Chemical-effect variation of Kβ/Kα X-ray intensity ratios in 3d elements

Chemical effects on Kβ/Kα X-ray intensity ratios for some Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn compounds are studied experimentally. The X-ray spectra were measured by using a Si (Li) solid state detector with high resolution. The vacancies were produced by heavily filtered ²⁴¹Am gamma rays. It is found that the Kβ/Kα X-ray intensity ratios measured with compounds deviated up to 43% from the corresponding values of the pure elements. The values for pure elements are compared with the other experimental and with theoretical values.     

Analysis of the chemical elements in leaves infected by fumagina by X-ray fluorescence technique

Summary Energy dispersion X-ray fluorescence technique (EDXRF) was employed to study the effects of the fumagina disease through the elementary chemical composition of leaves. The experimental setup consisted of a Mo X-ray tube (K_μ=17.44 keV) with Zr filter and a Si(Li) detector. The measurements were performed with infected and healthy leaves of citric plants. The elements Ti, Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn were quantified. For all the elements of interest the measured detection limit was at the order of mg ^. g^-1.     

Simultaneous PIXE and PIGME Analysis of a Nigerian Tar Sand Sample from a Deep Borehole

Tar sands from a deep borehole in southwestern Nigeria were subjected to elemental analysis by simultaneous proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE) and proton induced gamma-ray emission (PIGME) techniques. The concentration of 22 major, minor and trace elements, namely Al, Ca, Cr, Cu, F, Fe, Ga, Ge, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Pb, Rb, S, Si, Sr, Ti, Zn and Zr were determined. The accuracy and precision of the techniques for chemical analysis were assured by analysing the NBS 278 geological standard.     

Elemental content in deionized water by total-reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry

This study aimed to evaluate minor and trace elements in the water during different water purification steps of a deionized water production plant, located at CENA, by total-reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF) technique, using Ga as internal standard for elemental quantification. This approach was capable of determining Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ge, As, Se, Br, Rb at concentrations higher than 40–100 μg L⁻¹, and for K, Ca, Sc, Ti, V and Sr at concentrations higher than sub mg L⁻¹ in the water samples. TXRF spectrometer encompasses an X-ray tube with a Mo target with a Zr filter. The elemental characteristic X-rays were recorded by a Si(Li) semiconductor detector and the X-ray spectra deconvoluted by AXIL software.     

火花直读光谱法对铝合金中各元素含量测量结果的不确定度评定

分析了火花直读光谱法测定铝合金中Si、Fe、Cu、Mg、Mn、Zn、Cr、Ti元素含量测量结果的不确定度来源,对不确定度分量进行了评定与计算,Si、Fe、Cu、Mg、Mn、Zn、Cr、Ti测量结果的相对扩展不确定度分别为2. 9%、2. 5%、2. 6%、2. 7%、2. 6%、2. 6%、2. 5%、2. 7%(包含因子k均为2).     

Evaluation of concentrations of major and trace elements in human lung using INAA and PIXE

The elemental concentrations of Br, Ca, Ce, Cl, Co, Cr, Cs, F, Fe, Hf, K, Mg, Mn, Na, O, Rb, Sb, Sc, Se, V and Zn in 15 human lung autopsy samples, taken from subjects aged more than fifty years old, were determined by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) using reactor neutrons in conjunction with a high resolution detection system. Two modes of irradiation and counting were applied; namely cyclic neutron activation analysis (CNAA) and conventional neutron activation analysis. Proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE) analysis, using a proton beam emerging from a 2 MV Van de Graff accelerator, was additionally employed and Ge, Ni, P and Ti were also identified in the lung tissue. Detection of the X-ray spectra was performed using a high resolution Si(Li) semiconductor. The relevance of these results, including a comparison between the concentrations of elements measured in a pig's lung using CNAA and those found in the human lung is discussed.     

Determination of 34 elements in Chinese geochemical standard reference materials by instrumental neutron activation analysis

Thirty four elements (Al, As, Ba, Br, Ca, Ce, Co, Cr, Cs, Dy, Eu, Fe, Gd, Hf, Ho, K, La, Lu, Mg, Mn, Na, Nd, Rb, Sb, Sc, Sm, Ta, Tb, Th, Ti, U, V, W, Yb) were determined by instrumental neutron activation analysis in the second set of Chinese geochemical standard reference materials (sediments from GSD-9 to GSD-12, soils from GSS-1 to GSS-8, rocks from GSR-1 to GSR-6) using both thermal and epithermal irradiations. Irradiation schemes designed to utilise short, medium and long-lived nuclides were employed in order to analyse major, minor and trace elements with different half-lives. The gamma-ray spectra were measured by Ge(Li) and HP(Ge) detectors. Relevant nuclear data and possible interferences are listed, and analytical results are presented and discussed.     

