澳大利亚烟煤热解的拉曼光谱研究

采用拉曼光谱考察了澳大利亚烟煤在常压、温度为298~1 473 K条件下,不同热解气氛(Ar和N2)下的热解性能。结合AD/Aall、AG/Aall、WG以及PG-PD等表征参数分析发现,澳大利亚烟煤的热解可以分为三个阶段:298~873 K为固有小分子和大分子键能较弱处断裂分解产生的小分子化合物的析出沉积和挥发;873~1 273 K为大分子化合物裂解挥发和炭化;1 273~1 473 K为焦炭的石墨化。在N2和Ar气氛经1 473 K热处理后,焦炭的不同杂化结构的碳相对含量呈现明显差异。不同保温时间下,其煤焦碳结构演变趋势相似,但保温时间越长,越有利于小分子挥发分在较低温度的挥发。     

Continuous high-temperature fluidized bed pyrolysis of coal in complex atmospheres: Product distribution and pyrolysis gas

This study is devoted to investigating the continuous coal pyrolysis in a laboratory fluidized bed reactor that fed coal and discharged char continuously at temperatures of 750–980 °C and in N₂-base atmospheres containing O₂, H₂, CO, CH₄ and CO₂ at varied contents. The results showed that the designed continuous pyrolysis test provided a clear understanding of the coal pyrolysis behavior in various complex atmospheres free of and with O₂. The effect of adding H₂, CO, CH₄ or CO₂ into the atmosphere on the tar yield was related to the O₂ content in the atmosphere. Without O₂ in the atmosphere, adding H₂ and CO₂ decreased the pyrolysis tar yield, but the tar yield was conversely higher with raising the CO and CH₄ contents in the atmosphere. In O₂-containing atmospheres, the influence from varying the atmospheric gas composition on the product distribution and pyrolysis gas composition was closely related to the oxidation or gasification reactions occurring to char, tar and the tested gas.     

过渡金属添加剂对煤热解脱硫的影响

利用坩埚焦考察了过渡金属添加剂Fe、Cr和Mn的不同形态在焦化过程中对高硫焦煤中硫脱除的影响,并通过固定床热解实验考察了不同气氛下添加剂对煤热解脱硫及含硫化合物逸出的影响。结果表明,不同金属添加剂对煤中硫形态有不同影响,氧化性较高的Fe3+降低了煤中黄铁矿硫的含量,而其他金属添加剂对煤中硫形态影响不大。在模拟焦化过程中,铬系添加剂提高了热解脱硫率,而铁系和锰系添加剂降低了脱硫率;负载Cr3+的介休煤在不同气氛下的热解表明,氮气抑制了Cr的脱硫作用,显著地减少了含硫气体的生成量,并使煤中易脱除硫转化为稳定的有机硫;还原性气氛有利于Cr3+添加剂的脱硫作用,显著地增加了含硫气体的生成量;焦炉气和氢气下添加剂对热解脱硫及煤热解过程中含硫气体逸出的影响相似,焦炉气可以作为提高过渡金属添加剂脱硫性能的反应气体。     

不同氛围下绿原酸的热解行为及其裂解产物中苯酚含量分布规律研究

采用热重分析法(TGA)及在线裂解气相色谱-质谱联用仪(Py/GC - MS)研究了烟草中绿原酸在不同氛围下的热解行为及其含量分布规律.先用TGA确定了绿原酸在氮气氛围中的主要热失重区间,选取4个典型的温度点,再结合卷烟在高温燃烧区的3个温度点,分别在惰性(氦气)和有氧(含9％氧气的氮氧混合气)氛围中进行热裂解实验,对...     

Thermal analyses of Ohio bituminous coals

A suite of twenty-one bituminous coal samples from Ohio were analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and non-isothermal thermogravimetry (TG) techniques. Three regions of endothermic activity may be distinguished in the DSC scans in an inert atmosphere. The first peak (25–150°C) corresponds to loss of moisture from the coal, a second, very broad endotherm peaking in the range 400–500°C corresponds to devolatilization of the organic matter and a partially resolved endotherm at temperatures above 550°C probably corresponds to cracking and coking processes subsequent to the pyrolysis step. Evidence obtained from experiments with sealed pans suggest an autocatalytic effect exerted by the pyrolysis products. The use of the DSC technique to quantify the volatile matter content of coal seems less reliable than the proximate analyses obtained from non-isothermal TG in inert and O₂ atmospheres. Good agreement with ASTM values is observed by the latter method for a range of volatile matter and ash content.     

