不同前驱体制备氮掺杂二氧化钛及其光催化性能比较

在氨气气氛中和不同温度下焙烧纳米管钛酸和商业Degussa-P25,得到两系列可见光响应型氮掺杂二氧化钛光催化剂.采用高分辨透射电子显微镜、紫外-可见漫反射光谱仪和X射线衍射仪对两系列样品的形貌、光谱吸收和晶体结构等物理化学性质进行了表征和比较.通过可见光光催化氧化丙烯评价系统对两系列样品的活性进行了评价.结果表明,600℃处理纳米管钛酸得到的催化剂可见光催化活性最好,是相同条件下处理Degussa-P25得到的催化剂(N-P25)活性的3.3倍.研究表明,纳米管钛酸是制备可见光响应型光催化剂较好的前驱体.     

镶嵌铂的纳米管钛酸制备及其可见光光催化活性

通过在真空条件下将氯铂酸的乙醇溶液引入到钛酸纳米管内,再经过热处理制备了镶嵌铂的纳米管钛酸(简写为PNTA).X射线光电子能谱(XPS)表明氯铂酸大部分转变成Pt⁰和PtO,顺磁共振谱(ESR)表明在PNTA中生成了束缚单电子的氧空位,在紫外-可见扩散漫散射谱(DRS)谱上表现出对可见光有吸收能力.丙烯的可见光光催化氧化实验结果表明:在可见光激发下(λ>420nm),PNTA对丙烯的光催化去除反应具有活性.     

N掺杂TiO_2纳米管阵列的制备及可见光光催化性能研究

分别以氨水、乙二胺、丁胺为氮源,利用阳极氧化法和湿化学法合成氮掺杂的二氧化钛(TiO2)纳米管阵列.通过扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等表征方法对氮掺杂TiO2纳米管形貌,晶型和氮元素掺杂方式进行分析,并通过可见光光催化降解六氯苯(HCB)废水,研究氮元素掺杂方式与可见光光催化活性的关系.结果表明有序排列的TiO2纳米管阵列垂直生长在钛基底表面,管长500nm左右,管径100nm左右.氮元素掺杂阻碍了TiO2晶粒的增长,抑制了锐钛矿向金红石相的转变.无机氮比有机氮更加利于氮元素进入TiO2晶格,取代态氮比间隙态氮表现出更高的可见光光催化活性.     

N掺杂纳米TiO2可见光催化氧化丙烯的动力学行为

通过在不同温度的氨气气氛中处理纳米管钛酸(NTA)制得具有可见光响应的氮掺杂纳米二氧化钛. X射线衍射(XRD)谱表征结果显示, 当温度高于400 ℃时, 样品由正交晶系向锐钛矿相转变, 700 ℃处理得到的样品除了锐钛矿相TiO2外还有TiN 新相存在; 紫外-可见扩散漫反射(DRS)结果表明, 氮掺杂纳米TiO2在整个可见光区都有明显的吸收. 不同波长可见光及不同气体流速的光催化氧化丙烯动力学研究表明, 活性最好的N掺杂纳米TiO2催化剂(600 ℃ NH3处理)对可见光的利用范围可扩展至500 nm, 低浓度丙烯光催化氧化反应为一级反应.     

水热法制备铂掺杂二氧化钛及其可见光催化性能

以纳米管钛酸为前驱体,采用水热法制备了Pt掺杂TiO2样品.水热反应过程中,纳米管钛酸表面羟基与氯铂酸发生酸碱中和反应,导致反应后pH值升高;在130°C开始纳米管钛酸晶体结构由正交晶系转变为锐钛矿相TiO2.表面化学组成分析表明,掺杂的Pt主要以+2价形式存在.以丙烯为模型污染物,评价样品的可见光(λ≥420nm)光催化活性.结果表明,Pt-TiO2具有明显的可见光光催化降解丙烯的活性,其中160°C水热处理制得的Pt-TiO2活性最高.最后讨论了低温水热法Pt掺杂的形成机理及Pt-TiO2具有可见光响应的原因.     

可见光响应的硫掺杂TiO2的制备、表征及其光催化活性

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了硫掺杂TiO2光催化剂粉末.光催化降解罗丹明B实验结果表明,钛酸四丁酯与硫脲的摩尔比Ti/S=2.7∶ 1,经600℃热处理后光催化活性最佳.通过紫外可见漫反射吸收光谱(DRS)、X-射线衍射(XRD)、X-射线光电子能谱(XPS)、傅立叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)以及表面光电压谱(SPS)等研究结果表明,适量的硫掺杂导致TiO2有效地抑制晶相转变.在热处理过程中由S2-被氧化为S4+并进入TiO2晶格中取代部分Ti4+,发生晶格畸变,带隙变窄,使催化剂吸收光谱红移至550 nm,诱发可见光活性.     

