光交联水凝胶材料的研究与生物医学应用进展

光交联制备水凝胶技术具有非物理接触以及时空精确可控等优势,在细胞3D培养/打印以及组织工程和再生医学领域具有广阔的应用前景.当前,光交联水凝胶的制备主要基于光引发自由基交联反应、光点击交联反应或光偶联交联反应.本文分别介绍了以上交联反应各自的技术发展史、应用现状以及相关的优势和技术瓶颈.还着重介绍了本课题组在光交联水凝胶领域开展的研究与转化工作,主要包括提出了利用光笼分子的光剪切释放活性基团触发偶联交联的非自由基光交联策略,即光偶联反应交联策略.该策略实现了光交联水凝胶的低毒、可控构筑,同时赋予了光交联水凝胶技术的原位组织黏附特性,为该技术的最终临床转化奠定了基础.     

基于原位捕获异腈的Ugi四组分反应及其后修饰串联反应:一锅法合成含氮杂环化合物

报道了一种基于原位捕获异腈的Ugi四组分反应及后修饰串联反应的新策略.根据该反应策略,异腈化物被原位制备,并立即被捕获参与Ugi四组分反应及后续的修饰串联反应.相比之前的报道,该策略在Ugi四组分反应及其后修饰串联反应中实现了基于异腈的原位捕获,解决了反应中异腈化物的不稳定、高毒性和对环境的不友好等问题.温和的反应条件,精简的制备方法,也为异腈参与的Ugi四组分及后修饰串联反应提供了一种绿色无污染的新策略.     

有机化学反应中间体的质谱分析

有机化学反应中活性中间体的性质各异,对反应中间体的表征和研究对于阐明和确证反应机理、优化反应条件、筛选催化剂和发现新类型反应至关重要.近年来,质谱技术和在线微量采样技术的发展,极大程度地拓展了质谱学在该领域的应用.本文总结了近年来本领域发展的新策略、技术和方法,以及有机质谱技术在反应中间体研究中的应用.     

基于异源自分类串联反应集成策略构筑不对称的1,4-二氢吡啶衍生物

假设不同结构的底物可以同时参与自分类的串联反应,而且各自生成的合适官能化的分子能够进一步发生汇聚反应,将更为有效地制备复杂的产物。在此基础上,我们建立了一个简单的反应模型来验证该策略的可行性。例如,在醋酸铵和间硝基苯甲醛的存在下,两种1,3-二羰基化合物可以经过两个并存的串联反应路径分别生成烯胺和烯酮中间体,二者随后汇聚选择性生成不对称的1,4-二氢吡啶.通过核磁直接检测反应液进一步证实了该反应的高度选择性,即不同底物发生串联反应的高度自分类且汇聚的特性.我们希望该结果能启发化学家通过更为有效的异源自分类串联反应集成策略实现由简单底物来高效制备复杂的分子.     

通过远端碳氮双键迁移实现非活化烯烃的三氟甲硫基化反应

利用自由基参与的官能团迁移策略实现了非活化烯烃的三氟甲硫基化反应.通过AgSCF₃和K₂S₂O₈相互作用产生的三氟甲硫基自由基与非活化烯烃反应,继而诱导远端含有碳氮双键官能团（杂芳基、亚胺）的分子内迁移,从而实现非活化烯烃的三氟甲硫基化反应.该转化具有反应条件温和、产物收率高、官能团兼容性广及区域选择性单一等特点,对具有不同电性和位阻的底物具有较好的适用性,高效构建了一系列含有三氟甲硫基的烷烃酮化合物.     

亮点介绍

官能化2-亚胺基氧杂环丁烷的构建及其多样性扩环反应Angew.Chem.Int.Ed.2010,49,9210～9214通过易得杂环化合物或中间体参与的串联反应构建新杂环化合物的方法(即从环到环),是当前杂环合成方法学中最为引人注目的策略之一.该策略利用易得的杂环骨架,特别是串联过程中这些杂环骨架的重排反应,可快     

有机催化下2,3-二取代吲哚的不对称芳基化去芳构化反应

<正>Angew.Chem.Int.Ed.2014,53,13912~13915催化不对称去芳构化反应是把简单的平面芳香族分子转变为复杂的手性环状分子的高效方法,因此该策略受到化学家的重视,并发展了一些去芳构化的方法,如氧化、环加成、烷基化反应等.但是,通过催化不对称的芳基化反应来实现的去芳构化策略却鲜有报道.江苏师范大学化学化工学院石枫课题组设计了2,3-二取代吲哚与醌亚胺缩酮     

