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Computation offloading in mobile edge computing (MEC) systems emerges as a novel paradigm of supporting various resource-intensive applications. However, the potential capabilities of MEC cannot be fully unleashed when the communication links are blocked by obstacles. This paper investigates a double-reconfigurable-intelligent-surfaces (RISs) assisted MEC system. To efficiently utilize the limited frequency resource, the users can partially offload their computational tasks to the MEC server deployed at base station (BS) by adopting non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) protocol. We aim to minimize the energy consumption of users with limited resource by jointly optimizing the transmit power of users, the offloading fraction of users and the phase-shifts of RISs. Since the problem is non-convex with highly coupled variables, the block coordinate descent (BCD) method is leveraged to alternatively optimize the decomposed four subproblems. Specifically, we invoke successive convex approximation for low complexity (SCALE) and Dinkelbach technique to tackle the fractional programming of power optimization. Then the offloading fraction is obtained by closed-form solution. Further, we leverage semidefinite relaxation (SDR) and bisection method to address the phase-shifts design of double RISs. Finally, numerical results illustrate that the proposed double-RIS assisted NOMA scheme is capable of efficiently reducing the energy consumption and achieves significant performance gain over the benchmark schemes. 相似文献
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In this paper, we consider a non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) system assisted by intelligent reflecting surface (IRS). As an emerging technology that has received widespread attention, IRS can reconfigure the wireless channel environment by adjusting the relationship between the incident angle and the exit angle, thereby improving system performance. Our goal is to use the flexible assistance of IRS to achieve the maximum energy efficiency of the NOMA system. Our design objects are the beam vector design of the base station and the phase matrix design of the IRS. The original problem is highly non-convex. We consider using the block coordinate descent method to design the phase matrix and beam vector separately. Simulation results show that our proposed scheme has better performance than traditional OMA and systems without IRS assistance. 相似文献
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The present research work aims at analyzing a variable gain amplify-and-forward (AF) relaying system with reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) systems to set-up a mixed communication system with visible light communication (VLC). The RIS and VLC forms of communication will hold utmost importance in the future generations of wireless communication. However, while implementation, various practical challenges are to be dealt with. One such challenge is the impact of interference on the reliability of the communication setup. To evaluate this, it has been assumed that the channel state information (CSI) aided amplify-and-forward (AF) relay node operates in the vicinity of multiple co-channel interferers (CCIs). For the considered system model, closed-form expressions have been derived for outage probability and bit error rate (BER) of the system. The formulation of symbol error rate (SER) has also been presented to generalize the findings. The analysis has been taken forward to showcase the impact of various system parameters such as number of elements in RIS, length and inclination angles of the VLC system along with number and strength of the interferers in system. It has been observed during investigation that the increment in the number of reflecting elements in the RIS has a major contribution in minimizing the signal degradation caused due to the multiple CCIs. Numerical results have been verified using the Monte-Carlo simulations. 相似文献
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This paper investigates the outage performance of a downlink coordinated multipoint cooperative non-orthogonal multiple access (CoMP-CNOMA) network, where two near users cooperatively relay the information to a far user. It is assumed that the near users support both the half-duplex relaying mode and the full-duplex relaying mode. Since the full-duplex mode may be inferior to the half-duplex mode due to the residual self-interference under the full-duplex mode, we propose a duplex mode selection strategy for the near users to dynamically choose the duplex mode for relaying. Under the proposed duplex mode selection strategy, the closed form expressions for the outage probabilities of all the users are derived. The theoretical results match well with the Monte Carlo simulations. It is shown that the proposed duplex mode selection strategy can provide low outage probabilities of all the users simultaneously, while the existing duplex mode selection strategies either achieve higher outage probabilities of all the users or achieve slightly better outage performance of the far user at the sacrifice of much worse outage performance of the near users. 相似文献