常压程序升温还原—质谱法研究遵义煤在热解过程中硫的变迁行为

选取遵义(ZY)原煤及其热解半焦,采用常压程序升温还原—质谱法(AP-TPR-MS)与化学法相结合考察了温度和气氛对热解过程中硫变迁行为的影响。结果表明,对于ZY煤而言,黄铁矿和不稳定有机硫除在氮气气氛下500 ℃时热解不能全部分解外,在其他条件下热解时都可以分解。1%氧气对ZY煤中稳定的有机硫的分解有很强的促进作用,不仅可以脱除稳定的有机硫,还可以使更稳定的有机硫断裂生成次稳定的有机硫,在随后的AP-TPR-MS实验过程中,这部分硫在较低的温度下逸出。合成气和1%氧气在700 ℃时与氢气有着相同的脱硫效果。     

应用TG-FTIR技术研究黄土庙煤催化热解特性

用浸渍法制备过渡金属氧化物担载型催化剂MO_x/USY(M=Co、Mo、Co-Mo),用热重红外联用技术考察了MO_x/USY催化剂对黄土庙(HTM)煤热解失重特性和热解产物生成规律的影响。热重实验结果表明,MO_x/USY催化剂可使HTM煤热解的二次脱气条件更为温和,热解峰温分别提前14、23和9℃。动力学分析结果表明,MO_x/USY催化剂可降低HTM煤样热解的活化能。FT-IR研究表明,MO_x/USY催化剂可有效改善HTM煤热解产物的组成和分布,CoO_x/USY催化剂能显著提高HTM煤热解产物中高热值气体(CO、CH₄)和轻质芳烃以及脂肪烃类化合物的含量;MoO_x/USY催化剂没有明显改善HTM煤热解产物组成和分布;MoO_x-CoO_x/USY催化剂可促进CO、CH₄、轻质芳烃和脂肪烃类化合物的生成,却使热解产物的生成向高温区移动,说明USY负载的不同过渡金属氧化物对煤样热解行为和热解产物有较大影响。     

小龙潭褐煤不同气氛下液化性能的研究

根据褐煤含水量高的特点,研究了以水为溶剂,不同气氛条件下小龙潭褐煤的液化行为。结果表明,小龙潭褐煤具有较好的液化活性,在420℃,H₂气氛下以四氢萘为溶剂时煤的液化转化率可达到94.5%。煤液化过程中,稳定热解产生的自由基活性氢主要来自于供氢溶剂,而气相H₂不具活性,不能直接为液化过程提供活性氢。当以水为溶剂取代四氢萘进行褐煤直接液化时,相对于H₂和N₂气氛,CO 气氛下表现出较好的液化性能。这表明发生了水煤气变换反应并生成了活性氢,该活性氢可以使得煤热解产生的自由基稳定,生成低分子的液化产物,提高了液化转化率。由于在较低的CO初压下反应生成的活性氢数量有限,因而液化转化率不高。实验表明,以水为溶剂在CO气氛下进行褐煤的液化是一种新的褐煤直接液化技术。     

热预处理影响褐煤热解行为研究

采用固定床反应器研究了不同气氛热预处理对内蒙胜利褐煤结构的改变,及其对后续热解行为的影响。结果表明,与原煤相比,热预处理后煤中羟基含量和芳香氢与脂肪氢的比减少,脂肪氢的相对含量增加。与未经处理的煤热解相比,N2、N2+O2、CO2气氛下热预处理后热解水收率下降,热解气收率增加,热解气中CO2含量增高,导致高位热值下降。过热水蒸气热预处理后,焦油质量收率提高3～4个百分点。热解焦油组成的变化与预处理气氛、温度密切相关,过热水蒸气200℃下预处理使得焦油中轻质组分的含量(沸点低于360℃的馏分)比原煤焦油提高了约27个百分点;水蒸气和模拟烟气混合气氛下在200℃及250℃预处理后,其热解焦油中轻油和酚油含量分别提高约60和42个百分点。     

The effect of the addition of SBA-15 to the slow pyrolysis of tobacco studied by heart-cutting GC/MC

Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry - The composition of evolved slow pyrolysis products under inert and oxidising atmospheres of reference tobacco from the University of Kentucky and its...     