对接-迁移:烯烃的自由基双官能化反应利器

烯烃双官能化反应能同时向烯烃两端引入两个不同官能团,实现简单烯烃向复杂官能化分子的高效转化,一直受到合成化学家的广泛关注.其中自由基介导的烯烃双官能化反应由于具有条件温和、类型多样等特点使其近年来备受关注.对接-迁移策略通过巧妙的双官能化试剂的设计,将自由基供体和迁移基团通过链接基团置于同一分子中,经与烯烃进行对接后再发生快速的分子内官能团迁移而实现烯烃双官能化.该策略针对烯烃底物的兼容范围广,对活化烯烃、非活化烯烃及具有复杂骨架的烯烃都有良好的适用性,为生物活性分子的后期改造提供了便利途径.本文主要综述了本课题组近几年内发展及利用对接-迁移策略实现的烯烃双官能化反应的进展.     

硫原子作为自由基受体在含硫杂环合成中的研究进展

含硫杂环化合物如噻唑、噻吩和硫代黄酮等,广泛存在于天然产物及生物活性分子中,因其具有多样的生物活性,在药物化学、有机化学和功能性材料领域中的研究潜力越来越突出.有效的含硫杂环合成策略已成为广泛研究的主题.不饱和烃的自由基串联反应构筑杂环衍生物一直是有机合成化学的一个重要研究分支,近年来的研究成果也彰显了其巨大的潜力.研究者发现硫原子可以作为自由基的受体构建一个C—S键,并通过该策略建立了一系列自由基串联反应,其中基于茴香硫醚参与的不饱和烃自由基串联反应已逐渐发展成为一种重要的含硫杂环合成工具.综述了该领域的研究进展,根据茴香硫醚的成环类型,对近年来硫醚中硫原子作为自由基受体参与杂环合成的反应进行简要总结,并对反应设计、机理研究和研究展望等给予评述.     

可见光促进的酰胺氮自由基参与的分子内氢胺化反应

报道了可见光促进的邻烯基取代苯甲酰胺的分子内自由基氢胺化反应.在该反应中,通过脱质子光致电子转移策略实现了氮-氢键的直接催化活化来产生氮自由基,随后通过氮自由基与烯烃的加成来实现氢胺化反应.该反应以优异的收率合成了一系列具有潜在生理活性的3,4-二氢异喹啉酮衍生物.该反应体系利用有机染料催化剂EosinY Na作为光氧化还原催化剂、廉价易得的NaOH作为碱试剂、反应条件温和、操作简单、且官能团兼容性好.另外,该反应在放大量到克级规模、或者利用太阳光作为光源,均能以优异的收率得到相应目标化合物.因此,这类反应为3,4-二氢异喹啉酮的合成提供了一个简便有效的方法.     

NO Reactions Inside Crystals

Reactions of chemisorbed reagents inside the crystalline molecular solid state are rare but offer unexploited methods for selective solvent-free chemical synthesis. Here we show that the greenhouse gas precursor, nitric oxide (NO) is chemisorbed by crystals of the hexafluorophosphate salts of complexes containing dicobalt sites. On NO sorption a cascade of reactions results in the in-crystal synthesis of nitrite and other gaseous NO_x. Recrystallization enabled structural elucidation of the mixed valent {[(bpbp)Co₂(μ-(η¹-O : η¹-N)-ONO)]₂(bdc)}⁴⁺ (bpbp=2,6-bis(N,N-bis(2-pyridylmethyl)aminomethyl)-4-tert-butylphenolato, bdc=1,4-benzenedicarboxylato) cation. Overlapping signals in the solid-state EPR spectra confirm the Co^IICo^III oxidation state and the presence of NO₂ trapped inside the unrecrystallised solid products (br. g=4, triplet g=2 (340 mT), A(N)=73 MHz), despite three cycles of vacuum and N₂ flushing. Consistently, ν_N−O bands appear in the Raman and IR spectra that are due to the coordinated nitrate and the trapped NO₂ that were synthesized in-crystal. The latter is expelled by heating the solid to 160 °C or by recrystallization. Dimetallic cooperativity is proposed for the NO transformations in these rare examples of selective, chemisorptive substrate reactions in the solid-state.     