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With the energy consumption of wireless networks increasing, visible light communication (VLC) has been regarded as a promising technology to realize energy conservation. Due to the massive terminals access and increased traffic demand, the implementation of non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) technology in VLC networks has become an inevitable trend. In this paper, we aim to maximize the energy efficiency in VLC-NOMA networks. Assuming perfect knowledge of the channel state information of user equipment, the energy efficiency maximization problem is formulated as a mixed integer nonlinear programming problem. To solve this problem, the joint user grouping and power allocation (JUGPA) is proposed including user grouping and power allocation. In user grouping phase, we utilize the average of channel gain among all user equipment and propose a dynamic user grouping algorithm with low complexity. The proposed scheme exploits the channel gain differences among users and divides them into multiple groups. In power allocation phase, we proposed a power allocation algorithm for maximizing the energy efficiency for a given NOMA group. Thanks to the objective function is fraction form and non-convex, we firstly transform it to difference form and convex function. Then, we derive the closed-form optimal power allocation expression that maximizes the energy efficiency by Dinkelbach method and Lagrange dual decomposition method. Simulation results show that the JUGPA can effectively improve energy efficiency of the VLC-NOMA networks. 相似文献
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This work investigates the physical layer secrecy performance of a hybrid satellite/unmanned aerial vehicle (HS-UAV) terrestrial non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) network, where one satellite source intends to make communication with destination users via a UAV relay using NOMA protocol in the existence of spatially random eavesdroppers. All the destination users randomly distributed on the ground comply with a homogeneous Poisson point process in the basis of stochastic geometry. Adopting Shadowed-Rician fading in satellite-to-UAV and satellite-to-eavesdroppers links while Rayleigh fading in both UAV-to-users and UAV-to-eavesdroppers links, the theoretical expressions for the secrecy outage probability (SOP) of the paired NOMA users are obtained based on the distance-determined path-loss. Also, the asymptotic behaviors of SOP expressions at high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) regime are analyzed and the system throughputs of the paired NOMA users are examined for gaining further realization of the network. Moreover, numerical results are contrasted with simulation to validate the theoretical analysis. Investigation of this work shows the comparison of SOP performance for the far and near user, pointing out the SOP performance of the network depends on the channel fading, UAV coverage airspace, distribution of eavesdroppers and some other key parameters. 相似文献
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The article proves that common LEDs may act as photodetectors with limited sensitivity, if they are polarized with an appropriate reverse voltage. The measured responsivities are ranged between 0.002 and 0.156 A/W and they depend on the LED type. The only one exception are white (phosphorescent) LEDs which do not exhibit any photosensitivity. There have also shown that a bandwidth of LEDs, which were examined in a role of photodetectors, is of a few tens of MHz, which is an order of magnitude greater than their modulation bandwidth as transmitters. The reasons of the observed LEDs behaviour are explained theoretically. The obtained results are indicated that some of them may be used as both transmitters and receivers in the VLC links working in a bi-directional half-duplex mode. 相似文献
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Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA), as a well-qualified candidate for sixth-generation (6G) mobile networks, has been attracting remarkable research interests due to high spectral efficiency and massive connectivity. The aim of this study is to maximize the secrecy sum rate (SSR) for a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO)-NOMA uplink network under the maximum total transmit power and quality of service (QoS) constraints. Thanks to the generalized singular value decomposition method, the SSR of NOMA is compared with conventional orthogonal multiple access and other baseline algorithms in different MIMO scenarios. Due to the subtractive and non-convex nature of the SSR problem, the first-order Taylor approximation is exploited to transform the original problem into a suboptimal concave problem. Simulation results are provided and compared with some other benchmarks to evaluate the efficacy of the proposed method. 相似文献
