以二肽为连接臂的新型聚乙二醇修饰阿霉素的合成

采用Fmoc固相合成策略，以Wang树脂为载体，Fmoc保护的L-氨基酸为原料，EDC/HOBt为缩合剂，合成了8种聚乙二醇修饰的二肽。以HATU/DIPEA为缩合剂，通过酰化反应将修饰后的多肽连接到阿霉素上，合成了一系列新型阿霉素前药，纯度高于90%，收率高于52%,其结构经¹H NMR和MS（ESI）表征。     

比伐卢定的聚乙二醇化修饰

将比伐卢定(BVLD)多肽链7-甘氨酸(Gly)用半胱氨酸(Cys)取代,以聚乙二醇(PEG)定点修饰巯基,采用多肽固相合成法制得[Cys]7-BVLD(2);2与mPEG-MAL(3a～3c)偶联合成了三个聚乙二醇化修饰的比伐卢定衍生物——[Cys(mPEG2000-MAL)]7-BVLD(1a),[Cys(mPEG5000-MAL)]7-BVLD(1b)和[Cys(mPEG10000-MAL)]7-BVLD(1c),其结构经MS确证。PT和TT评价结果表明,1a～1c均表现出良好的抗凝活性,尤其是1b的抗凝活性优于比伐卢定。     

天冬酰胺叔丁酯的改良合成

在多肽和蛋白质的结构及功能研究中,天冬酰胺(Asn)备受关注.在α-螺旋结构的肽链中,天冬酰胺往往处于C-末端,通过其侧链形成的氢键限制构象任意改变,使螺旋结构稳定[1].-CH2CONH2侧链还可作为糖肽的键合点[2],后者在细胞识别方面起着重要作用.近来又发现天冬酰胺叔丁酯与芳香醛形成亚胺后,可与另一氨基酸的酰氯缩合,生成二肽的同时伴随天冬酰胺的环化,形成四氢嘧啶酮的环状结构[3],为天冬酰胺在多肽合成中的应用开辟了新途径. 应用天冬酰胺合成多肽时,经常涉及天冬酰胺羧基的保护.甲酯和乙酯等酯基保护基在脱保护时会导致侧链脱水形成腈类副产物.叔丁酯比较稳定,在大多数形成肽键的缩合反应条件下不分解,必要时又可方便地在三氟乙酸中脱去保护,是理想的保护基.但是,叔丁酯的制备相对比较困难.由于叔丁基的空间位阻,酸催化下由叔丁醇和氨基酸直接酯化通常得不到预期的产物.采用激烈的酯化条件又可能导致氨基酸消旋化.为克服这些困难,一般以异丁烯作酯化剂,在酸催化剂存在下与氨基酸反应制备叔丁酯.……     

使用新型芳基硼酸酯保护基高效合成双环肽BI-32169

芳基硼酸酯作为一种新型的多肽固相合成保护基,相比较烯丙基等传统保护基具有脱除条件简便、高效以及脱保护试剂绿色环保等优势.采用标准9-芴甲氧羰基（Fmoc）固相合成策略,通过固相环合方法,以芳基硼酸酯作为Asp侧链保护基成功首次合成具有独特双环结构的人胰高血糖素受体多肽类抑制剂BI-32169.该方法合成效率高,操作简便,能够为其他类似环肽的化学全合成提供参考.     

促红细胞生成素B螺旋表面肽的代谢稳定性结构修饰：设计、合成及其提高的肾保护作用

肾脏缺血缺氧以及再灌注过程都将导致肾小管上皮细胞凋亡,使肾功能严重受损.肾脏的缺血再灌注损伤是移植肾功能延迟恢复的主要原因并能诱导急慢性排斥,影响肾存活率.近年来发现,衍生于促红细胞生成素（EPO）的B螺旋亚基亲水表面序列的肽链（HBSP）,对肾脏缺血再灌注损伤具有显著的保护作用,但其在体内极短的半衰期（约2min）极大地限制了它的临床应用.因此,本研究采用构象约束、全D-构型氨基酸替换和N-端封闭策略,设计了3种类型的EPOB螺旋表面肽衍生物,旨在提高其代谢稳定性环肽的设计采用了对氧化还原稳定的硫醚键和相对刚性的亚砜键两种环合方式.在多肽的合成上,采用微波辅助多肽自动合成和手工合成两种模式有机结合;优化了硫醚环合工艺,应用微波加热进行硫醚环肽的合成,大大提高了产率和效率;利用圆二色（CD）谱确定了亚砜环肽的相对构型.活性实验表明,相对于线性母肽HBSP,本文设计合成的代谢稳定衍生肽对大/小鼠肾脏缺血再灌注损伤均有显著提高的保护作用,且硫醚和R-构型亚砜环肽的肾脏保护活性强于S-构型亚砜环肽.而且,环化确实提高了功能肽的血浆稳定性.因此,本文合成的硫醚环肽一周一次注射剂量等效于线性肽HBSP一日三次剂量对小鼠肾损伤的保护作用.     

