数字式分裂波束阵系统的精确定向方法

本文讨论数字式声呐分裂波束精确定向的问题。利用Piersol提出的互谱法估计时延的原理,给出线阵与圆阵分裂波束系统的信号入射角与等效声中心的时延解算公式。利用这些公式可以根据输入数据,直接给出目标的准确入射角的数值。文中给出估计精度的表达式。它与累加次数、DFT的长度及采样周期有关。同时,还分析了由于对随机信号的截断所带来的误差。提出了对估计量加权、对输入数据加窗和合理选择DFT参数,以提高估计精度的方法。文中还给出系统的方框图及部分计算机模拟的结果。本文所提供的方法可以在数字式声呐中用于实时跟踪多个目标。     

数字多波束目标被动定向仿真技术研究

对被动工作方式来说，目标方向是水下探测系统最重要的估计参数。本文以被动多波束目标方位估计的三波束抛物线法为基础，提出了一种对多波束目标定向进行数字仿真研究的实用方法，该方法包括目标被动仿真信号的产生、被动多波束输出信号的产生、以及被动多波束目标定向等的仿真研究。利用本文开发的仿真软件，进行了大量的仿真试验。试验的结果验证了本文所采用的理论及方法的实用性和有效性。     

并列式多入多出声纳宽带高分辨波束形成方法

并列式多入多出(Multiple-Input Multiple-Output,MIMO)声纳可以通过高分辨波束形成方法进一步提高方位分辨能力。本文通过对窄带方法的扩展,提出一种宽带高分辨波束形成的方法,数值仿真分析了该方法的性能,并通过湖试数据进行了验证。结果表明,该方法可以对并列式MIMO声纳进行宽带高分辨波束形成,高信噪比情况下可以得到较高的方位分辨能力,但方位分辨力随信噪比减小下降较快,且运算量远大于常规波束形成方法,在运算能力满足要求且信噪比较高时,用本方法可显著提高系统的方位分辨性能。     

数字声呐系统的差分相关内插精确定向

本文讨论数字声呐系统多目标实时跟踪的核心问题,即精确定向问题。在对差分相关波束特性分析的基础上,建立了应用相邻两个差分相关波束定向的方法——差分相关内插定向方法。文中给出了极为简单的内插公式,计算分析了应用本方法的定向性能。     

基于时延估计的分裂阵时域波束形成技术

大孔径拖曳线列阵受舰艇横向机动、洋流影响和水动力影响时会产生一定的阵形畸变,阵形畸变使得波束形成时阵列流型失配,进而降低了目标方位分辨率和阵处理的增益。在无法进行阵形估计时,基于时延估计的分裂阵时域波束形成技术将大孔径拖曳线阵分为左右两个子阵分别做波束形成,通过加权广义相关时延估计算法估算对应波束的时延差,再依据估算时延差对左右两个波束进行延时求和得到最终的波束信号。仿真和海试数据证明,相对于全阵直接做波束形成的方法,基于时延估计的分裂阵的时域波束形成技术有效提高了目标方位分辨率和阵处理的增益。     

导向向量随机误差修正的稳健波束形成

当导向向量同时存在导向偏差和随机误差引起的畸变时,现有针对导向偏差的稳健波束形成所估计的导向向量偏离真实值。针对该问题,提出了导向向量随机误差修正的稳健波束形成方法。将导向向量分为预定义观察扇面特征子空间内外两部分,通过导向向量估计的稳健波束形成方法估计导向向量在预定义观察扇面特征子空间内的分量,在此基础上进一步增加不确定集约束,对导向向量在预定义观察扇面特征子空间外的分量进行修正,从而提高导向向量的估计精度。理论与仿真研究表明:与针对导向偏差的稳健波束形成相比,在同时存在导向偏差和随机误差的情况下,所提方法输出信干噪比不变,而其导向向量估计精度更高,导向向量波束响应的峰值是目标方位的无偏估计。进一步的海试数据分析表明:所提方法在低信噪比下较已有方法具有更好的稳健性。     

一种基于矢量水听器阵的归一化加权Capon波束形成方法

矢量水听器同时拾取声场的标量信息声压和矢量信息振速。本文在分析了各向同性噪声场下矢量水听器阵Capon波束形成方位谱的基础上，提出了一种归一化加权Capon波束形成的改进算法，并给出了方位谱的表达式。本方法不需要特征分解，并且得到的是通常意义上的功率谱(可用于估计信号的能量)。仿真计算表明，此方法的性能优于Capon法，可大大提高方位估计的精度。     

