Photochemistry of transition metal-organic systems

Irradiation of an organic substrate in the presence of a transition metal compound offers a convenient and often highly-selective route to a variety of interesting and useful products. In this article we seek to identify the key ground- and excited-state interactions between the metal and substrate, and thereby gain insight about the factors that predispose the system to a particular reaction path. Such information, in turn, can be of value in the design of new or improved applications based upon this type of process.     

Photochemistry of constrained non-conjugated arene-ethene bichromophoric systems

The intramolecular meta photocycloaddition of bichromophores 1-3 is examined and the observed regiochemistry of cycloaddition is rationalised in terms of stabilisation of zwitterionic intermediates and the steric constraints introduced into the 5-phenylpent-1-ene skeleton by the benzylic tether.     

Photochemistry of supramolecular systems containing C60

Fullerenes have been used successfully in the covalent assembly of supramolecular systems that mimic some of the electron transfer steps of photosynthetic reaction centers. In these constructs C60 is most often used as the primary electron acceptor; it is linked to cyclic tetrapyrroles or other chromophores which act as primary electron donors in photoinduced electron transfer processes. In artificial photosynthetic systems, fullerenes exhibit several differences from the superficially more biomimetic quinone electron acceptors. The lifetime of the initial charge-separated state in fullerene-based molecules is, in general, considerably longer than in comparable systems containing quinones. Moreover, photoinduced electron transfer processes take place in non-polar solvents and at low temperature in frozen glasses in a number of fullerene-based dyads and triads. These features are unusual in photosynthetic model systems that employ electron acceptors such as quinones, and are more reminiscent of electron transfer in natural reaction centers. This behavior can be attributed to a reduced sensitivity of the fullerene radical anion to solvent charge stabilization effects and small internal and solvent reorganization energies for electron transfer in the fullerene systems, relative to quinone-based systems.     

Syntheses of covalently-linked porphyrin-quinone complexes

A synthetic route for the preparation of covalently-linked porphyrin-quinone and metalloporphyrin-quinone complexes as models for the phototrap in bacterial photosynthesis is described. 5-(4-Carboxyphenyl)-10,15,20-tritolylporphyrin, prepared by a mixed aldehyde approach, was attached to a benzoquinone center with a propanediol bridge by means of ester linkages. The starting point for the benzoquinone moiety was 2,5-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, whose hydroquinone function was first protected by preparing its dimethyl ether. The spacing between the two centers of the complex could be altered simply by varying the length of the bridging group (a diol) employed. Boron tribromide was used to unmask the quinol derivatives in the final coupled products. The zinc(II) derivative of porphyrin-quinone complex was prepared by addition of a saturated solution of zinc acetate in methanol to a solution of the corresponding porphyrin-hydroquinone complex in dichloromethane at room temperature. The structures of these complexes were confirmed by nmr spectroscopy, uv-visible absorption, and mass spectroscopy. Oxidation of the quinol moiety in the covalently-linked complex to its corresponding quinonoid derivative was accomplished by treating a solution of the complex in dichloromethane with a stoichiometric amount of 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone, a high potential benzoquinone.     

Excitonic interactions in covalently-linked porphyrin dimers

We have studied the absorption spectra, emission spectra, and fluorescence excitation polarization spectra of a series of free base and diprotonated etioporphyrin-I dimers covalently linked through (CH₂)_n bridges, n = 0–8. The absorption spectra of the n = 0 and n = 1 dimer show red shifts, which are largest (≈15 mm) for the Soret band of the n = 0 dimer. The Soret bands of the diprotonated dimers n = 0–3 show splitting (≈500–1000 cm^?1) which can be interpreted by an exciton model assuming a reasonable geometry. The fluorescence spectra and quantum yields are similar to that of the monomer, except for the same red shift seen in absorption; however, the n = 0 diprotonated dimer shows an anomalo vibronic structure. The fluorescence excitation polarization spectra for the n = 0 and the n = 1 dimers differ substantially from the monomer; dimers n ? 3 have fluorescence excitation polarization spectra that suggest that some of the excitation stays localized in one moiety while the r hops to the dimer partner.     