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Visible light communication (VLC) has emerged as a viable complement to traditional radio frequency (RF) based systems and as an enabler for high data rate communications for beyond-5G (B5G) indoor communication systems. In particular, the emergence of new B5G-based applications with quality of service (QoS) requirements and massive connectivity has recently led to research on the required service-levels and the development of improved physical (PHY) layer methods. As part of recent VLC standards development activities, the IEEE has formed the 802.11bb “Light Communications (LC) for Wireless Local Area Networking” standardization group. This paper investigates the network requirements of 5G indoor services such as virtual reality (VR) and high-definition (HD) video for residential environments using VLC. In this paper, we consider such typical VLC scenarios with additional impairments such as light-emitting diode (LED) nonlinearity and imperfect channel feedback, and propose hyperparameter-free mitigation techniques using Reproducing Kernel Hilbert Space (RKHS) methods. In this context, we also propose using a direct current biased optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (DCO-OFDM)-based adaptive VLC transmission method that uses precomputed bit error rate (BER) expressions for these RKHS-based detection methods and performs adaptive BER-based modulation-order switching. Simulations of channel impulse responses (CIRs) show that the adaptive transmission method provides significantly improved error rate performance, which makes it promising for high data rate VLC-based 5G indoor services. 相似文献
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This paper considers a space–air–ground integrated network (SAGIN) to provide network access services for aerial and terrestrial terminals. The non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) is used for improving spectral efficiency in the uplink transmission between terminals and access points (APs) in SAGIN. A sum rate maximization optimization problem is formulated by optimizing terminal-AP association and power allocation, while simultaneously satisfying the constraints of transmit power, network coverage characteristics, and quality-of-service (QoS) requirements of both aerial and terrestrial terminals. To deal with the formulated mixed integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) optimization problem, we first decouple it into separated terminal-AP association and power allocation problems. Then, we adopt the Q-learning algorithm to solve the terminal-AP association subproblem. Based on the obtained terminal-AP association solution, an iterative power allocation algorithm is developed by exploiting the Lagrange dual method. Moreover, the computational complexity of the proposed algorithm is further analyzed. Simulation results demonstrate that, compared with other schemes, our proposed algorithm can achieves a better performance in terms of the achievable sum rate, average achievable rate, and outage probability. 相似文献
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Device-to-device (D2D) communications and non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) are promising technologies to meet the growing demand for IoT-connected devices. However, they bring about new challenges including the co-channel interference, that can limit the performance improvement. To manage the co-channel interference, we address the problem of joint power allocation and sub-channel assignment for D2D-enabled IoT devices (IoTDs) underlaying a NOMA-based cellular network, in which the successive interference cancellation (SIC) decoding is enabled at the level of IoTDs and cellular user equipment (CUE)to increase the number of connected devices and the capacity. This problem is modeled as a mixed-integer nonconvex optimization problem which includes the concept of fairness with respect to the data rates of IoTDs. To solve the problem, a semi-distributed algorithm is developed, which is of polynomial time complexity. The proposed algorithm leverages the successive convex approximation and a heuristic approach. Evaluation results demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed scheme with respect to the sum rate, fairness, access rate and computational complexity. 相似文献
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The demand for high data rate, security and reliable communication is driving the development of free space optic communication (FSO) technology. The atmospheric effects such as scintillation, absorption and scattering severely affect the availability and range of the FSO system. The atmospheric rain absorbs and scatters the laser beam energy resulting in attenuation of the propagating signal. Initial development of FSO technology primarily used wavelength from infrared spectrum. In the recent years, the interest in visible light carrier for FSO applications is consistently increasing. In this paper, the effect of rain over two optical wavelengths from the visible spectrum i.e. 532 nm and 655 nm has been experimentally evaluated and results for the specific rain attenuation at 532 nm and 655 nm wavelengths have been compared. 相似文献