一种基于模式搜索算法的基阵波束优化方法

波束形成在声纳/雷达信号处理中占有重要的地位,而设计出满足要求的波束形状是声纳/雷达信号空间处理的重要内容。自适应波束形成算法理论上可以获得最优的工作性能,但其计算复杂度高、宽容性差等缺点严重地限制了这些算法的实际应用。本文采用基于模式搜索的波束优化算法,获得了与实际接收数据无关的、类似于窗函数的幅度权系数。与加窗波束形成算法相比,这种方法可以在保证主瓣宽度不展宽的情况下,有效降低旁瓣级,并且,这种方法对基阵的几何形状没有任何限制。     

数字式声纳多波束显示系统方位历程显示技术研究

数字式声纳的多波束显示是检测目标的重要手段。方位一历程显示是检测微弱信号的有效技术。本文给出了这种利用迹迹相关原理显示方法的理论说明，推导声纳多波束系统输出和输入信噪比的关系。把方位历程显示和传统的方位幅度显示作了比较。理论与实验结果表明，对于弱信号检测，高灰度级的方位历程显示与方位幅度显示比较，有5—7dB的性能改善。     

矢量水听器阵列MVDR波束形成器的性能研究

针对矢量水听器阵列的最佳阵处理，研究了高斯背景噪声条件下MVDR波束器的输出性能，给出了系统输出信干噪比与各影响参数之间的解析关系式，并对三种典型情况进行了具体探讨，着重分析了信噪比、干扰强度、相关系数和样本长度对系统输出SINR的影响，证明了低信噪比时MVDR波束形成器为最佳空域滤波器，分析还表明，MVDR波束形成器对强信号存在抑制现象，高信噪比时输出的SINR为一常数。计算机仿真结果证明了理论分析的正确性。     

Precise bearing and automatic target tracking in digital sonar

I.IntroductionItiswellknownthatthepreciseestimationofDOA(DirectionOfArrival)oftargetisanimportantthesisinpassivesonardesign.TheoptimumestimationaccuracyexpressionforlinearrayispresentedbyLewisalldothersll-3].Basedonthepointofviewoftime-delayestimation,Carteretal.showthattheaccuracyoftime-delayestimationofreceivedsignalbetweentwodifferentchannelscanreachtheoptimumCramer-RaolowboundI4-6].Forthedigitalsonarthebearingbeamdirectionisusuallyequal-spaceddistributedwithino-36o".Inordertofindthep…     

声呐信号测向技术仿真研究及实现

方位估计是声呐信号处理中的一个核心问题，本文基于分裂波束原理，针对声呐系统中常用的单频ＣＷ信号和双曲调频ＨＦＭ信号，给出ＣＷ信号的互谱法法定向和ＨＦＭ信号的正交相关法定向的方法，计算机仿真实验分析了本文方法的精确性。     

Acoustic multipath structure in direct zone of deep water and bearing estimation of tow ship noise of towed line array

In the towed line array sonar system, the tow ship noise is the main factor that affects the sonar performance. Conventional noise cancelling methods assume that the noise is towards the endfire direction of the array. An acoustic experiment employing a towed line array is conducted in the western Pacific Ocean, and a strange bearing-splitting phenomenon of the tow ship noise is observed in the array. The tow ship noise is split into multiple noise signals whose bearings are distributed between 10° and 90° deviating from the endfire direction. The multiple interferences increase the difficulty in recognizing the target for the sonar operator and noise cancellation. Therefore, making the mechanism clear and putting forward the tow ship noise splitting bearing estimation method are imperative. In this paper, the acoustic multi-path structure of the tow ship in deep water is analyzed. Then it is pointed out that the bearing-splitting phenomenon is caused by the main lobe of direct rays and bottom-reflected rays, as well as several side lobes of direct rays. Meanwhile, the indistinguishability between the elevation angle and the bearing angle due to the axial symmetry of a strict horizontal line array causes the bearing to deviate from the endfire direction. Based on the theory above, a method of estimating bearing of the tow ship noise in deep water is proposed. The theoretical analysis results accord with the experimental results, which helps to identify the target and provide correct initial bearing guidance for noise cancelation methods.     