放线菌素D新类似物的设计、合成与体外抗肿瘤活性

为了提高临床抗肿瘤药物放线菌素D(AMD)的抗肿瘤效果和治疗指数,在AMD构效关系研究基础上,设计全合成了包括9个新类似物在内的两类共13个AMD类似物.保持环肽2位D-Val不变,环肽5位分别用Sar,D-Me-Leu和Me-Ile等氨基酸替换以改变侧链基团长度,合成了类似物8b～8e;以环肽2位D-Phe替换的低毒性类似物[D-Phe2]2AMD为基础,在环肽5位进行氨基酸替换,改变侧链基团长度和空间指向,并引入芳香族氨基酸等,合成了类似物8f～8m.优化了类似物的合成中的反应条件,提高了五肽环化产率,避免了消旋产物的生成.所有类似物经[α]D,1HNMR和高分辨质谱表征后,采用MTT法进行了体外抗肿瘤活性筛选,结果表明,保留环肽2位D-Val及延长5位氨基酸侧链基团能显著提高类似物的抗肿瘤活性,而2位D-Phe替换后类似物的抗肿瘤活性普遍下降.     

固相多肽合成中Dmab保护基的脱除研究

在固相多肽合成中,Dmab作为羧基保护基具有脱保护条件温和、步骤简便、选择性高的特点,但有时脱保护效率并不稳定.为此,基于Fmoc/t Bu/Dmab三维正交保护策略,利用固相多肽合成技术设计并合成了4个肽树脂,对固相多肽合成中Glu和Asp主链和侧链羧基的Dmab保护基脱除规律进行了研究.结果显示,树脂上α-ODmab的脱保护快速、完全,β-ODmab和γ-ODmab脱保护反应较慢,可以检测到相应的中间产物(4-氨基苄酯肽),推测脱保护效率由快到慢依次为α-ODmabβ-ODmabγ-ODmab.该结果表明Dmab作为α-COOH保护基具有较高的应用价值,但用于β-COOH和γ-COOH保护时,其脱保护条件尚不成熟.     

具有pH-响应性的聚天冬氨酸类载药胶束的制备和释放能力研究

通过大分子引发剂ω-氨基-α-甲氧基聚乙二醇引发N-羧基-α-氨基环内酸酐开环聚合和水合肼侧基改性,制备了一系列聚乙二醇-聚氨基酸类三嵌段共聚物.其中聚氨基酸链段包括具有酰肼基的聚天冬氨酸衍生物(PAHy),以及疏水性的聚丙氨酸链段.引入具有pH响应性的腙键键合阿霉素,利用键合阿霉素与游离阿霉素之间的π-π叠合作用,在聚合物自组装形成胶束过程中通过化学键合+物理包埋的方式充分负载药物.该胶束以聚丙氨酸链段为核心,以PEG链段为冠层,以PAHy链段为包裹药物的壳层.载药胶束的粒径在170 nm左右.研究不同pH值条件下载药胶束的药物释放能力,随环境pH值的降低药物的释放速率显著增加.     

聚乙二醇衍生物的合成研究进展

功能化聚醚尤其是功能化聚乙二醇衍生物,如聚乙二醇对甲苯磺酸酯、胺基聚乙二醇、羧基聚乙二醇、聚乙二醇－聚酯及聚乙二醇－聚氨基酸共聚物等在有机合成、多肽合成,高分子合成、药物的缓释控释、靶向施药等多方面具有广泛的应用前景,目前它已成为国内外研究的热点,本文综述了近年来聚乙二醇衍生物的合成研究进展。     

棒丝氨酸的全合成研究I. 从D-葡萄糖合成3-[3'R, 5'S)-7'-氧代-1'-氮杂-4'-氧杂双环[3.2.0]-庚-3'-基]-3-O-苄基-(2S, 3S)-丝氨酸及其(3'R, 5'R)-差向异构体

以D-葡萄糖为原料经侧链氨基酸合成, 与β-内酰胺缩合, 唑烷环合和除保护基等反应合成了棒丝氨酸的O-苄基衍生物, 3-[3'R, 5'S)-7'-氧代-1'-氮杂-4'-氧杂双环[3.2.0]-庚-3'-基]-3-O-苄基-(2S, 3S)-丝氨酸及其(3'R, 5'R)-差向异构体(18)。     

New strategy towards the efficient solid phase synthesis of cyclopeptides

Synthetic cyclopeptides, and particularly those designed from VEGF structure, present considerable interest for the development of nanodevices devoted to tumor imaging or drug delivery. In order to obtain functionalizable cyclopeptides, we herein present a novel efficient way based on Fmoc-Lys-ODmab use, which was applied to the synthesis of c(PHGRIK) cyclopeptide.     