Influences of Temperature and Coal Particle Size on the Flash Pyrolysis of Coal in a Fast-entrained Bed

IntroductionCoal is the major primary energy source in China,which accounts for about three quarters of the total en-ergy consumption.Most of coal in China contains a rel-atively high content of volatile substances.The reserveof lignite accounts for about…     

聚有机硅倍半氧烷热解研究进展

国防航空工业的发展需求高性能陶瓷,尤其是纳米陶瓷。聚有机硅倍半氧烷可作为前驱体,通过热解制备陶瓷。该方法操作简便,易于控制。本文综述了国外有关聚有机硅倍半氧烷热解理论与应用研究近况,并对这一领域的发展进行了展望。     

Chromatographic methods and techniques used in studies of coals, their progenitors and coal-derived materials

The use of chromatography in studies of coals, their progenitors and coal-related products was reviewed. The specificity of the coal structure was discussed. The use of extraction in preparing study samples was discussed paying special attention to the occurrence of undesirable phenomena such as aggregation of coal derivate molecules, resulting from the formation of their dimers and trimers, and degradation of polar solvents at temperatures above 350 °C. The following ways of fractionating samples of coal materials were considered: thermal, solvent, column with the use of preparative size exclusive chromatography and preparative thin layer chromatography as well as membrane separation. The use of chromatography coupled with experimental techniques such as mass spectrometry, infrared spectroscopy, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and pyrolysis was analysed.     

Investigation of the evolved gases from Sulcis coal during pyrolysis under N2 and H2 atmospheres

The evolution of gases and volatiles during Sulcis coal pyrolysis under different atmospheres (N₂ and H₂) was investigated to obtaining a clean feedstock of combustion/gasification for electric power generation. Raw coal samples were slowly heated in temperature programmed mode up to 800 °C at ambient pressure using a laboratory-scale quartz furnace coupled to a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) for evolved gas analysis. Under both pyrolysis and hydropyrolysis conditions the evolution of gases started at temperature as low as 100 °C and was mainly composed by CO and CO₂ as gaseous products. With increasing temperature SO₂, COS, and light aliphatic gases (CH₄ and C₂H₄) were also released. The release of SO₂ took place up to 300 °C regardless of the pyrolysis atmosphere, whilst the COS emissions were affected by the surrounding environment. Carbon oxide, CO₂, and CH₄ continuously evolved up to 800 °C, showing similar release pathways in both N₂ and H₂ atmospheres. Trace of HCNO was detected at low pyrolysis temperature solely in pure H₂ stream. Finally, the solid residues of pyrolysis (chars) were subjected to reaction with H₂ to produce CH₄ at 800 °C under 5.0 MPa pressure. The chars reactivity was found to be dependent on pyrolysis atmosphere, being the carbon conversions of 36% and 16% for charN₂ and charH₂, respectively.     

硝酸钙对内蒙古褐煤热解和气化特性的影响

在小型固定床反应装置上开展了内蒙古褐煤原煤(RC)和脱灰煤(DC)以及分别负载钙盐的煤样的热解实验,并对热解所得焦样开展了焦样与水蒸气气化反应的实验研究。结果表明,硝酸钙的添加对煤的热解和气化阶段均有影响。在热解阶段,硝酸钙的存在能显著改变主要气相产物H₂、CO₂和CO等组分的逸出规律和累积生成量;在气化阶段,作为催化剂的碱土金属,降低了焦样的气化反应活化能,更有利于气化反应的进行。     

Characterization of victorian soft brown coal wood by microscopic techniques and Curie-Point pyrolysis combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

Pyrolysis combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry is used in an attempt to distinguish lignins derived from an angiosperm and a gymnosperm on the basis of their pyrolysis products. The study is extended to examine the pyrolysis products of Australian soft brown coal woods that have undergone varying degrees of gelification during the soft brown coal stage of coalification. Comparison of the lignin and brown coal pyrograms shows that the brown coals may be derived from gymnosperms, which is in agreement with the results of previous microscopic studies. Poorly gelified brown coals are also shown to contain significant amounts of furan-type products which are not present in the gelified soft brown coal woods. No systematic variation was observed in the distribution of methoxy compounds and the macroscopically and microscopically defined degree of gelification. Finally pyrolysis of low rank vitrinites shows a relative lack of substituted phenols in their pyrograms, but a relative increase in concentration of substituted polycyclic aromatics, compared with highly gelified brown coals.     

