直流反应磁控溅射法制备ZnO: Zr透明导电薄膜

以Zn∶ Zr为靶材,利用直流反应磁控溅射法制备了ZnO∶ Zr透明导电薄薄膜.研究了沉积压强对ZnO∶ Zr薄膜形貌、结构、光学及电学性能的影响.实验结果表明所制备的ZnO∶ Zr为六方纤锌矿结构的多晶薄膜,具有垂直于衬底方向的c轴择优取向.沉积压强对ZnO∶ Zr薄膜的晶化程度、形貌、生长速率和电阻率影响很大,而对其光学性能如透光率、光学带隙及折射率影响不大.当沉积压强为2Pa时,ZnO∶ Zr薄膜的电阻率达到最小值2.0×10-3Ω ·cm,其可见光平均透过率和平均折射率分别为83.2％和1.97.     

溅射功率对ZnO∶Si透明导电薄膜性能的影响

采用直流磁控溅射法在室温玻璃基片上制备出了掺硅氧化锌(ZnO∶ Si)透明导电薄膜.研究了溅射功率对ZnO∶ Si薄膜结构、形貌、光学及电学性能的影响.结果表明,溅射功率对ZnO∶ Si薄膜的生长速率、结晶质量及电学性能有很大影响,而对其光学性能影响不大.实验制备的ZnO∶Si薄膜为六方纤锌矿结构的多晶薄膜,且具有垂直于基片方向的c轴择优取向.当溅射功率从45 W增加到105 W时,薄膜的晶化程度提高、晶粒尺寸增大,薄膜的电阻率减小;当溅射功率为105 W时,薄膜的电阻率达到最小值3.83×10-4 Ω·cm,其可见光透过率为94.41;.实验制备的ZnO∶ Si薄膜可以用作薄膜太阳能电池和液晶显示器的透明电极.     

衬底温度对直流磁控溅射法制备掺锆氧化锌透明导电薄膜性能的影响

利用直流磁控溅射法在石英衬底上制备出了高透明导电的掺锆氧化锌(ZnO:Zr)薄膜.研究了衬底温度对ZnO:Zr薄膜结构、形貌及光电性能的影响.XRD表明实验中制备的ZnO:Zr为六方纤锌矿结构的多晶薄膜,具有垂直于衬底方向的c轴择优取向.实验所制备ZnO:Zr薄膜的晶化程度和导电性能对衬底温度有很强的依赖性.当衬底温度为300 ℃时, ZnO:Zr薄膜具有最小电阻率7.58×10-4 Ω·cm,其可见光平均透过率超过了91;.     

Nb掺杂ZnO透明导电薄膜的结构以及光电性能研究

采用直流磁控溅射法在玻璃衬底上制备了高质量的Nb掺杂ZnO( NZO)透明导电薄膜.为了研究薄膜厚度对薄膜性质的影响,制备了五个厚度分别为239 nm,355 nm,489 nm,575 nm和679 nm的样品.XRD结果表明,ZnO∶ Nb薄膜是具有六角纤锌矿结构的多晶薄膜,并且具有垂直于衬底的c轴择优取向.随着膜厚的增加,薄膜的结晶质量明显提高.当厚度从239 nm增加到489 nm时,平均晶粒尺寸从19.7 nm增加到24.7 nm,薄膜的电阻率持续减小;当厚度进一步增加时,晶粒尺寸略有减小,电阻率有所增加.本实验获得的最低电阻率为4.896×10-4Ω·cm.随膜厚的增加,光学带隙先增大后减小.所有薄膜在可见光区域的平均透过率均超过88.3;.     

镓掺杂氧化锌透明导电薄膜的制备及其性能研究

采用射频磁控溅射方法在玻璃基片上制备了镓掺杂氧化锌(Ga∶ ZnO)透明导电薄膜,通过XRD、XPS、四探针仪和分光光度计等表征技术,研究了衬底温度对Ga∶ ZnO薄膜结构、组分、光学和电学性质的影响.结果表明:所有样品均为具有(002)择优取向的高质量透明导电薄膜,其晶体结构和光电性能与衬底温度密切相关.当衬底温度为673 K时,所制备的Ga∶ ZnO薄膜具有最大的晶粒尺寸(72.6 nm)、最低的电阻率(1.3×10-3Ω·cm)、较高的可见∶ZnO薄膜的光学能隙,结果显示随着衬底温度的升高,薄膜的光学能隙单调增加.     

