Theoretical and experimental study of phase optimization of tapping mode atomic force microscope

Phase image in tapping-mode atomic force microscope (TM-AFM) results from various dissipations in a microcantilever system. The phases mainly reflect the tip-sample contact dissipations which allow the nanoscale characteristics to be distinguished from each other. In this work, two factors affecting the phase and phase contrast are analyzed. It is concluded from the theoretical and experimental results that the phases and phase contrasts in the TM-AFM are related to the excitation frequency and energy dissipation of the system. For a two-component blend, it is theoretically and experimentally proven that there exists an optimal excitation frequency for maximizing the phase contrast. Therefore, selecting the optimal excitation frequency can potentially improve the phase contrast results. In addition, only the key dissipation between the tip and sample is found to accurately reflect the sample properties. Meanwhile, the background dissipation can potentially reduce the contrasts of the phase images and even mask or distort the effective information in the phase images. In order to address the aforementioned issues, a self-excited method is adopted in this study in order to eliminate the effects of the background dissipation on the phases. Subsequently, the real phase information of the samples is successfully obtained. It is shown in this study that the eliminating of the background dissipation can effectively improve the phase contrast results and the real phase information of the samples is accurately reflected. These results are of great significance in optimizing the phases of two-component samples and multi-component samples in atomic force microscope.     

An experimental study of the blue whirl onset

This paper focuses on the blue whirl's formation conditions and onset mechanism. The blue whirl is experimentally generated using a forced-ventilation fire whirl apparatus, where the swirl intensity can be actively adjusted. It also allows the blue whirl to form in the laminar regime, without requiring a turbulent fire whirl as the inducer. Transverse particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurement is performed to understand the swirling flow near the vortex core and to quantify the swirl intensity in terms of circulation. The result demonstrates that a stable blue whirl can be formed only when the circulation is above a threshold value of about 0.07 m²/s, for the current experimental setup. Then, by examining the formation process during the blue whirl onset, a strong correlation can be confirmed between the circulation jumping and the flame regime transformation from a weak fire whirl to a blue whirl. To understand the critical condition for vortex breakdown, we further propose a new swirl number, $S_P$, based on balancing the pressure differences associated with the centrifugal and the radial-converging effects. As a result, the turning point in the $S_P$ curve agrees well with the emergence of the recirculation zone, verifying the relevance of the proposed vortex breakdown mechanism in determining the blue whirl onset.     

硬X射线光栅微分干涉相衬成像两步相移算法的理论与实验研究

针对硬X射线光栅微分干涉相衬成像在实际应用中对低辐射剂量和快速获取图像的要求, 通过对实验系统的理论分析和参数优化设计, 采用了两步相移算法用于提取物体相位信息. 这种方法可以有效降低X射线对物体的辐射剂量, 大大提高恢复相位信息的速度, 为X射线光栅相衬成像在未来的医疗和工业中的应用奠定基础. 关键词： 光栅干涉 X射线相衬成像 两步相移算法     

Theoretical study of the structured blue emission of PbWO 4

The experimentally observed structure in the blue emission of PbWO 4 crystals is analyzed theoretically. The full interaction Hamiltonian, including ligand field, Jahn-Teller, pseudo Jahn-Teller, and spin-orbit interactions is considered. The emission-band shape is numerically calculated using Monte-Carlo integration using both semiclassical and quantum-mechanical approaches. Theoretical results are qualitatively compared to experimentally observed spectra.     

1700 线/mm镀金光栅的拼接理论和实验研究

提出了一个能够实时地监控拼接光栅状态的方案；理论上论证了氦氖光不能用来实时监控1740线衍射光栅的光栅拼接实验；提出了一种选择监控光波长的方法，使得拼接光栅的各种误差对于主光束和监控光的影响是一致的，并且通过实验进行了验证. 关键词： 拼接光栅 刻线密度误差 实时监控 光栅对压缩池     

气体栓塞现象的理论分析与实验研究

对气体栓塞现象做了比较深入的理论分析和初步的实验研究。     

时间延迟激光感生双光栅的理论及实验研究

从理论上分析了激光相位及振幅的随机涨落对由热效应引起的时间延迟激光感生双光栅(TDLIDG)的影响.结果表明,四波混频信号调制的振幅随两束泵光相对延迟的增加而衰变.实验结果与理论预测基本一致.我们还证实用TDLIDG测量两束光的波长差可以达到与激光线宽同一量级的精度.     

飞秒激光共振增强腔的理论与实验研究

飞秒激光共振增强腔在非线性光学、 精密光谱学等研究领域有重要应用, 尤其是近年来已成为产生高重频紫外光梳的强大工具. 采用循环稳定电场方法分析了飞秒激光脉冲在共振 增强腔中的增强和色散特性,给出了增强倍数与 精细度的关系及共振带宽与精细度和腔内色散量的关系. 实验上实现了175 MHz, 15 fs的宽谱飞秒激光脉冲的共振 增强,增强倍数约为10倍左右.     

Theoretical and experimental study of the electronic structure of tin dioxide

The electronic structure of tin dioxide has been theoretically studied within the linearized augmented plane wave method using the Wien2k program package. The total and local partial electron densities of states have been calculated. The X-ray emission K-spectrum of oxygen has been calculated. The X-ray absorption spectra of the tin M _4,5-edge and oxygen K-edge have been calculated by simulating the supercell and core hole. The calculated results have been compared with the experimental data obtained using synchrotron radiation.     

