圆柱形钨破片撞击铝靶时的跳飞临界角

采用理论计算、数值模拟与实验相结合的方法,研究了直径5.7 mm、长6.7 mm的圆柱形破片以800~1 200 m/s的速度撞击2~10 mm厚铝靶时的跳飞特性。建立了破片斜侵彻有限厚靶板的跳飞临界角理论模型,计算得到破片跳飞临界角与破片入射速度、靶板厚度的关系,并与模拟值、实验值对比,三者吻合较好。结果表明:破片撞靶速度相同时,随着靶板厚度的增加,破片的跳飞临界角减小。靶板厚度相同的情况下,在所计算的速度范围内,入射速度越大,破片跳飞临界角越大。速度在800~1 200 m/s时,破片撞击2 mm厚靶板的跳飞临界角为81°~81.25°;撞击4 mm厚靶板的跳飞临界角为72.5°~76.25°。     

W/ZrNiAlCu亚稳态合金复合材料破片对RHA靶的侵彻释能特性

为研究W/ZrNiAlCu亚稳态合金复合材料破片对RHA靶板的侵彻释能特性,采用高速摄影弹道枪侵彻实验和能量方程、Avrami-Erofeev方程理论分析的方法,对破片的侵彻释能过程、侵彻规律、释能规律进行了研究。结果表明,破片在撞击并贯穿靶板的过程中激发了材料的燃烧反应,在靶板前方和后方产生了明显火光,随着撞击速度增加,火光范围增加、亮度提高;破片撞击速度、冲塞体速度的关系符合采用能量法推导的包含质量损失的破片侵彻公式,破片理论弹道极限速度为987.1 m·s?1;在实验速度范围内,材料反应效率随着冲击压力的增加而增加,与实验现象吻合。     

两种典型高熵合金冲击释能及毁伤特性研究

为研究FeNiMoW和FeNiCoCr两种典型高熵合金材料的冲击释能规律, 利用Φ14.5 mm弹道枪发射装置和准密闭试验容器系统开展了两种典型高熵合金破片在不同速度下冲击释能效应试验. 进一步, 利用该试验平台开展两种高熵合金破片侵彻多层目标的毁伤特性研究. 通过改变准密闭试验容器前置钢靶厚度, 研究了两种高熵合金破片对后续多层靶板的侵彻毁伤规律. 研究发现: FeNiMoW和FeNiCoCr高熵合金破片分别在1356 m/s和1217 m/s出现能量释放现象. 低于该撞击速度未发生化学反应. 撞击速度对两种高熵合金破片释能有显著的影响, 随着速度的增加, 两种高熵合金破片冲击释能反应加剧, 超压峰值上升加快. 在1600 m/s左右的撞击速度下, 随着试验容器前置钢靶厚度从1 mm增加至5 mm, FeNiMoW破片超压峰值整体上呈上升趋势, FeNiCoCr破片超压峰值呈下降趋势. 在两种高熵合金破片侵彻多层靶标过程中, 其释能反应程度的降低对破片穿孔能力的增强有一定贡献, 而容器前置钢靶厚度的进一步增大将降低破片对后续多层铝靶的穿孔毁伤能力. 另一方面, 随着前置钢靶厚度的增大, 破片对第一层铝靶的毁伤面积先增大后减小.      

A3钢钝头弹撞击45钢板破坏模式的试验研究

为了研究破片模拟弹的终点弹道效应,进行了不同质量A3钢钝头弹(弹径25 mm)撞击45钢板的试验研究,其中A3钢强度弱于45钢。在约200～800 m/s的撞击速度范围内,随着撞击速度的增加,分别观察到弹体出现泰勒撞击、向日葵型花瓣帽形失效及靶板冲塞穿甲三种破坏模式。伴随弹体和靶体经历的不同结构破坏模式,弹材和靶材也经历着相当复杂的材料失效。     

超高速撞击数值仿真结果分析

为了分析超高速撞击过程的宏观现象和内在机理,对9.53 mm铝球以6.64 km/s的速度撞击2.2 mm厚的铝靶的SPH仿真结果进行了量化分析。结果表明:采用SPH方法以及Steinberg弹塑性模型和Mie-Grneisen状态方程,可获得与试验相符的仿真结果;球形破片开坑或穿孔直径遵循初始快速增加、然后缓慢增加,直至稳定的变化规律;破片/靶板界面的最大撞击压力比材料强度大两个量级以上;靶板阻抗力最大值发生在破片最大直径侵入靶板时刻;碎片云的运动过程具有自相似演化特征,其运动范围不会超出碎片云的包络圆锥范围。     

