Influence of anchored cerium ions on the dispersity and activity of Pd/SiO2 catalysts

(Pd+Ce)/SiO₂ catalysts prepared by decomposition of organometallic complexes of Ce and Pd have higher activity, dispersity and selectivity in methanol synthesis than Pd/SiO₂ catalysts.

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, (Pd+Ce)/SiO₂ , Ce Pd, Pd/SiO₂.

     

Reactivity of coordinated O2?, ion-radicals towards one-electron reductants

Using the flow ESR method, the rates of the reaction between the radical complex Ti(IV)(O ₂ ^– ) and one-electron reductants in aqueous solution have been measured. The redox potential for the Ti(IV) (O ₂ ^– )/Ti(IV) (O ₂ ^2– ) couple is about 1.7 V.

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Ti(IV)(O ₂ ^– ) . - Ti(IV)(O ₂ ^– )/Ti(IV)(O ₂ ^2– ) 1,7 .

     

Catalytic activity of the CaO?CaF2 system

Cao–CaF₂ catalysts containing 0–100%CaF₂ have been studied concerning their activity in different reactions. Maxima of activity for butene isomerization and isopropanol decomposition as well as selectivity for the alcohol dehydration were found for the sample with equimolar ratio of the components. No sample was active in cumene cracking. Suggestions are made concerning the reaction mechanisms and the active centers involved.

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CaO–CaF₂, 0–100% CaF₂, . , , . . .

     

Influence of hydrogen on the aromatization of ethane over Pt/H-ZSM-5 zeolite

Hydrogen influences the activity and selectivity of a Pt/H-ZSM-5 zeolite in ethane aromatization by favoring hydrogenolysis and suppressing dehydrogenation and coking. H₂ formed during the reaction inhibits the aromatization activity.

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Pt/H-ZSM-5 , . H₂, , .

     

Studies on catalytically active surface compounds, VIII. On the reaction of VCl4 with aerosil

The preparation and hydrolysis of silica supported vanadium catalysts have been investigated using VCl₄ as a paramagnetic probe. Chemical analysis shows the possibility of the VCl₄ molecule to react one, two, or three hydroxy groups of the surface. The type of reaction is influenced by the temperature of pretreatment of aerosil (TPA). ESR measurements show distortions of the tetrahedral coordination of the (SiO)_nVCl_4–n surface complex, which is strongest for the threefold attachment (n=3) of VCl₄ to the surface. Hydrolysis is accompanied by an increase of the coordination number and leads to highly mobile vanadium species.

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, VCl₄ . , VCl₄ , . . (SiO)_nVCl_4–n, VCl₄ (n=3). .

     

Hydrogenolysis of n-butane on Ni-Pd/SiO2 catalysts

Supported Ni-Pd/SiO₂ catalysts of different Ni and Pd composition were studied in n-butane hydrogenolysis. The reaction rate, selectivity towards methane, ethane and propane were determined. On the basis of these data the relationship between the size and composition of the active center and the possibility of surface segregation of one of the components is discussed.

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Ni-Pd/SiO₂ Ni Pd -. , . .

     

Acidity and oxidation activity of MoO3?UO3/SiO2 catalysts

The effect of UO₃ on the acidity of MoO₃–UO₃/SiO₂ catalysts has been studied by means of infrared spectroscopy of adsorbed pyridine. The surface acidity exhibited a maximum for the same U/(U+Mo) atomic ratio (=0.11) that yielded a maximum in total conversion for isobutene oxidation. The catalytic properties for oxidation are discussed in terms of the acidic properties of the samples.

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UO₃ MoO₃–UO₃/SiO₂ . U/(U+Mo)=0,11, . , .

     

Effect of CO2 on O2 photo-adsorption on anatase

The presence of CO₂ on TiO₂ affects the process of oxygen photo-adsorption depending on the hydroxylation state of the surface. In dehydroxylated samples CO₂ blocks the formation of O ₃ ^– and O ₂ ^– . On H₂O₂/TiO₂ samples pretreated in the range of 150–200°C it leads to CO₂–O ₂ ^– species.

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, Cu(II). . .

     

Investigation of toluene formation on Pt/Al2O3 catalyst in n-hexane dehydrocyclization

Formation of toluene, a chain lengthening product, has been observed on Pt/Al₂O₃ catalyst in n-hexane dehydrocyclization. Toluene formation is influenced by the catalyst pretreatment processes and the reaction temperature. A correlation has been found between the ageing phenomena and toluene formation.

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- Pt/Al₂O₃ — . . .