Nonparaxial multi-Gaussian beam models and measurement models for phased array transducers

A nonparaxial multi-Gaussian beam model is proposed in order to overcome the limitation that paraxial Gaussian beam models lose accuracy in simulating the beam steering behavior of phased array transducers. Using this nonparaxial multi-Gaussian beam model, the focusing and steering sound fields generated by an ultrasonic linear phased array transducer are calculated and compared with the corresponding results obtained by paraxial multi-Gaussian beam model and more exact Rayleigh-Sommerfeld integral model. In addition, with help of this novel nonparaxial method, an ultrasonic measurement model is provided to investigate the sensitivity of linear phased array transducers versus steering angles. Also the comparisons of model predictions with experimental results are presented to certify the accuracy of this provided measurement model.     

一种稳健的恒定束宽波束形成方法

考虑到信号的方向信息存在误差时,宽带聚焦变换波束形成方法的稳健性会急剧下降,为了克服这种缺点,将稳健的二阶锥规划波束形成用于聚焦变换方法中,提出一种稳健宽带恒定束宽波束形成方法并将其应用于声呐探测。二阶锥规划波束形成是通过对阵列流形进行约束求解得到准确的权值,从而减少聚焦数据误差,避免估计畸变,得到恒定束宽,提高了聚焦变换恒定束宽波束形成器的性能。借助计算机对圆环形传感器阵列在宽频段内进行恒定束宽波束优化设计,并进行了实验研究,结果表明该方法对信号信息误差有很好的宽容性,能实现我们期望得到的恒定束宽波束图,能应用于实际的声呐探测中。并且比传统的二阶锥恒定束宽方法有更高的稳健性。     

A beam interpolation algorithm in digital multi-beam sonar

I.IntroductionThedigita1operationins0narsystembringsagreatadvantageinbeamforming.Itispos-sib1etorealizesomcalg0rithmsindigita1technique,whichisusua11yhardtoorimpossib1etoAnp1ementintraditiona1ana1ogues0nar.Asanexamp1e,ageometrygraphofcirclearrayisil-1ustratedinFig,1.Thetotalnumber0farraye1ementisN.Therearetwokindsofbeam.TheA-c1assbeamconsistsof2M-le1ements,thesteeringdirectionisjustlocatedintheposi-honofoneofthearrayelement;TheB-classbeamconsistsof2Me1ementsandthesteeringdirectionisinthem…     

相控阵天线主控系统中实时数据交互

波束控制系统是高功率相控阵天线的神经中枢,负责天线阵面中所有单元相位的精确控制和状态监测任务。为实现天线阵面的快速、精确波束转换,采用分布式拓扑结构和嵌入式实时操作系统,设计了两级分布式波束控制方案,开发了基于VxWorks的相控阵天线主控系统。通过UDP协议实现主控系统与其他系统的多节点网络通讯;针对高速、实时通讯需求,利用VxWorks多任务编程接口,设计了一种基于双缓冲队列的Socket通讯方法;为使通讯被各方正确解析,制定了自定义的应用层协议。基于VxWorks的相控阵天线主控系统的开发应用,验证了方案的可行性以及控制软件的可靠性和稳定性。     

Beam pattern of sparse array for passive sonar

This work aims at sparse array without grating lobe for passive sonar, in order to increase frequency band of the passive sonar and reduce the cost. According to traditional method, the distance between two contiguous sensors in sonar array should be less than the wavelength of highest frequency of the signal; otherwise the grating lobe appears on beam pattern. The paper realizes that the conclusion of the grating lobe emergence it is not fit to the passive sonar due to the sine wave signal model in traditional method, in fact the input of passive sonar is random signal. Prom three aspect of the computer simulation, real passive sonar signal and theory analysis, it is revealed that the grating lobe does not appear on beam pattern when the distance between two contiguous sensors in passive sonar array is longer than wavelength of highest frequency. Whitening of the radiated noise can widen the frequency band, to ensure the beam pattern without the grating lobe. The conclusion of the paper is: if the band of radiated noise is wide enough (broader than 1 octave), that the wavelength of signal can be shorter than the distance between two contiguous sensors in passive sonar without grating lobe.     

无源声呐稀疏阵无栅瓣性能分析

计算机模拟、实际声呐信号和理论分析证明了在无源声呐中只要信号带宽足够宽(带宽大于1个倍频程),无源声呐中用稀疏阵,即基元间距大于信号波长的基阵,波束图中不会出现栅瓣特性。白化目标信号可满足尽量宽的信号带宽,有利于无栅瓣波束的设计。结论是只要保证足够宽的信号带宽,无源声呐工作频段中最高频率的波长可小于基阵中阵元间隔而可使阵波束特性不出现栅瓣。