利用直流磁控溅射法在柔性衬底上制备ZnO: Zr新型透明导电薄膜

室温下利用直流磁控溅射法在有ZnO缓冲层的柔性衬底 PET上制备出了可见光透过率高、电阻率低的掺锆氧化锌(ZnO: Zr)透明导电薄膜,研究了厚度对ZnO: Zr薄膜结构及光电性能的影响.结果表明,ZnO: Zr薄膜为六方纤锌矿结构的多晶薄膜.实验获得ZnO: Zr薄膜的最小电阻率为2.4×10-3 Ω·cm,其霍尔迁移率为18.9 cm2·V-1·s-1 ,载流子浓度为2.3×1020 cm-3.实验制备的ZnO: Zr薄膜具有良好的附着性能,其可见光平均透过率超过92;.     

薄膜厚度对 Mn-W 共掺杂 ZnO 透明导电薄膜性能的影响

利用直流磁控溅射法在低温玻璃衬底上制备了高导电透明的 Mn-W 共掺杂 ZnO(ZMWO)薄膜,并研究了厚度对薄膜结构、光学及电学性能的影响.X 射线衍射结果表明 ZMWO 均为六方纤锌矿结构的多晶薄膜,具有垂直于衬底方向的 c 轴择优取向.薄膜厚度对 ZMWO 薄膜的晶化程度、电阻率和方块电阻有很大影响.当薄膜厚度从97 nm 增大到456 nm 时,ZMWO 薄膜的晶化程度提高,而电阻率和方块电阻减小.当厚度为 456 nm 时,所制备ZMWO 薄膜的电阻率达到最小,其值仅为8.8×10-5 Ω·cm,方块电阻为1.9 Ω/□.所有薄膜样品在可见光区的平均透过率都较高,其值约为89;.当薄膜厚度从97 nm 增大到 456 nm时,光学带隙从3.41 eV增大到3.52 eV.     

膜厚对Zr,Al共掺杂ZnO透明导电薄膜结构和光电性能的影响

采用直流磁控溅射法在玻璃衬底上制备出Zr,Al共掺杂ZnO(AZZO)透明导电薄膜.用XRD和SEM分析和观察了薄膜样品的组织结构和表面形貌.研究表明:制备的AZZO透明导电薄膜为六角纤锌矿结构的多晶薄膜,且具有c轴择优取向.另外还研究了薄膜的结构、光学和电学性质随薄膜厚度的变化关系.当薄膜厚度为843 nm时,电阻率具有最小值1.18×10~(-3) Ω·cm,在可见光区(500～800 nm)平均透过率超过93;.     

溅射气压对硼掺杂ZnO薄膜光电特性的影响

采用脉冲磁控溅射系统在玻璃衬底上制备了ZnO∶B薄膜,利用霍尔测试仪和紫外-可见光-近红外分光光度计及逐点无约束最优化法,研究了溅射气压(0.1 ～3 Pa)对ZnO薄膜的光学和电学特性的影响.结果表明:ZnO∶B薄膜在可见光区域内的平均透光率高于80;,近红外波段的透过率及薄膜的电阻率与溅射气压成正比;折射率n随溅射气压降低呈下降趋势,其值介于1.92 ～2.09之间;在较低的溅射气压下(PAr=0.1 Pa)获得的薄膜电阻率最小(3.7×10-3Ω·cm),且对应着小的光学带隙(Eg=3.463 eV).     

薄膜厚度对ZnO:Y薄膜结构及光电特性影响

室温下采用射频磁控溅射法在玻璃衬底上制备出了具有良好附着性、低电阻率和高透过率的新型ZnO∶Y(ZnO掺杂Y2O3,简称ZnO∶Y)透明导电薄膜。研究了薄膜厚度对ZnO∶Y薄膜结构、光电特性的影响。结果表明:不同厚度的ZnO∶Y薄膜均为多晶薄膜,具有ZnO六角纤锌矿结构,最佳取向为(002)方向。随薄膜厚度增加,其电阻率减小,当薄膜厚度增至800 nm时,其电阻率为8.36×10-4Ω.cm,迁移率为15.3 cm2.V-1.s-1,载流子浓度为4.88×1020cm-3。不同厚度的薄膜在可见光范围内平均透过率均为90%以上,当薄膜厚度从200 nm增加到800 nm时,薄膜禁带宽度从3.68 eV减小到3.61 eV。     

Modelling of mechanism of agglomeration of KCl crystallization

The article presents an analysis into agglomeration during KCl vacuum crystallization. The theoretical and experimental investigations into the mechanism of agglomeration during mass crystallization result in an extension of the growth phenomena within the known model equations. The basis for this is essentially constituted by the collision model concepts of the theory of floculation in disperse systems. The parameters derived from the microprocess analysis (energy dissipation, content of solids, growth rate of individual grains) lead to model equations which are confirmed by laboratory and test trials.     