典型烟煤热解机理的反应动力学模拟

建立合理有效的烟煤大分子模型，采用基于反应力场（Reactive Force Field，ReaxFF）的分子动力学方法模拟1400-2600 K典型烟煤的热解过程，得出产物分布和中间自由基的演变历程。研究表明，随着热解温度的升高，焦炭产量先增加后降低，焦油产量的变化趋势与焦炭相反，热解气产量单调增加。煤在低温下热解主要发生一次反应，生成焦油自由基碎片和小分子气体；高温下焦油碎片的二次反应显著，生成含量较多但数量较少的焦炭及含量与数量较多的小分子气体。2000 K是一次反应向二次反应的温度转折点。在高温热解时，煤中的C与H逐渐迁移到焦炭和焦油中，而含氧官能团较为活跃，O逐渐迁移到热解气中。二次反应阶段，O最活泼，H次之，C最稳定。热解过程中最先产生的气体是H₂O；NH₃主要来源于二次反应；H₂S在二次反应阶段被消耗转化为其他产物；H₂产量最多，且随热解温度升高而增加，尤其在二次反应中大量生成，主要源于裂解产生的氢自由基碰撞和芳香结构的缩合。基于ReaxFF模拟结果得到煤热解失重活化能为39.45 kJ/mol。     

AP-TPR-MS法考察六枝煤固定床热解过程中的硫变迁行为

实验选取六枝(LZ)原煤及其在固定床热解所得半焦,采用常压程序升温还原 质谱法（AP-TPR-MS）与化学法相结合考察温度和气氛对固定床热解过程中硫变迁行为的影响。对于LZ煤而言,经氮气气氛500℃热解后,只能使煤中部分不稳定有机硫分解,黄铁矿硫却不能分解;而经氮气气氛700℃热解后可以使不稳定有机硫和黄铁矿硫全部分解。合成气气氛在500℃以前煤中的不稳定有机硫和黄铁矿硫就能全部分解,且随着温度的升高,合成气表现出与氢气相近的脱硫活性。1.0% O₂-N₂对于六枝煤并没有明显的脱硫效果,这与氮气气氛相差不大。     

加压热解气氛对碳酸钾催化煤热解过程中硫迁移的影响

在加压热解装置上,考察了碳酸钾及热解气氛对煤热解过程中硫分布及其形态的影响。结果表明,碳酸钾通过捕获H_2S增加了半焦硫含量,同时可将煤焦表面活化,导致煤中有机质与黄铁矿分解产生的活泼硫结合形成新的有机硫。氢气能促进煤中硫的脱除,但是碳酸钾存在下热解释放的硫一部分以K_2S的形式固定于半焦中。水蒸气可显著促进煤中黄铁矿的分解,同时可与煤焦中的K_2S反应,降低半焦中的硫含量。两段床催化气化炉中,碳酸钾催化剂经热解后不影响其对煤焦的催化性能。     

水热处理对白石湖煤热解过程中钠钙迁移行为的影响

采用高压釜对富镜质组白石湖煤进行了水热处理,通过傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)分峰拟合方法分析了煤中含氧官能团变化。在固定床中开展分离废液和未分离废液水热处理煤样的热解实验,利用原子吸收分光光度计(AAS)测定了热解产物中钠钙含量。结果表明,白石湖煤经水热处理后水分、挥发分、氧含量以及Cl、Na和Ca等无机元素含量明显降低。水热处理过程中芳香醚水解和羧酸盐发生离子交换反应使得氢含量和H/C原子比增加,促进固定床热解焦油产率升高。300℃下水热处理脱除了部分有机形式Ca后随水废液被分离;废液中钠钙等无机元素的催化作用导致未分离废液较分离废液的样品具有更高热解气产率和更低焦油产率。白石湖原煤及其水热处理样品热解产物中Na含量和分布由高到低顺序均为:热解焦热解水焦油热解气,Ca含量和分布顺序为:热解焦焦油热解水热解气。水热处理温度越高,热解过程钠和钙释放率越低,释放的Na主要进入热解水,其次焦油;而释放的Ca则主要分布于焦油中,其次热解水。