Li2Mg2Si4O10F2、H2Mn8O16•1.4H2O和Li1.3Ti1.7Al0.3(PO4)3在高浓度LiCl水溶液中的离子交换行为

研究了用功能材料Li2Mg2Si4O10F2 (LHT)、H2Mn8O16•1.4H2O (CRYMO)和Li1.3Ti1.7Al0.3(PO4)3 (LTAP)分别去除高浓度氯化锂水溶液中的杂质Fe3＋、K＋和Na＋.实验结果表明，这几种功能材料分别对溶液中的杂质Fe3＋、K＋和Na＋有很高的选择性，除杂效果明显.分析和研究了这几种功能材料在高浓度氯化锂水溶液中分别与Fe3＋、K＋和Na＋的交换行为.结果表明，在高浓度氯化锂溶液中这几种功能材料与杂质交换的动力学行为可近似用JMAK方程描述.     

Characterization of deep sea sediments by INAA for radioactive waste management purposes

An instrumental neutron activation analysis method, using both reactor flux and epi-cadmium neutrons, has been developed for the determination of major, minor and trace elements in sub-seabed sediments. The method involves two different irradiations followed by three different counting periods using high-resolution Ge(Li) and low-energy photon detectors. The list of elements determined includes Ag, Al, As, Ba, Br, Ca, Ce, Cl, Co, Cr, Cs, Dy, Eu, Fe, Ga, Gd, Hf, Hg, I, In, K, La, Lu, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Nd, Ni, Pt, Rb, Re, Rh, Sb, Sc, Se, Si, Sm, Sn, Sr, Ta, Tb, Th, Ti, Tm, U, V. W, Yb, Zn, and Zr. The accuracy of the method has been evaluated by analyzing four different standard reference materials. The method has been applied to core samples collected from the Great Meteor East and the South Nares Abyssal Plain which are being evaluated as potential sites for the possible disposal of vitrified highly active waste.     

Contribution to the radioanalytical determination of heavy metals in the working environment of welders

Heavy metals can be the most important toxic substances in welding environments. Their chemical behavior is related to welding aerosols; hence, reliable analysis of these aerosols is quite important. Activation analysis by fast neutrons (14 MeV), and radionuclidic X-ray fluorescence analysis (241-Am source) were used to determine selected metals (Fe, Mn, Cr, Ni, Mo) in aerosols produced during welding of high-alloy steels with MIG technology. Sampling was done by filtration using micro-pore filters. A multichannel analyzer (MCA S80 CANBERRA) and Si/Li, Ge/Li detectors were used to process the analytical signals. Appropriate statistical parameters were calculated.     

Application of nondestructive X-ray fluorescence analysis to determine the element composition of medicinal plants

A nondestructive X-ray fluorescence technique has been developed to determine Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Br, Rb, Sr, Ba, and Pb in plants. The line element intensities were measured by an S4 Pioneer X-ray sequence spectrometer (Bruker AXS, Germany). The inversely proportional relationship was obtained between the analyte line intensity and mass of the plant, pressed on boric acid backing, for elements with an atomic number 11 < Z < 20. It was found that reduction of plant mass from 6 to 1 g leads to an increase in element determination sensitivity. The detection limits for 1 g of pressed plant were evaluated as μg/g: 5–20 (Na, Mg, Al); 1–4 (Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, Ba, Pb); 0.4-0.8 (Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Br, Cu, Zn, Rb and Sr). This technique was applied to determine the element composition of violets of Violaceae family, which are used in medicine.     

Determination of Mass Attenuation Coefficients of Some Semiconductor and Biological Samples

The mass attenuation coefficients for TlGaSe₂, GaAs, GaSe, InSe, InSe:Al, InSe:Cd, InSe:Er, InSe:Ho, InSe:Sn, Si single crystals, human teeth, and different filling materials have been determined at different X-ray energies. We utilized X-ray absorption technique and a gravimetric method to determine these coefficients. X-ray spectra were collected using a Si(Li) detector with Camberra DSA-1000 desktop spectrum analyzer. The energy resolution of the spectrometer is 160 eV at 5.9 keV. The measured values were compared with the theoretical values using the WinXCom program. A good agreement was observed between the experimental theoretical values.     

Estimation of trace elements in some anti-epileptic medicinal plants by PIXE

Trace elemental analysis was carried out in various parts of 10 anti-epileptic medicinal plants using PIXE technique. A 3?MeV proton beam was used to excite the samples and spectra were recorded using a Si(Li) detector. Data analysis was done using Gupix Software. The elements Cl, K, Ca, Ti, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Br and Sr were identified and their concentrations estimated. The presence of some of these trace elements is correlated with the anti-epileptic curative property of these plants.     

Major elements as possible factors of trace element urban pedochemical anomalies

The relationship between real total contents of the major elements Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, K, Ca, Ti, Fe and the trace elements Ag, As, B, Ba, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Sn, V, U, Zn in topsoil from the central part of Vilnius is analysed. The amounts of most elements were determined by energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence, while amounts of Ag, B, Co were measured by optical atomic emission spectrophotometry. Two factors were distinguished according to major elements: anthropogenic (A) including Ca, Mg, Fe, P, S and clayey (C) including K, Al, Ti. Boron, Mn, Cr and U are significantly correlated with members of both factors, Sb with none of them and other trace elements either with all (Cu, Zn, Pb, Se, Ba, Ni, Co) or with separate (V, Ag, Sn, Mo, As) members of the A-factor. Only B, Mn, Cr, U (partly their additive index Z1) are influenced by the C-factor, while twelve other trace elements (also their additive index Z2) are influenced by the A-factor. The additive index Z of all 17 elements is also affected by the A-factor. Four groups of sites have been distinguished according to normal or higher contents of both factors. The majority of trace element anomalies are related to the sites affected by the A-factor.     