潜在的新型肿瘤显像剂99mTc-MAG3-GGCNGRC的合成及生物分布

为测评带有NGR基序的小分子多肽的99mTc配合物作为新型肿瘤显像剂的可能性,合成了带双功能螯合剂MAG3的环肽并进行了动物体内分布实验.直链短肽GGCNGRC环化为99mTc-MAG3-GGCNGRC,再与苯甲酰基保护的MAG3的N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺活泼酯偶联,生成Bz-MAG3-GGCNGRC.后者通过氧化-配体交换反应生成9mTc-MAG3-GGCNGRC,其放射化学纯度>90%,在血清和生理盐水中具有较好的稳定性.在正常小鼠和荷瘤裸鼠体内的生物分布表明,此类型小肽通过泌尿系统和肝胆系统代谢.荷直肠癌CL-187的裸鼠模型体内分布显示,注射后3h后,99mTc-MAG3-GGCNGRC,在肿瘤中有一定的特异性摄取,可能是由于NGR基序的亲新生血管所致.带有NGR基序的小分子多肽是一类很有发展潜力的新型肿瘤显像剂.     

Design,Preparation of 3‐Hydroxy Isoindolinone Cyclotripeptides,and the In Vitro Antitumor Activities Against Cervical Carcinoma HeLa Cells

Photoinduced single electron transfer cyclization processes for synthesis of a series of 3‐hydroxy isoindolinone cyclotripeptides containing double pharmacophores (cyclotripeptides and phthalimide moiety) are described to develop novel antitumor cyclopeptide drugs. The results showed that our proposed method could be used to synthesize various isoindolinone cyclotripeptides highly regioselectively at a moderate rate. Moreover, the inhibitory potency toward human cervical carcinoma HeLa cells of the target cyclopeptides and the linear tripeptide precursors were evaluated, and most of the compounds were observed with potent inhibition ability against tumor growth. Specifically, compound 6c was found to inhibit HeLa cells with an IC₅₀ value of 32 μM, which may serve as a potential candidate for drug development. In addition, 3‐hydroxy isoindolinone‐cyclo‐Gly‐Ala‐Pro ( 6a ₁ ) was chosen from the obtained cyclopeptides for the absolute configuration research, and an S configuration of C‐3 was established by experimental electronic circular dichroism with the aid of theoretical calculations.     

Template assembled cyclopeptides as multimeric system for integrin targeting and endocytosis

The alpha(V)beta(3) integrin receptor plays an important role in human metastasis and tumor-induced angiogenesis. c[-RGDfV-] peptide represents a selective alpha(V)beta(3) integrin ligand that has been extensively used for research, therapy, and diagnosis of neoangiogenesis. We report here the modular synthesis and biological characterization of template assembled cyclopeptides as a multimeric system for targeting and endocytosis of cells expressing alpha(V)beta(3) integrin. c[-RGDfK-] was cleanly assembled in a multivalent mode by chemoselective oxime bond formation to a cyclodecapeptides template labeled by different reporter groups. Binding propensity to the alpha(V)beta(3) receptor and the associated good uptake property displayed by the multivalent molecules demonstrated the interest in the RAFT molecule to design new multimeric system with hitherto unreported properties. These compounds offer an interesting perspective for the reevaluation of integrins as angiogenesis regulators (Hynes, R. O. Nature Med. 2003, 9, 918-921) as well as for the design of more sophisticated systems such as molecular conjugate vectors.     

Facile preparation of pH-responsive PEGylated prodrugs for activated intracellular drug delivery

The acid-cleavable amphiphilic prodrug DOX-PEG-DOX self-assemble to form nanoparticles and enter the cell by endocytosis for the pH-triggered intracellular delivery of DOX.     

Facile preparation of pH-responsive PEGylated prodrugs for activated intracellular drug delivery

PEGylated prodrug, covalent attaching polyethylene glycol (PEG) polymer chains to therapeutic drugs, is one of the most promising techniques to improve the water-solubility, stability, and therapeutic effect of drugs. In this study, three PEGylated acid-sensitive prodrugs DOX-PEG-DOX with different molecular weights, were prepared via Schiff-base reaction between aldehyde-modified PEG and the amino groups of doxorubicin (DOX). This kind of amphiphilic polymeric prodrug could be self-assemble into nanoparticles in aqueous solution. The average particle size and morphologies of the prodrug nanoparticles under different pH conditions were observed by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), respectively. It turned out that the nanoparticles could be kept stable in the physiological environment, but degraded in acidic medium. Subsequently, we also investigated in vitro drug release behavior and found that the prodrug had acid-sensitive property. The cytotoxicity and intracellular uptake assays revealed that the prodrugs could rapidly internalized by HeLa or HepG2 cells to release DOX and effectively inhibited the proliferation of the tumor cells, which have the potential for use in cancer therapy.     