Relationship of Morphological Types of Dynamic Forms of Crystals

Crystallography Reports - The relationship of morphological spectra (sets of data on the morphological types of real polyhedral crystals and their probabilities under current physicochemical...     

A review of measurement of thermophysical properties of silicon melt

Measurements of thermophysical properties of Si melt and supplementary study of X-ray scattering/diffraction by the authors' group were reviewed. The values obtained differed variously from those of literature. Density was 2–3% larger, surface tension 20–30% smaller, viscosity up to 40% larger, electrical conductivity 8% smaller, spectral emissivity more or less in good agreement with literature values, and thermal diffusivity a few percent larger. An anomalous density jump was found near the melting point. Surface tension and viscosity also showed anomaly. A strange time-dependent change of density was observed over 3 h after melting. X-ray analyses suggested a slight change in local atom ordering, but showed no sign of cluster formation. An addition of 0.1 at% gallium caused the density jump to disappear, while that of boron caused no change. An EXAFS study of the former melt indicated a strong interaction between Ga and Si atoms as if molecules of GaSi₃ existed. The implications of the measured properties are a possibility of soft-turbulence in an Si melt in a relatively large crucible, a more complicated manner of intake of oxygen depleted molten Si from the free surface region to underneath the growing crystal, and a relaxation of the melt after melting arising from trapped gas species.     

Generation of crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds by the method of discrete modeling of packings

Within the method of discrete modeling of packings, an algorithm of generation of possible crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds containing two or three molecules in the primitive unit cell, one of which has an arbitrary shape and the other (two others) has a shape close to spherical, is proposed. On the basis of this algorithm, a software package for personal computers is developed. This package has been approved for a number of compounds, investigated previously by X-ray diffraction analysis. The results of generation of structures of five compounds—four organic salts (with one or two spherical anions) and one solvate—are represented.     

Development of Pauling's concepts of geometric characteristics of atoms

The evolution of the geometric characteristics introduced by Pauling and their dependence on the specific features of the structure and chemical bonds have been considered. The values of the covalent and van der Waals radii are given as well as their relationships and mutual transitions.     

Velocities of Disappearance and Lifetime of Faces of Growing Crystals

The formulae for absolute R_disap and relative R velocities of disappearance and lifetime τ of faces of growing crystals have been derived for stationary growth. It was shown that the quantities are determined by the relative growth velocity R_A/R_critA of the vanishing face A with respect to the critical growth velocity R_critA and by the geometry of a crystal expressed by the trigonometric functions of interfacial angles β and γ formed between face A and the adjacent faces. R increases and τ decreases with the increase in R_A/R_critA to certain limiting values. The calculations have been verified and illustrated by the experimental results for triclinic potassium bichromate (KBC) crystals. Results enable ones to predict values of velocities of disappearance and lifetimes of undesirable, supplementary faces of any real crystal.     

Dependence of the parameters of equations of viscous flow on chemical composition of silicate melts

The temperature dependence of viscosity of silicate melts is discussed in the framework of the Avramov–Milchev (AM) equation. The composition is described by means of two parameters: the molar fraction, x, and the “lubricant fraction”, l. The molar fraction is the sum of the molar parts x_i of all oxides dissolved in SiO₂, the molar fraction of the latter being 1 ? x. It is shown that, with sufficient precision, two of the parameters of the AM equation can be presented as unique functions of the molar fraction. On the other hand, x is not sufficient to determine properly the reference temperature T_r , at which viscosity is η_r = 10¹³ [dPa.s]. Therefore, additional parameter, “lubricant fraction” l, is introduced. For each of the components, l_i is a product of molar part x_i and a specific dimensionless coefficient 0 ≤ k_i ≤ 1 accounting for the specific contribution of this component to the increased mobility of the system. It is demonstrated that, for l > 0, the reference temperature is related to the “lubricant fraction” l through the reference temperature T_r,SiO2 of pure SiO₂.     

Comparative analysis of two methods of calculation of the orientation of domain walls in ferroelastics

Two types of domain-wall equations are analyzed: the equations derived by the Sapriel method and the equations obtained by interface matching of the thermal-expansion tensor. It is shown that, for W-type domain walls, these methods yield the same equations. For W′-type domain walls, the equations obtained by different methods coincide for proper ferroelastics and differ for improper ferroelastics.