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Vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication aims to achieve significantly improved safety and traffic efficiency, more particularly at road intersection where high percentage of accidents usually occur. The existing vehicular radio frequency (V-RF) based V2X utilizes relaying for improving safety message dissemination at road intersections. For a high traffic density scenario, the V-RF communication with relaying solution may suffer from large latency and low packet delivery rates due to channel congestion. In this paper, we explore cooperative non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) communication assisted hybrid vehicular visible light communication (V-VLC) and V-RF communication for improving safety message dissemination and enabling massive connectivity among vehicles for road intersection scenarios. We develop a stochastic geometry based analytical framework to model cooperative NOMA (C-NOMA) transmissions subject to interference imposed by other vehicles on roads. We also examine the impact of vehicles headlights radiation pattern viz. Lambertian and empirical path loss models on statistical characterization of the proposed C-NOMA supported hybrid solution. Our numerical findings reveal that C-NOMA assisted hybrid V-VLC/V-RF system leads to considerable improvement in outage performance and average achievable rate as compared to traditional V-RF solution with relaying. Interestingly, Lambertian model offers a lower outage and higher average achievable rate compared to the empirical model for the proposed hybrid solution. Further, we observe the performance improvement using maximal ratio combining (MRC) considering NOMA transmission for the proposed hybrid solution. The presented framework may serve as an alternative for cooperative intelligent transportation system (C-ITS) to meet diverse application needs for beyond 5G (B5G) V2X networks. 相似文献
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To provide high-quality communication in the indoor generalized space shift keying (GSSK) aided visible light communications (VLC) downlink transmission, especially when the line-of-sight (LoS) link is blocked, a metasurface aided intelligent reflecting surfaces (mIRS) scheme is proposed. By controlling the reflection characteristics of incident light in a deliberate manner provided in this paper, the proposed mIRS-assisted indoor GSSK-VLC downlink can significantly enhance the signal quality at the receiver end. Furthermore, the maximum likelihood (ML) and efficient preprocessing enabled sparsity orthogonal matching pursuit (OMP) detectors are respectively presented for the considered system. Finally, simulations are demonstrated to verify the effectiveness of the proposed mIRS-assisted indoor GSSK-VLC downlink transmission. 相似文献
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This paper investigates the physical layer security of an intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) aided non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) networks, where a remote user is regarded as an eavesdropper to intercept the information of nearby user. To evaluate the security performance of IRS-aided NOMA networks, a problem of maximizing achievable secrecy rate is formulated via jointly optimizing the beamforming and phase shifting. More specifically, we aim to tackle the non-convex problem by optimizing beamforming vector as well as phase shifting matrix with the assistance of block coordinate descent (BCD) and minorization maximization (MM) algorithms. Numerical results illustrate that: 1) The secrecy rates of IRS-aided NOMA with BCD and MM algorithms are superior to that of orthogonal multiple access schemes; 2) With increasing the number of reflecting elements, the secrecy rates of IRS-aided NOMA networks are achieved carefully; and 3) The IRS-aided NOMA networks are capable of relieving the transmission pressure of base station. 相似文献
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In this paper, we investigate the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) relay-assisted secure short packet communication. The UAV acts as a decode-and-forward relay to transmit control signals from the source to the actuators in the presence of a ground eavesdropper (EV) whose imperfect channel state information is available at the UAV. Specially, non-orthogonal multiple access is adopted in our work to achieve more connections and improve the fairness of communication and the short packets are employed for data transmission to reduce the latency. Explicitly, we maximize the minimum average secrecy throughput among all actuators by jointly optimizing the UAV trajectory, transmit power and blocklength allocation, which generates a challenging optimization problem. Therefore, we propose an iterative algorithm based on block coordinate descent method and successive convex approximation technique to handle the non-convex problem. Numerical results show that the proposed scheme has better performance compared to the benchmark schemes. 相似文献
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为了提高室内定位精度,实现三维定位,提出一种基于蚁群算法的的可见光通信室内高精度三维定位系统。本系统采用了码分多址（CodeDivisionMultipleAccess,CDMA）调制技术,解决了室内可见光通信多信号源之间的符号间干扰.系统中与发光二极管（LightEmittingDiode,LED）光信号源地理位置相关的ID信息码经过直接扩频调制后加载至发光二极管驱动电路,以光信号的形式在室内传播.光信号经过放大、滤波、采样处理后,根据码分多址调制技术中扩频码的正交性恢复出ID信息及光强衰减信息.经过计算获得来自不同发光二极管的信号光强衰减因子,利用蚁群算法的全局搜索性确定最优定位点.引入误差修复因子,利用蚁群算法的并行搜索性对光强衰减因子偏差进行修正.仿真结果表明,信噪比为30dB,20dB,10dB的条件下,算法的定位精度分别为2cm,4cm,8cm.当计算的精度高于45cm时,蚁群算法定位解的搜索效率明显高于遍历法.在10dB的信噪比条件下,对光强衰减因子进行修正后100%的测试点都实现了5cm定位精度.实验结果表明,20dB信噪比条件下,92.59%的测试点的定位误差小于8cm,96.29%的测试点定位误差小于10cm,最大定位误差为11.30cm.经过误差修复后,96.2%的测试点实现了3cm的定位精度,61.6%的测试点实现了2cm的定位精度.本算法在实现了高精度定位,减少了获得最优定位解的计算量. 相似文献