弹体高速侵彻钢筋混凝土靶试验研究

为研究结构弹体对钢筋混凝土靶的高速侵彻破坏效应,利用口径35 mm弹道炮开展了1 030～1 520 m/s速度范围内的高速侵彻试验,获得了弹体的撞击速度、破坏形态、剩余长度、剩余质量和靶体中的侵彻深度及成坑尺寸等试验数据,分析了侵彻深度和侵彻机理随速度的变化关系。结果表明:在1 030～1 390 m/s的速度范围内,弹体头部磨蚀,磨蚀程度随侵彻速度增加而加剧,侵彻深度随撞击速度近似线性增大;撞击速度在1 390～1 480 m/s范围内,弹体头部严重磨蚀,侵彻深度随撞击速度增加而减小;撞击速度大于1 480 m/s后,弹体严重破碎,侵彻深度急剧下降。针对结构弹体高速侵彻过程中的破坏特点,将侵彻速度划分为刚体侵彻区、准刚体侵彻区、侵蚀体侵彻区和破碎体侵彻区,可为钻地弹结构设计提供参考。     

边缘冲击（EOI）作用下透明陶瓷破坏特性研究

相较于传统透明材料,相同面密度下透明陶瓷具有更优异的抗冲击性能,使其成为极具应用前景的透明装甲防护材料。研究透明陶瓷在冲击下的破坏响应及损伤演化规律,对透明陶瓷装甲的结构设计及防护能力的提高起到至关重要的作用。为了比较传统透明材料与典型透明陶瓷材料在冲击过程中的破坏特性差异,利用9 mm弹道枪发射平台进行了浮法玻璃、YAG透明陶瓷及镁铝尖晶石透明陶瓷3种透明材料的边缘冲击试验,破片发射速度为200~300 m/s。通过高速摄影捕捉破片的撞击过程,分析了粉碎区及主裂纹扩展距离随时间的变化规律。结果表明,3种材料在不同速度破片的冲击作用下,粉碎区面积与材料强度呈负相关性。对同种材料,在200~300 m/s速度范围内,破片撞击速度对主裂纹的扩展速度没有影响。同时比较了玻璃与透明陶瓷在宏观尺度上的损伤演化特征差异:玻璃在粉碎区两侧产生三角形的次裂纹区域,陶瓷材料则会产生细长的次裂纹簇,并会产生较明显的裂纹“分叉”现象。利用扫描电子显微镜对回收到的陶瓷碎片进行观测,并分析了2种透明陶瓷材料在细观尺度破坏特征的异同。2种透明陶瓷的径向裂纹断面上会出现从沿晶断裂到穿晶断裂的过渡变化,而环向断裂面上几乎都是沿晶和穿晶混合断裂。2种透明陶瓷中,仅YAG透明陶瓷在沿晶断裂时会出现晶体“剥落”现象。     

高层建筑动力灾害模拟分析(Ⅱ)—受撞击坍塌过程模拟与对比分析

为了对高层建筑受飞机撞击后坍塌过程进行研究,使用颗粒流理论作为基础,对一建筑受飞机撞击后坍塌过程进行模拟。构建建筑和飞机的颗粒流模型,引入颗粒流的爆炸及火灾模型。模拟过程包括:飞机的撞击、油箱的爆炸引起的火灾、建筑坍塌至稳定的过程。飞机以900km/h的速度分别在高程为250m和150m处正对建筑进行撞击,分析建筑坍塌过程。结果表明,坍塌形式和时间受到经历过程(撞击、爆炸、火灾)、飞机质量和速度、建筑结构和撞击位置影响。本例主要是受撞击位置的影响,当在150m高程处撞击时坍塌时间为35.6s,而在250m高程处撞击时为64.4s。对两种核心筒构建方法进行比较,结果表明,增加构件尺寸较提高材料强度对建筑安全更有效。     

多破片高速冲击下飞机油箱水锤效应数值模拟

作为飞机燃油箱的一种主要损伤模式,水锤效应可能引起油箱结构灾难性的破坏。针对实战环境中多枚破片冲击同一油箱的常见现象,在建立与试验对比一致的单枚破片冲击满水油箱数值模型后,以箱内液体特定单元压力峰值、破片速度衰减、箱内液体吸收的总能量以及油箱壁板变形作为对比参量,分别开展数值模拟,分析其在2枚破片不同间距打击、2枚破片不同时间间隔打击以及多枚破片同时打击时的水锤效应。结果表明:箱内液体的压力峰值来源于破片入水后形成的冲击波,多枚破片入射时液体压力有明显的叠加效应;2枚破片不同时入射将导致先入射破片剩余速度增高;油箱壁板的变形随入射破片数量的增加显著增大。     