One-Pot Synthesis of Pd@PtnL Core-Shell Icosahedral Nanocrystals in High Throughput through a Quantitative Analysis of the Reduction Kinetics

The rational design and implementation of a one-pot method is reported for the facile synthesis of Pd@Pt_nL (nL denotes the number of Pt atomic layers) core-shell icosahedral nanocrystals in a single step. The success of this method relies on the use of Na₂PdCl₄ and Pt(acac)₂ as the precursors to Pd and Pt atoms, respectively. Our quantitative analysis of the reduction kinetics indicates that the Pd^II and Pt^II precursors are sequentially reduced with a major gap between the two events. Specifically, the Pd^II precursor is reduced first, leading to the formation of Pd-based icosahedral seeds with a multiply-twinned structure. In contrast, the Pt^II precursor prefers to take a surface reduction pathway on the just-formed icosahedral seeds. As such, the otherwise extremely slow reduction of the Pt^II precursor can be dramatically accelerated through an autocatalytic process for the deposition of Pt atoms as a conformal shell on each Pd icosahedral core. Compared to the conventional approach of seed-mediated growth, the throughput for the one-pot synthesis of Pd@Pt_nL core-shell nanocrystals can be increased by more than 30-fold. When used as catalysts, the Pd@Pt_4.5L core-shell icosahedral nanocrystals show specific and mass activities of 0.83 mA cm⁻² and 0.39 A mg_Pt⁻¹, respectively, at 0.9 V toward oxygen reduction. The Pt-based nanocages derived from the core-shell nanocrystals also show enhanced specific (1.45 mA cm⁻²) and mass activities (0.75 A mg_Pt⁻¹) at 0.9 V, which are 3.8 and 3.3 times greater than those of the commercial Pt/C, respectively.     

Electrocatalytic synthesis of polyaniline on non-noble metal electrodes

Electrochemical synthesis (ES) of polyaniline (PAn) at the surface covered by an oxide film is realized at a significantly higher voltage than is needed for the formation of a nonoveroxidized polymer. The involvement of catalytic amounts of the salts of transition metals in ES of PAn essentially facilitates the process at Ti, Ta, Pb, Al and stainless steel electrodes. IrCI²⁻₆ anion was found to be an effective catalyst. During ES, IrCI²⁻₆ forms a complex with aniline, where Ir^IY oxidizes aniline to a radical cation. The formation of radical cation is a limiting stage ES PAn. It is realized in a moment in the presence of IrCI²⁻₆, thus providing a significant decrease of the induction period at a potentiostatic synthesis and the lowering of a working potential at a galvanostatic synthesis. It is shown that the composition of the complex includes Ir^III and 2 aniline molecules, which form a paramagnetic dimer inside a coordination sphere. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Synthesis,spectral characterization and biological evaluation of novel 1-(2-(4,5-dimethyl-2-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)ethyl)piperazine derivatives

A simple, highly useful synthesis of 1-(2-(4,5-dimethyl-2-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)ethyl)piperazine derivatives is achieved by a four component cyclo condensation of diacetyl, aromatic aldehyde, 2-(piperazin-1-yl)ethanamine and ammonium acetate using SO₄²⁻/Y₂O₃ as a catalyst in ethanol. The synthesized compounds were characterized by IR, ¹H and ¹³C NMR and mass spectral studies. All the synthesized compounds were screened for their in vitro antimicrobial studies. Among the newly synthesized compounds 5d, 5e, 5h and 5m showed excellent antibacterial and antifungal activities when compared to the standard drugs.     

Rational Synthesis of “Grape-like” Ni2V2O7 Microspheres as High-capacity Anodes for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries

Vanadates have received booming attention recently as promising materials for extensive electrochemical devices such as batteries and electrocatalysis. However, the enormous difficulties of achieving pure-phase transition metal vanadates, especially for nickel-based, hinder their exploitations. Herein, for the first time, by controlling the amount of ethylene glycol (EG) and reaction time, grape-like Ni₂V₂O₇ (or V₂O₅/Ni₂V₂O₇) microspheres were rationally fabricated. It is demonstrated that the EG can chelate both Ni²⁺ and VO₃⁻ to form organometallic precursors. As anode in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), it could deliver superior reversible capacity of 1050 mAh/g at 0.1 A/g and excellent rate capability of 600 mAh/g at 4 A/g. The facile hydrothermal synthesis broadens the material variety of nickel vanadates and offers new opportunities for their wider applications in electrochemistry.     