Theoretical and experimental study of the intensity distribution in biological tissues

Based on the diffusion approximate theory （DA）, a theoretical model about the distribution of the intensity of a narrow collimation beam illuminating on a semi-lnfinite biological tissue is developed. In order to verify the correctness of the model, a novel method of measuring the distributions of the intensity of light in Intralipid-10% suspension at 650 nm is presented and ts of the distributions of the distance-dependent intensity of scattering light in different directions are made. The investigations show that the results from our diffusion model are in good agreement with the experimental results beyond and in the areas around the light source, and the distance-dependent intensity in the incident direction attenuates approximately in the exponential form. Furthermore, our theoretic results indicate the anisotropic characteristics of the intensity in different directions of scattering light inside the biological tissue.     

多阵元光纤相干列阵的理论与实验研究

基于Fraunhofer衍射理论,建立了六角形相干列阵远场分布的理论模型,采用Strehl比和能量集中度作为评价参数,分析了列阵排列方式、振幅、填充因子对远场分布的影响.并由爬山法相位控制技术和六棱台合束器,构建了七阵元光纤相干列阵实验系统.在066填充因子情况下,获得了Strehl比为070、能量集中度为040七阵元合成光束,以及获得了能量集中度分别为045和018的二阵元线阵和四阵元矩形阵合成光束. 关键词： 相干合成 填充因子 能量集中度 Strehl比     

Theoretical and experimental study of the colliding-pulse method for solid-state lasers

The interaction of ultrashort pulses with a two-level saturable absorber is considered in the colliding-pulse regime. The shortening of the Gaussian pulse duration is investigated for a wide range of absorber and pulse parameters and compared with typical contacting-absorber and non-contacting-absorber methods. The analysis of the maximum pulse dynamics taking into account the noise radiation in the context of the fluctuation model shows that in addition to the well-known advantages realized in dye lasers, the colliding-pulse method results in the achievement of shorter durations of the peak pulses in the train near the second threshold. This advantage is shown, both theoretically and experimentally, to be greater for faster the relaxation of the absorber.     

一种新空心光束的理论及实验研究

提出了一种用来描述空心光束的新理论模型——空心高斯光束模型，通过控制光束参数可以方便地调制空心光束黑斑的大小.导出了空心高斯光束经傍轴光学系统的解析传输变换公式.利用导出的公式计算分析了空心高斯光束在自由空间的传输特性.在实验上利用矩阵本征值方法设计了能输出空心高斯光束的光学谐振腔，对实验上得到的空心高斯光束进行了传输特性的研究.结果表明，理论和实验相吻合.该空心高斯光束产生的光势阱为控制冷原子提供了一条新途径. 关键词： 空心高斯光束 光学谐振腔 传输特性     

多阵元光纤相干列阵的理论与实验研究

基于Fraunhofer衍射理论,建立了六角形相干列阵远场分布的理论模型,采用Strehl比和能量集中度作为评价参数,分析了列阵排列方式、振幅、填充因子对远场分布的影响.并由爬山法相位控制技术和六棱台合束器,构建了七阵元光纤相干列阵实验系统.在066填充因子情况下,获得了Strehl比为070、能量集中度为040七阵元合成光束,以及获得了能量集中度分别为045和018的二阵元线阵和四阵元矩形阵合成光束.     

可控双空心光束的理论方案及实验研究

提出了一种利用双周期弧向非满额相位调制的方法产生双空心光束的方案. 当准直氦氖激光通过1.5 mm半径透光孔照射到该相位图样时, 在200 mm成像透镜像空间获得长30 mm, 间距57.6μm, 单管束宽度0.11–0.14 mm的双空心光束. 该方案结构简单, 产生的双空心光束具有较好的可控性, 双光管间距由相位调制因子p决定, 能够实现从双空心光束到单空心光束的双向演化. 对所提出的方案进行了实验研究并得到与理论相符的结果. 利用多种组合方式讨论了将该方案拓展到蓝失谐光学囚禁势阱, 可以实现可控的空心双光阱、四光阱与光学晶格等, 有望在冷原子、冷分子囚禁与操控等领域的实验研究中发挥重要作用.     

Theoretical modelling and experimental study of novel photothermal microactuators

We present a category of novel photothermal （PT） microactuators. Each microactuator consists of two PT arms that are jointed at the free end and connected to an anchor at the fixed end. When a laser beam irradiates one of the arms （called hot arm, and the other is cold arm）, light energy is absorbed and converted into heat. The asymmetric thermal expansion of the hot and cold arms results in lateral deflection. Based on conduction heat transfer theory and heat dissipation mechanism, we study the PT effects and establish the theoretical model of PT expansion for the microactuators. The temperature distribution and the linear thermal expansion can be numerically calculated. The analytical solution provides an insight into the operation of the actuators and predicts the performance of the actuators with new designs. A symmetry microactuator and a microswitch as the prototypes have been fabricated and tested. The experimental results are in good agreement with the theoretical predictions and prove the feasibility of the novel PT microactuators.     

基于等离子体的定向天线阵理论与实验研究

当前国内学者对等离子体天线的研究主要集中于柱状天线和反射面天线, 而在国外已有学者以等离子体阵列结构设计了功能多样的智能天线系统. 为了较系统地了解这一新的设计思路, 基于等离子体散射理论对中心单元激励的圆形定向天线阵进行了理论和实验研究. 设计了一个16元等离子体无源振子的圆形天线阵, 实现了天线电磁波单波束和多波束的定向辐射. 通过理论计算和分析, 阐述了天线电磁波单波束和多波束辐射的原理. 通过建立实验系统, 测试了圆形天线阵的定向辐射特性. 实验结果和理论值接近, 说明该等离子体圆形天线阵可以实现天线电磁波的定向辐射和多波束辐射. 另外, 该天线阵还具有快速切换辐射方向、参数快速重构、雷达隐身性良好的优点. 关键词： 等离子体 定向天线阵 单波束 多波束