铆接油箱的水锤毁伤效应

为了研究高速侵彻体撞击飞机油箱等充液容器所产生的水锤效应对容器结构产生的灾难性破坏,以铆接油箱为对象,通过开展弹道射击实验,结合数字图像相关测试技术,获取了铆接油箱在射弹冲击作用下的箱体变形、破孔直径等数据;并建立流-固耦合有限元模型,分析射弹入射速度与射弹动能损失、箱体变形、流体动压、铆钉失效之间的关系。结果表明：有限元模拟结果与实验结果基本吻合,数值模型可用于描述油箱在水锤作用下的动力学行为;射弹动能损失、箱体变形量、液体压力峰值与射弹入射速度呈正比例关系;当射弹入射速度达到1 400 m/s之后,油箱后壁板开始出现裂纹,并呈花瓣式破孔损伤;当射弹入射速度达到1 600 m/s时,铆钉开始发生断裂。     

超弹性夹芯覆盖层的水下爆炸防护性能

对橡胶夹芯覆盖层在船模受水下爆炸时的防护作用进行了实验研究。以钢制加筋方盒模型为实验对象,针对有、无覆盖层2种情况开展了一系列5 kg当量的水下爆炸对比实验。对加速度、应变及壁压等物理量进行了分析对比。结果表明,超弹性覆盖层能有效降低结构受冲击波时的响应峰值。而壁压对比揭示了由于流固耦合,作用在结构上的总入射冲量大幅度降低。频域分析表明,覆盖层的作用可以用一个低通滤波器进行类比,对于50 Hz以上的高频信号衰减明显,但对于低于50 Hz的低频信号影响不大。     

Attenuating performance of a polymer layer coated onto floating structures subjected to water blasts

The water blast attenuating performance of a polymer layer coated onto floating structures has been experimentally investigated. A series of contrastive live fire tests were conducted on a rectangular metal box before and after coating a layer of polymer on its outer hull. The blast responses of the box and water pressure near the wet surface were monitored and analyzed. Test results show that the transmitted impulse at the initial FSI stage can be reduced by almost 50%, owing to the rubber wall flexibility. Consequently, both acceleration and strain peaks of the box induced by the first shock wave can be effectively reduced. Further shock response spectrum analysis indicates that the coating performs like a low pass filter with cutoff frequency at about 50 Hz. Response components higher than 50 Hz can be attenuated effectively, but for components lower than the cutoff frequency, the attenuating effect is limited.     

MOVEMENT AND SPLASHING OF A DROPLET IMPACTING ON A WET WALL

壁面液体层的存在对液滴撞击壁面的运动具有重要的影响。采用气液两相流动相界面追踪的水平集和流体体积复合方法和壁面润湿模型，实现了液滴撞击湿润壁面运动的数值求解；在此基础上，开展了液滴撞击湿润壁面运动的研究。研究结果表明：液滴以不同速度撞击湿润壁面时，会呈现出黏附铺展、波动运动、皇冠几何体运动以及飞溅运动等几种不同的运动形态，液滴撞击湿润壁面后的压力分布是不同运动形态形成的主要原因；飞溅运动是一定条件下皇冠几何体运动的一种特殊形态，液滴从皇冠几何体侧壁顶端的飞溅分离满足毛细破碎理论；撞击速度对分离液滴的运动方向影响较小，而对壁面液体层厚度的影响则较大；撞击速度和壁面液体层厚度对分离液滴形态、飞溅分离位置、飞溅速度以及飞溅发生时刻等都具有一定的影响。     

Onset of Convection in a Porous Box with Partly Conducting and Partly Penetrative Sidewalls

The onset of thermal convection in a 2D porous box is investigated analytically. The lateral walls are partly heat conducting and partly penetrative. The top and bottom are impermeable and perfect heat conductors. The linear stability problem is solved only for the symmetric configuration of equal conditions at each sidewall. The problem is degenerate when the parameters of semi-conduction and semi-penetration coincide. The degenerate problem has one symmetric and one antisymmetric eigenfunctions, and the cell width varies with minimum cell width in the middle. Our primary model for the partly penetrative wall is a thin and highly permeable layer near a closed wall. We also study a secondary model of a partly penetrative wall, with a thin layer of small permeability near a hydrostatic reservoir.     