Stabilization of DNA duplexes by covalently-linked peptides

The hybridization properties of various peptide-oligonucleotide hybrids were assessed from UV thermal denaturation experiments. Analysis of these and other published data suggests that peptide chains, both hydrophobic and positively charged, generally have a clear stabilizing effect on short-chain oligonucleotide duplexes.     

Photochemistry of molecular systems for optical 3D storage memory

The photochemistry, kinetics and spectra of several spiropyran molecules have been studied. The transient species of the photochromic reactions and precursors have been identified and the rate of formation and decay measured. We also present means for the utilization of spiropyrans in writing and accessing information in 3D volume optical memory.     

Photochemistry of nonconjugated bichromophoric systems: Photoreductive polyrecombination of diaryl ketones

The irradiation of nonconjugated bichromophoric systems, diaryl ketones, with ultraviolet light in the presence of hydrogen donors, such as isopropanol or bisbenzhydrol, yields high polymers. Two series of arylketones were investigated, namely bisbenzophenones and bisketotriazoles. The cage reaction, which arises from the cross combination between the acetone ketyl and bisbenzophenone ketyl radicals, was estimated to be very small but may constitute a chain termination reaction in the photopolymerization in isopropanol. The photopolymerization of bisdiketone–dihydrol systems was found to yield polymers with much higher molecular weights than those obtained from the photopolymerization of bisdiketone–isopropanol systems. The photolysis of some binary mixtures of aromatic diketones in the presence of isopropanol yielded statistical copolypinacols. In some favorable cases, the NMR spectrum of the copolymer obtained showed three distinct linkages and from the infrared spectrum intensities the copolymers composition and the number average length of the sequences may be determined.     

Photochemistry of nonconjugated bichromophoric systems: Photoreduction and photoreductive polyrecombination kinetics

The kinetics of the photoreduction of benzophenone and the reductive photopolymerization of diaryl ketones are closely interrelated. The photoreductive polyrecombination presents the characteristics of a polycondensation, namely, an increase in molecular weight with reaction time. In the absence of side reactions, benzophenone and diketone Ia show identical behavior toward hydrogen abstraction, as is reflected in the di-bis rate constants of hydrogen abstraction.     

Photochemistry of organic iron(III) complexing ligands in oceanic systems

Iron is a limiting nutrient for primary production in marine systems, and photochemical processes play a significant role in the upper ocean biogeochemical cycling of this key element. In recent years, progress has been made toward understanding the role of biologically produced organic ligands in controlling the speciation and photochemical redox cycling of iron in ocean surface waters. Most (>99%) of the dissolved iron in seawater is now known to be associated with strong organic ligands. New data concerning the structure and photochemical reactivity of strong Fe(III) binding ligands (siderophores) produced by pelagic marine bacteria suggest that direct photolysis via ligand-to-metal charge transfer reactions may be an important mechanism for the production of reduced, biologically available iron (Fe[II]) in surface waters. Questions remain, however, about the importance of these processes relative to secondary photochemical reactions with photochemically produced radical species, such as superoxide (O2-). The mechanism of superoxide-mediated reduction of Fe(III) in the presence of strong Fe(III) organic ligands is also open to debate. This review highlights recent findings, including both model ligand studies and experimentallobservational studies of the natural seawater ligand pool.     