     

Disc — A differential isoperibol scanning calorimeter

The construction and operation of a new fully automated microcalorimeter is described.This instrument allows specific heat measurements to be performed on small samples in the 10 mg-range at low temperatures (10 K <T < 350 K). The new method consists of ombining the non-adiabatic relaxation-time calorimetry with a twin arrangement and simultaneous temperature scanning. Some experimental details of the calorimeter and sample holders are presented. The accuracy of the calorimeter was verified by calibration measurements on 56 mg of copper. An energy resolution of 0.1J/K has been reached near 12 K. To demonstrate the reliability of the microcalorimeter the heat capacity of the new highT _c superconductor YBa₂Cu₃O_7–y, was determined.

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Zusammenfassung Konstruktion und Betrieb eines neuen vollautomatischen Mikrokalorimeters werden beschrieben. Mit dem Instrument können Messungen von spezifischen Wärmen an kleinen Proben im 10-mg-Bereich bei tiefen Temperaturen (10 K <T < 350 K) durchgeführt werden. Mit der neuen Methode werden die nichtadiabatische Relaxationskalorimetrie mit der Zwillingsanordnung und gleichzeitigem Temperaturscanning kombiniert. Das Meßsystem des Kalorimeters mit der Probenhalterung wird genauer vorgestellt. Die Genauigkeit des Kalorimeters wird durch Eichmessungen mit einer Kupferprobe (56 mg) geprüft. Nahe 12 K wurde eine Auflösung von 0.1J K^–1 erzielt. Die Zuverlässigkeit des Mikrokalorimeters wird an einer Bestimmung der spezifischen Wärme des neuen Supraleiters YBa₂Cu₃O_7–y demonstriert.

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. ( 10 ) 10 < < 350 . - . . 56 . 0,1 / 12 . _C YBa₂Cu₃O_7-y .

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The authors like to thank Susanne Lederer for setting up and testing part of the equipment.     

Kinetics of reduction of tungstovanadophosphoric heteropoly anions with VO2+ ions

The rate constants of interactions of PW_12-nV_nO₄₀ ^(3+n)– (n=1–4) heteropoly anions (HPAs) and various PW₁₀V₂O₄₀ ^–5 isomers with VO²⁺ were measured. The reactions occurred via formation of intermediate active complexes with V(IV) ions incorporated into the coordination sphere of HPA.

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VO²⁺ PW_12-nV_nO₄₀ ^–(3+n) (n=1–4) PW₁₀V₂O₄₀ ^–5. , V(IV) .

     

Oxidative conversion of butane and pentane on superacid catalysts

Catalytic properties of AlBr₃, AlBr₃–CuCl₂ and AlBr₃–NiSO₄ in liquid-phase conversion of butane and pentane have been examined. A possibility for the oxidative condensation has been revealed due to both the stoichiometric reduction of Ni²⁺ and Cu²⁺ ions entering into the composition of superacid catalysts, and the catalytic oxidation in the presence of bromine as an oxidant. Nature of the centers responsible for the oxidative condensation of lower paraffins is discussed.

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AlBr₃; AlBr₃–CuCl₂; AlBr₃–NiSO₄ . , Ni²⁺, Cu²⁺, , . , .

     

Formation of N-butane in the pyrolysis of ethylene [1]

Yields of n-C₄H₁₀ have been measured from the flow pyrolysis of C₂H₄ at 897 (±7) K. From 77 to 720 Torr the order of n-C₄H₁₀ formation was found to be 2.0±0.3 The rate constant for the reaction, was estimated to be 2.4(±0.6)×10^–4l mol^–1s^–1.

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-C₄H₁₀ C₂H₄ 897 (±7) . -C₄H₁₀ 77 720 2.0±0.3. 2C₂H₄C₂H₃+C₂H₅ 2,4 (±0,6)×10^{–4 –1–1}.

     

Thermal degradation of transition metal carbonyl complexes. Part II

The thermal degradation of three monosubstituted hexacarbonyl complexes, M(CO)₅py (where M=Cr, Mo, and W; py=pyridine) has been studied by thermogravimetry (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and their results reported. It was found that for each of the three complexes studied, the starting material M(CO)₆ was formed which immediately sublimed unchanged with or without concomitant loss of carbonyl (CO) ligands to give the first large weight loss step. This was closely followed by the volatilisation of the pyridine ligands and at higher temperatures the loss of further CO ligands. The enthalpy changes associated with the above-mentioned steps are reported. The conversion of M(CO)₅py to M(CO)₆ and other products was confirmed by the analysis of residue after pyrolysis in a tube furnace under conditions similar to those observed in TG experiments.