Influence of chemical effect on the Kβ/Kα X-ray intensity ratios for calcium and potassium compounds

K_β/K_α X-ray intensity ratios of some K and Ca compounds were studied. The samples were excited by 5.96 keV γ-rays emitted from (50 mCi ⁵⁵Fe filtered annular) radioisotope source and characteristic K X-ray from the samples were measured by a Si(Li) detector, with a resolution of 0.16 keV at 5.9 keV. The experimental values were compared with the calculated theoretical values for K and Ca.     

Instrumentelle Aktivierungsanalyse an Lunarem Material

Lunar soil samples of the Luna 16 Luna 20 missions were analysed by neutron activation in a neutron generator and a nuclear reactor, respectively, and following gammaspectrometry by NaI(T1) and Ge(Li) detectors. By 14 MeV neutron activation there were determined the abundances of 5 major elements (O, Mg, Al, Si, Fe) and by reactor activation the abundances of 18 major and trace elements (Na, K, Sc, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Mo, La, Ce, Sm, Eu, Tb, Yb, Lu, Hf, W, Th) and the detection limits of 4 additional elements (As, Rb, Sb, Cs). The standard rocks BM and GM of the ZGI were used as standards in the reactor activation analysis.     

Direct multielement determination of trace elements in boron carbide powders by direct current arc atomic emission spectrometry using a CCD spectrometer

The use of direct current arc atomic emission spectrometry (DC-arc-AES) with a CCD spectrometer for the direct determination of the trace impurities Al, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Si, Ti, and Zr in three well characterized boron carbide powders is described. The detection limits obtained by the procedure were found to be between 0.2 (Mg) and 25 (Na) ??g?g^?1 for the above elements. Three boron carbide powder samples with trace element concentrations between 0.9 (Cu) and 934 (Si) ??g?g^?1 for Al, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Si, Ti, and Zr ?? including the standard reference material ERM?-ED102 ?? were analyzed by DC-arc-AES. The relative standard deviations for 9 measurements when using 5.0?±?0.3?mg of the respective samples were found to vary from 6.2 to 27% for Al and Cu, respectively. The trace elements Al, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Si, Ti and Zr could be determined in the standard reference material and their concentrations determined by DC-arc AES were found to be between 89 and 116% of the accepted values. Fe and Ti were determined by DC-arc AES in the three boron carbide samples as well as in Al₂O₃, BN, SiC, coal fly ash, graphite and obsidian rock. The correlation coefficients of the plots of the net intensities versus the accepted values over the concentration ranges from 18 to 1750 and from 6 to 8000???g?g^?1 are 0.999 and 0.990 for Fe and Ti, respectively.

A study of the elemental composition of diabases by instrumental neutron activation and X-ray fluorescence analysis

The distribution of the elemental composition was studied mainly for microelements in the diabases of the Pechenga suite subjected to various changes. Investigations were conducted by a combination of instrumental neutron activation INAA and X-ray fluoresence XRFA analyses. The INAA was conducted with sample weights of 20–100 mg exposed to irradiation in a nuclear reactor by a flux of neutrons ≈10¹³ n·cm⁻²·s⁻¹. Measurements were carried out by means of a semi-conductor gamma-spectrometer with a Ge(Li) detector. The determination of Al, Mn, Mg, Ti, V, Ca was conducted by short-lived isotopes, while the determination of Na, Sc, Fe, Co, Cr, Hf, Th, La, Ce, Sm, Eu, Yb, Lu by longlived ones. For XRFA samples weighing up to 2 g were irradiated by means of an¹⁰⁹Cd isotope source and were measured by a spectrometer with a Si(Li) detector and beryllium window. By this method we determined the Sr, Zr an Nb contents. Continuous distribution histograms were plotted for the concentration of 22 elements and some of their ratios. Considerable variations in microelemental composition observed in a number of cases make it possible to assess the character of past processes of diabasic change.     

Determination of trace elements of some Egyptian crops by instrumental neutron activation,inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometric and flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometric analysis

Instrumental neutron activation analysis was used for the determination of Al, Br, Ca, Ce, Cl, Co, Cr, Cs, Eu, Fe, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, Rb, Sb, Sc, Se, Ti, Th, V and Zn, ICP-AES for the determination Al, Ag, Ba, Be, Ca, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ga, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Sc, Sr, Ti, V and Zn and flameless AAS for the determination of Cd, Hg and Pb in egg plant, potatoes, green pepper (Leguminosae), vegetable marrow (Cucurbitaceae), pears, apple (Rosaceae), castor oil plant (Euphorbiaceae), lettuce (compositae), dill, parsley, coriander (Umbelliferae), and in some soil samples collected from Aswan province.