非共轭双发色团体系的光化学 1: 双香豆素氧乙酸多次甲基二醇酯的合成及光反应研究

本文报道了双香豆素氧乙酸多次甲基二醇酯的合成及分子内光环化加成反应的研究。结果表明, 由于两发色团间长链的限制, 所有这些双酯在氯仿溶液中直接照射都得到唯一的syn-HT结构产物, 并且产物的产率随着链长的增加而降低。通过X-射线四圆衍射测定了环化产物3b的晶体结构。     

计算光化学

本文从光化学的最基本概念入手,简要介绍了计算光化学理论方法的发展历程和典型应用,并对不同时期的工作做简要评述,以期读者对整个计算光化学有一个整体的了解。本文还介绍了计算机硬件的发展对计算光化学的影响。最后指出目前计算光化学研究的困难和存在问题以供同行讨论。     

A covalently-linked microporous organic-inorganic hybrid framework containing polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane moieties

By a Yamamoto-type of Ullmann cross-coupling reaction, a well-defined covalently-linked microporous organic-inorganic hybrid framework polyoctaphenylsilsesquioxane (JUC-Z1) was effectively prepared from the nano building block p-iodio-octaphenylsilsesquioxane (I8OPS) with a yield of ca. 100%. The structure of JUC-Z1 was characterized by (13)C CP/MAS NMR and (29)Si MAS NMR experiments. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was performed to confirm the presence of functions in the framework. The results showed that inorganic silsesquioxane cubes were linearly covalently-linked by biphenyls, offering a highly cross-coupling framework. The powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) pattern and transmission electron microscope (TEM) image show that JUC-Z1 is spherical with uniform micropores. N(2) adsorption results suggest that the hybrid framework has a narrow pore size distribution from 11.8 to 20.0 ?, with a BET surface area of 283 m(2)g(-1) and a pore volume of 0.226 cm(3)g(-1). A thermogravimetric (TG) analysis indicates the thermal stability of JUC-Z1 up to 397 °C in air. Moreover, a liquid sorption experiment reveals the favorable sorption of benzene and water.     

Photochemistry of o-fluoranil

Initial exploration of the photochemical behavior of o-fluoranil has revealed dimer formation, cycloaddition to alkenes, and hydrogen abstraction from hydrocarbons, aldehydes, and ethers.     

Photochemistry of bromofluorobenzenes

The photochemistry of low lying excited states of six different fluorinated bromobenzenes has been investigated by means of femtosecond laser spectroscopy and high level ab initio CASSCF/CASPT2 quantum chemical calculations. The objective of the work was to investigate how and to what extent light substituents, position on the benzene ring and number, would influence the dissociation mechanism of bromobenzene. In general, the actual position of a fluorine atom affects the dissociation rate to a less extent than the number of fluorine atoms. A clear connection between a lowering of a repulsive pisigma relative to a bound pipi state and the number of fluorine substituents exists, and the previously suggested model of coupling between dissociation rate and relative location of bound and repulsive state still holds for these molecules. A more elaborate examination of the electronic structure of the excited states in bromobenzenes than previously reported is presented.     

Photochemistry of dicyanopyridines

The photochemistry of a variety of dicyanopyridines (2,3-, 2,4-, 2,5-, 2,6-, 3,4- and 3,5-dicyanopyridine) in solution at room temperature was investigated. Pulsed UV (308 nm) laser irradiation in deoxygenated acetonitrile yields the triplet state with lifetimes between 4 and 10 μs and absorption bands in the 400 and 320 nm regions. In the presence of added HCl an air-insensitive transient (τ ≈ 10–12 μs, λ_max ≈ 360–380 nm) was observed, suggesting the formation of a protonated excited state.

Irradiation in the presence of amines resulted in the production of the pyridyl radical anion (τ ≈ 40–80 μs, air sensitive, λ_max ≈ 360–380 nm) formed by electron transfer from the amine to the pyridine triplet excited state. Stern-Volmer analysis gave electron transfer rate constants in the range (1–8) × 10⁻⁸ M⁻¹ s⁻¹.

In methanol solvent, irradiation yielded an air-insensitive transient assigned as the neutral pyridyl radical (τ ≈ 30–200 μs, λ_max ≈ 370–385 nm). The formation of these transients is discussed in the context of previous photochemical electron spin resonance and product studies.