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Zusammenfassung Der thermische Abbau von drei monosubstituierten Hexacarbonylkomplexen der allgemeinen Formel M(CO)₅py (mit M=Cr, Mo und W; py=Pyridin) wurden mittels TG und DSC untersucht. Von jeder der drei Komplexe wird die Ausgangssubstanz M(CO)₆ erhalten, die sofort unverändert mit oder ohne gleichzeitigem Verlust an Carbonyl (CO)-Liganden sublimiert und die erste große Gewichtsverluststufe ergibt. Diesem Schritt folgt gleich die Verflüchtigung des Pyridinliganden und bei höheren Temperaturen die Abgabe weiterer CO-Liganden. Die mit den genannten Schritten einhergehenden Enthalpieveränderungen werden mitgeteilt. Die Umwandlung von M(CO)₅py zu M(CO)₆ und anderen Produkten wurden durch Analyse des Rückstandes nach der Pyrolyse in einem Röhrenofen unter ähnlichen Bedingungen wie in den TG-Versuchen bestätigt.

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()₅, M=, , =. , , , . , . . , .

     

IR and thermal studies on lithium oxomolybdenum(VI) oxalate

A new molybdenum(VI) complex, Li₂[Mo₂O₆(C₂O₄)] · 2 H₂O (LMO), was prepared and characterized by chemical analysis and IR spectral studies. Its thermal decomposition was studied by using TG and DTA techniques. LMO loses its two moles of water between 75 and 170° to give the anhydrous product, which decomposes in three stages between 240 and 380°. The first two stages occur in the temperature ranges 240–280° and 280–305°, to give intermediates with the tentative compositions Li₆[Mo₆O₁₉(C₂O₄)₂] and Li₆[Mo₆O₂₀(C₂O₄)], respectively. In the third stage, which extends up to 380°, Li₆[Mo₆O₂₀(C₂O₄)] decomposes to give the end-product, Li₂Mo₂O₇.

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Zusammenfassung Ein neuer Molybdän(VI)-Komplex der Formel Li₂[Mo₂O₆(C₂O₄)] · 2 H₂O (LMO) wurde dargestellt und durch chemische Analyse und IR-spektroskopisch charakterisiert. Die thermische Zersetzung dieses Komplexes wurde mittels TG und DTA untersucht. LMO verliert die zwei Wassermoleküle zwischen 75 und 170° unter Bildung des wasserfreien Produktes, das zwischen 240 und 380° in drei Stufen zersetzt wird. Die in den Temperaturbereich von 240–280° und 280–305° verlaufenden ersten zwei Reaktionsschritte ergeben Intermediäre der tentativen Zusammensetzung Li₆[Mo₆O₁₉(C₂O₄)₂] bzw. Li₆[Mo₆O₂₀(C₂O₄)]. In dem sich bis 380° erstreckenden dritten Reaktionsschritt wird Li₆[Mo₆O₂₀(C₂O₄)] unter Bildung des Endproduktes Li₂Mo₂O₇ zersetzt.

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Li₂[MO₂O₆(C₂O₄] · 2 ₂ . . - 70–170° , , 240–380°. 240–280° 280–305° - Li₆[Mo₆O₁₉(C₂O₄)₂] Li₆[Mo₆O₂₀(C₂O₄)]. - 380° Li₂Mo₂O₇.

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The authors are grateful to Prof. S. N. Tandon, Head of the Chemistry Department, for providing the research facilities.     

Gas-phase hydroformylation of propylene on Ru/SiO2 catalysts

Ru/SiO₂ catalysts prepared by reduction of supported RuCl₃·xH₂O are active in gas-phase hydroformylation of propylene at low pressure (ca. 0.3 MPa) of H₂+CO+C₃H₆ mixtured and show unexpectedly high selectivity towards unbranched oxo-products. Data concerning the effect of electronic state and dispersity of Ru on their catalytic behavior have been obtained.

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Ru/SiO₂, RuCl₃·xH₂O, (0,3 ) - . .

     

CeO2-supported nickel catalysts. Evidence of a strong metal-support ineraction

An increase of the reduction temperature of a Ni/CeO₂ solid results in a continuous decrease of the catalytic activity toward C₂H₆ hydrogenolysis and of the quantity of adsorbed H₂. O₂ treatments with subsequent reduction at low temperature restore a part of the initial properties. This behavior, typical of a strong metal support interaction, is similar to that of Ni/TiO₂, Ni/SiO₂ and Ni/ZrO₂ solids and shows that the SMSI phenomenon is general.

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Ni/CeO₂ C₂H₆ H₂. . , (), Ni/TiO₂, Ni/SiO₂ Ni/ZrO₂ , .

     

Resonance energy transfer from Al2O3 to adsorbed N2O

Radiolysis of adsorbed N₂O is shown to occur due to both the dissociative capture of electrons and direct energy transfer from the excited states of alumina to N₂O. One excited state ensures the decomposition of three N₂O molecules.

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, N₂O , N₂O, N₂O.