简易振动台试验设备研制

为了完成多桩型复合地基抗液化性能振动台试验,利用实验室已有的反力墙和作动器,设计了一个小型的简易单向振动台系统和堆叠式剪切模型箱。堆叠式剪切模型箱内部尺寸为1200mm×800mm×772mm,由8层铝合金框架和7层橡胶条叠合而成。利用ANSYS有限元软件对模型箱及地基-模型箱进行了动力分析,并通过饱和粉细砂地基模型振动台试验验证了模型箱的效果。结果表明,所设计的模型箱能够较成功地模拟天然场地的边界条件,为多桩型复合地基抗液化性能振动台试验的顺利进行打下基础。     

人体上呼吸道内气流运动特性的数值模拟分析

运用计算流体动力学(CFD)方法对人体上呼吸道内的气流运动特性进行了数值模拟,通过PIV实验对数值模拟结果进行了验证。研究结果表明:气流在咽部外壁、气管外壁发生分离现象,气流在气管内壁形成局部高速区,支气管内的气流在分叉处发生分离,靠近支气管内壁速度较高,并且在支气管边界层的外缘速度达到最大值。气管和支气管内的二次涡流运动和轴向速度的分布使得气管支气管内壁受到的剪应力较大,内壁粘膜更容易受到损伤。     

Efficient method for designing chaotic S-boxes based on generalized Baker’s map and TDERC chaotic sequence

The theory of chaos is applied to the construction of substitution boxes used in encryption applications. The synthesis process of the proposed substitution boxes is presented, which is based on chaotic Baker’s map and TDERC chaotic sequences. The objectives of the new substitution box are to provide enhanced resistance against differential and linear cryptanalysis. The constructed substitution boxes uses Galois field elements and relies on discrete chaotic maps while keeping differential and linear approximation probabilities to desired levels.     

Evolution of a wall-attached buoyant plume in confined boxes: Direct numerical simulations,entrainment coefficient and an integral model

The evolution of a wall-attached plume in a confined box is studied here with the aid of three dimensional direct numerical simulations (DNS). The plume originates from a local line heat source of length, L, placed at the bottom left corner of the box. The Reynolds number of the wall plume, based on box height and buoyant velocity scale, is ${\mathit{Re}}_H=14530$ and boxes of two different aspect ratios (ratio of box width to height) for a particular value of L are simulated. We observe that the plume develops along the vertical sidewall while remaining attached to it before spreading across the top wall to form a buoyant fluid layer and eventually moving downwards and filling the whole box. The original filling box model of Baines and Turner (1969) is modified to incorporate the wall shear stress, and the results from the DNS are compared against the new model. In modelling plumes, we find that the entrainment coefficient ($\alpha$) for wall-attached plumes is reduced to approximately half of that in the free plume, and the main reason is a diminished contribution of turbulence production to $\alpha$ resulting from a restricted ability of the large-scale eddies to transport momentum. Also, unlike the free plume where away from the source inertial forces balances buoyancy forces, here in our simulations of wall-attached plumes this balance is marginally off, likely due to wall friction. A reasonable agreement is observed between our model and DNS data for the volume and momentum fluxes in the quiescent uniform environment and also for the time-dependent buoyancy profile calculated far away from the plume.     

A plane turbulent wall jet on a fully rough surface

The mean velocity field and skin friction characteristics of a plane turbulent wall jet on a smooth and a fully rough surface were studied using Particle Image Velocimetry. The Reynolds number based on the slot height and the exit velocity of the jet was Re = 13,400 and the nominal size of the roughness was k = 0.44 mm. For this Reynolds number and size of roughness element, the flow was in the fully rough regime. The surface roughness results in a distinct change in the shape of the mean velocity profile when scaled in outer coordinates, i.e. using the maximum velocity and outer half-width as the relevant velocity and length scales, respectively. Using inner coordinates, the mean velocity in the lower region of the inner layer was consistent with a logarithmic profile which characterizes the overlap region of a turbulent boundary layer; for the rough wall case, the velocity profile was shifted downward due to the enhanced wall shear stress. For the fully rough flow, the decay rate of the maximum velocity of the wall jet is increased, and the skin friction coefficient is much larger than for the smooth wall case. The inner layer is also thicker for the rough wall case. The effects of surface roughness were observed to penetrate into the outer layer and slightly enhance the spread rate for the outer half-width, which was not observed in most other studies of transitionally rough wall jet flows.