Automated Synthesis of 68Ga-Labeled DOTA-MGS8 and Preclinical Characterization of Cholecystokinin-2 Receptor Targeting

The new minigastrin analog DOTA-MGS8 targeting the cholecystokinin-2 receptor (CCK2R) used in this study displays the combination of two site-specific modifications within the C-terminal receptor binding sequence together with an additional N-terminal amino acid substitution preventing fast metabolic degradation. Within this study, the preparation of ⁶⁸Ga-labeled DOTA-MGS8 was validated using an automated synthesis module, describing the specifications and analytical methods for quality control for possible clinical use. In addition, preclinical studies were carried out to characterize the targeting potential. [⁶⁸Ga]Ga-DOTA-MGS8 showed a high receptor-specific cell internalization into AR42J rat pancreatic cells (~40%) with physiological expression of rat CCK2R as well as A431-CCK2R cells transfected to stably express human CCK2R (~47%). A favorable biodistribution profile was observed in BALB/c nude mice xenografted with A431-CCK2R cells and mock-transfected A431 cells as control. The high tumor uptake of ~27% IA/g together with low background activity and limited uptake in non-target tissue confirms the potential for high-sensitivity positron emission tomography of stabilized MG analogs in patients with MTC and other CCK2R-related malignancies.     

Chemoselectively addressable template: a valuable tool for the engineering of molecular conjugates

We herein report the modular design and the synthesis of new molecular conjugates, which can combine a cell targeting function (ligand domain) with potential cytotoxic molecules (effector domain). The present approach utilizes a cyclic peptide template, Chemoselectively Addressable Template (CAT) as a key intermediate. These CAT molecules exhibit two independent and chemically addressable domains which permits the sequential and regioselective assembly of different ligand and/or effector domains. The attachment of various units to the template was achieved by the formation of iterative oxime bonds. The chemoselective oxime bonds were produced by the reaction of glyoxylyl aldehyde groups obtained from serine precursors. The process was further developed to prevent transoximation reactions. RAFT(c[-RGDfK-])4, a synthetic vector targeting the tumor-associated a alpha(V)beta3 integrin was prepared and coupled to either a cytotoxic peptide or oligonucleotide as an illustration of present approach. The potential application of this approach has been further demonstrated by the synthesis of high molecular weight compounds such as RAFT(c[-RGDfK-])16, a alpha(V)beta3-targeting ligand of high valency index.     

Multimeric cyclic RGD peptides as potential tools for tumor targeting: solid-phase peptide synthesis and chemoselective oxime ligation

The alpha v beta 3 integrin receptor plays an important role in human metastasis and tumor-induced angiogenesis. Targeting this receptor may provide information about the receptor status of the tumor and enable specific therapeutic planning. Solid-phase peptide synthesis of multimeric cyclo(-RGDfE-)-peptides is described, which offer the possibility of enhanced integrin targeting due to polyvalency effects. These peptides contain an aminooxy group for versatile chemoselective oxime ligation. Conjugation with para-trimethylstannylbenzaldehyde results in a precursor for radioiododestannylation, which would allow them to be used as potential tools for targeting and imaging alpha v beta 3-expressing tumor cells. The conjugates were obtained in good yield without the need of a protection strategy and under mild conditions.     

Fabrication of doxorubicin and chlorotoxin-linked Eu-Gd2O3 nanorods with dual-model imaging and targeted therapy of brain tumor

It is urgent to find a technology accurately to better diagnose and treat to brain tumor.Eu-doped Gd2 O3 nanorods(Eu-Gd2 O3 NRs)with paramagnetic and fluorescent properties were conjugated with doxorubicin(Dox)and chlorotoxin(CTX)via PEGylation,hydrazone bond and sulfur bond(named as CTXNRs-Dox),and these NRs could release more Dox in lower pH environment.The results of cell experiments indicated that CTX-NRs-Dox had obvious targeting and toxic effects on U251 cells,as well as good fluorescence imaging behavior.The orthotopic glioma-transplanted mice models were constructed via the intracranial injection of glioma cells(U87 MG).The result of experiments after the tail-vein injection of the prepared NRs suggested that CTX-NRs-Dox could target to brain tumors via the long-time blood circulation,leading to their obvious contrast enhancement of MR imaging of the intracranial tumor and their significant inhibitory effect on the growth and metastasis of brain tumors.A mechanism of synergistic effect of CTX-NRs-Dox on targeting and inhabiting the brain tumor was proposed.Our research suggested that CTX-NRs-Dox had potential application prospect in the detection and treatment of glioma.