Mn3−xFexO4 Hollow Nanostructures for High-Performance Asymmetric Supercapacitor Applications

Design of hollow nanostructure and controllable phase of mixed metal oxides for improving performance in supercapacitor applications is highly desirable. Here we demonstrate the rational design and synthesis of Mn_3−xFe_xO₄ hollow nanostructures for supercapacitor applications. Owing to high porosity and the specific surface area that provides more active sites for electrochemical reactions, the electrochemical performance of Mn_3−xFe_xO₄ hollow nanostructure substantially enhanced comparing with pristine Mn₃O₄. Particularly, in 1.0 M KOH electrolyte, Mn_0.16Fe_2.84O₄ with a typical diameter of 20 nm exhibits excellent specific capacitance of 2675, 2320, 1662, 987 F g⁻¹ at current densities of 1, 2, 5, 10 A g⁻¹, respectively, which is significantly superior to those of other transition metal oxides. Besides, an asymmetric supercapacitor is assembled by using Mn_0.16Fe_2.84O₄ and activated carbon as a positive and a negative electrode, respectively. Electrochemical results indicate a high energy density of 42 Wh kg⁻¹ at a power density of 0.75 kW kg⁻¹, which makes this hollow nanostructure a highly promising electrode for achieving high-performance next-generation supercapacitors.     

Rapid synthesis of C-labeled FK506 for positron emission tomography

The present study describes a rapid synthesis method for labeled [¹¹C]FK506 for positron emission tomography (PET). A one-pot reaction from [¹¹C]CH₃I, involving a Wittig reaction as the key carboncarbon bond formation was developed. The chemical process was accomplished using a designed, fully automated synthetic apparatus, and an injectable solution of [¹¹C]FK506 was obtained in only 34 min from [¹¹C]CH₃I. The decay-corrected radiochemical yield based on [¹¹C]CH₃I was 11.9%, and the specific activity was 39.8 GBq/μmol.     

Generation of trifluoromethyl thiolsulphonate through one-pot reaction of sulfonyl chloride and trifluoromethanesulfanylamides

A novel and efficient tandem reaction of sulfonyl chloride and trifluoromethylsulfanylamide is described here for the synthesis of various trifluoromethyl thiolsulphonates with a broad functional group tolerance. In the process, it is believed that sulfinate generated from sulfonyl chloride is a critical intermediate and the additive 4-methylbenzenesulfonic acid (p-TsOH) facilitates the formation of “CF₃S⁺”. Electrophilic trifluoromethylthiolation of in situ generated sulfinate and “CF₃S⁺” provides the final products.     

CuII@PAA/PVC mesoporous fibers: A hybrid wedding as a high-performance versatile heterogeneous catalyst for A3, KA2, and decarboxylative A3 reactions

Efforts made on the development of a novel, simple, cost-effective, and efficient approach to fabricate a copper catalyst immobilized on mesoporous poly (acrylic acid)/poly (vinyl chloride) hybrid fibers (Cu^II@PAA/PVC) for versatile catalytic applications in A₃, KA₂, and decarboxylative A₃ couplings has been described in this present work. The characterization of the mesoporous hybrid fibers was well performed by BET, FTIR, SEM, EDX, XPS, and TGA techniques. The pore structure and surface area were calculated by using BET measurement analysis. The obtained mesoporous Cu^II@PAA/PVC fibers exert high catalytic performance in the synthesis of propargylamines via one-pot A₃, KA₂, and decarboxylative A₃ reactions over a series of substrates without employing expensive ligands or inert atmosphere. The active Cu²⁺ species chelating with carboxylate groups in PAA/PVC hybrid fibers plays a key role in the catalysis. Meanwhile, the unique mesoporous structure and fiber morphology facilitate a better mass transfer and enlarge its contact area with substrates in the course of a reaction. Moreover, the Cu²⁺–carboxylate chelation could suppress the leaching of active Cu²⁺ species from the catalyst and thus lead to the catalyst has excellent performance and good durability as well as reusability.     

Galvanostatically Deposited PtNi Thin-Films as Electrocatalysts for the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction

The synthesis of hybrid platinum materials is fundamental to enable alkaline water electrolysis for cost-effective H₂ generation. In this work, we have used a galvanostatic method to co-deposit PtNi films onto polycrystalline gold. The surface concentrations of Ni (Γ_Ni) and Pt (Γ_Pt) were calculated from electrochemical measurements; the Γ_Pt/Γ_Ni ratio and electrocatalytic activity of these materials towards hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in 1 M KOH show a strong dependence on the current density pulse applied during the electrodeposition. Analysis of the Tafel parameters hints that, on these deposits, HER proceeds through a Volmer-Heyrovsky mechanism. The galvanostatically deposited PtNi layers present a high current output per Pt gram, 3199 A g_Pt⁻¹, which is significantly larger compared to other PtNi-based materials obtained by more extended and more complex synthesis methods.