generates microwave signals with absolute phase noise that is equal to or better than cryogenic microwave oscillators. At 1 Hz offset from a 10 GHz carrier, the phase noise is below -100 dBc/Hz, limited by the optical reference. For offset frequencies >10 kHz, the phase noise is shot noise limited at -145 dBc/Hz. An analysis of the contribution of the residual noise from the Er:fiber optical frequency divider is also presented.     

The Quantum Theory of Optical Pulses Amplification

The propagation of optical signals in optical fiber amplifier is treated with fully quantum mechanics method in this paper. The micro-Hamiltonian of the system with nonlinear effect is derived by combining spatial mode and temporal mode, and propagation equation of optical pulses in a optical fiber amplifier is derived with dispersion relation. The characteristic parameters such as gain, output power and noise figure of the amplifier are analyzed and their quantum mechanics formulas are obtained.     

光纤1/f热噪声的实验研究

光纤热噪声是限制光纤传感、测量系统性能的最终因素.但是低频区域呈1/f谱特性的光纤热噪声的形成机制迄今仍然存在争论.实验研究了光纤1/f热噪声水平与光纤内杂质离子浓度和光纤施加张力的关系,验证了这类热噪声来源于光纤内部的机械耗散引起的长度自发抖动,符合热机械噪声的理论假设.     

四波混频光相位运算器原理及其噪声性能研究

推导了抽运消耗情形下简并和非简并四波混频(FWM)闲频光幅度和相位的统一解析表达式.采用极限方法,计算证明了非相敏放大模式下闲频光相位与输入光初始相位之间的关系,揭示了FWM相位加减混合运算器的工作原理.以四相相移键控信号为例,对基于非简并FWM的相位运算器进行了设计,重点分析了三种基本加减混合运算的噪声转移性能及其对光纤长度、输入光波长和功率的依赖特性.计算表明:该运算器的噪声指数约为1.1 dB;当输入光信号的信噪比大于24 dB时无纠错编码的符号错误率可低于10~(-3).     

Quality of light path with ASE noise accumulation in nonlinear optical propagation using global performance metrics

In this paper, we have targeted our investigations to the inclusion in performance evaluation of light path on the effect of amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) noise accumulated in nonlinear optical propagation. Quality of light-path transmission feasibility has been reported by using a global performance metrics, called Q-factor, optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR), BER, extinction ratio and nonlinear frequency shift, which takes into account the interaction between the parameters aforementioned and returns a unique value corresponding to the performance metrics.     

A novel scheme of optical Meyer wavelet filter based on time lenses in nonlinear multi-span optics fiber communication system

In this work, a novel scheme to realize optical Meyer wavelet filter based on time lenses and Mach–Zehnder modulators in optical domain was proposed and the transfer functions of Meyer wavelet decomposition and reconstruction processed in frequency domain were derived to realize Meyer wavelet de-noising for optical signal. The filter could be used to reduce the nonlinear noise induced by the interaction of EDFA’s ASE noise, fiber’s dispersion and nonlinearity in high bit rate multi-span optical communication systems without photo-electric conversion. The bit error rate curves of the optical bit sequence without and with optical Meyer wavelet filter were plotted to show the effectiveness of the optical Meyer wavelet filter, which can achieve better result and improve the optical communication quality in dispersion compensation links.     

Effect of chromatic dispersion on nonlinear phase noise

We consider the combined effects of amplified spontaneous emission noise, optical Kerr nonlinearity, and chromatic dispersion on phase noise in an optical communication system. The effect of amplified spontaneous emission noise and Kerr nonlinearity were considered previously by Gordon and Mollenauer [Opt. Lett. 15, 1351 (1990)], and the effect of nonlinearity was found to be severe. We investigate the effect of chromatic dispersion on phase noise and show that it can either enhance or suppress the nonlinear noise amplification. For large absolute values of dispersion the nonlinear effect is suppressed, and the phase noise is reduced to its linear value. For a range of negative values of dispersion, however, nonlinear phase noise is enhanced and exhibits a maximum related to the modulation instability found in amplitude fluctuations. Nonlinear phase noise is quenched by these effects even in dispersion-compensated systems; the degree of suppression is sensitively dependent on the dispersion map. We demonstrate these results analytically with a simple linearized model.     

拉曼增益对双折射光纤中孤子传输特性的影响

本文采用考虑拉曼增益的耦合非线性薛定谔方程,利用分步傅里叶方法求解并仿真模拟了光孤子脉冲在不同性质的双折射光纤中传输时的演化过程.结果表明,拉曼增益可以有效抑制非线性耦合导致的孤子漂移,同时会导致光孤子脉冲峰值在传输时不断增大,产生拉曼放大效应.拉曼增益也可以有效抑制双折射光纤中传输的相邻光孤子之间的相互作用.