铬和硫共掺杂二氧化钛催化剂的制备及其可见光催化性能

以钛酸四丁酯为前驱体,硝酸铬和硫脲为掺杂离子给体,通过溶胶-凝胶法成功制备了纯TiO2、不同浓度的铬掺杂和铬/硫共掺杂TiO2光催化剂.以靛红为目标污染物,进行了可见光催化降解活性测试实验.结果表明,共掺杂催化剂的活性高于未掺杂和单掺杂催化剂.当共掺杂催化剂含0.60%(原子比)的铬,1.2%(原子比)的硫,焙烧温度为500℃时具有最高的光催化降解活性.X射线衍射、N2吸附、X射线光电子能谱和紫外-可见漫反射吸收光谱表征结果显示,共掺杂催化剂为锐钛矿型,具有较高的比表面积,对可见光有较强的吸收能力.共掺杂TiO2具备较高可见光催化活性的原因可能是铬掺杂降低了TiO2的禁带宽度,拓展了可见光吸收区域,而硫掺杂能够维持体系的电荷平衡,增强催化剂对可见光的吸收.     

锌掺杂TiO_2的制备及其可见光催化性能

以钛酸纳米管[H2Ti2O2(OH)2,NTA]作为钛的前驱体、ZnCl2为锌源,采用水热法制备了锌掺杂的TiO2光催化剂;采用X射线衍射仪和透射电镜分析了催化剂产物的晶体结构和微观形貌;同时以亚甲基蓝为模型反应物,研究了锌掺杂量和水热温度对催化剂可见光光催化性能的影响.结果表明,水热温度为130℃,锌掺杂量为0.5%时,所得样品的光催化性能最佳.     

Fe掺杂改性TiO_2的制备及其可见光催化醇氧化性能研究

以钛酸四丁酯为钛源,硝酸铁为铁源,表面活性剂P123和F127为模板剂采用溶胶凝胶水热的方法制备了具有较高比表面积及可见光活性的Fe掺杂改性Ti O2光催化材料.采用粉末X射线衍射仪、氮气吸附-脱附仪、X射线光电子能谱仪、透射电子显微镜、紫外可见漫反射光谱仪、拉曼光谱仪等对催化剂进行了系统表征.以日用的1 W LED射灯为光源,将催化剂用于分子氧为氧化剂的芳香醇的氧化反应,考察了不同Fe掺杂量对反应的影响.结果表明,0.023%Fe-Ti O2的催化性能优良,具有点击反应的特点,在最佳反应条件下一些醛的选择性大于99%.     

镶嵌CdS的纳米管钛酸制备及其光催化性能研究

制备了镶嵌硫化镉的纳米管钛酸,并用透射电镜(TEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、扩散反射(DRS)等工具进行了表征.丙烯的光催化氧化研究结果表明,镶有CdS与未镶CdS的纳米管钛酸作为光催化剂,对丙烯的光催化去除活性相近.     

Plate, wire, mesh, microsphere, and microtube composed of sodium titanate nanotubes on a titanium metal template

Sodium titanate nanotube/titanium metal composites were synthesized by hydrothermal treatment of titanium metals with various morphologies such as plate, wire, mesh, microsphere, and microtube at 160 degrees C in aqueous NaOH solution and by the subsequent fixation treatment by calcination at 300 degrees C. The surface of the composite was covered with sodium titanate nanotubes with a diameter of approximately 7 nm, and the core part of the composite was titanium metal phase. The raw titanium metal acts as a template or a morphology-directing agent of micrometer size or more to arrange the nanotubes as well as a titanium source for the formation of nanotubes. The concentration of titanium species increases in the reaction solution as the dissolution of titanium metal is accelerated by the reaction between titanium and OH-. Furthermore, with an increase in concentration of titanium species in the reaction solution, the titanium species are re-precipitated as sodium titanate nanotubes onto the titanium metal. Titanium metal with a large surface area and volume can form sodium titanate nanotubes on the surface of the titanium metal, though titanium metal with a small volume and surface area tends to dissolve with the hydrothermal treatment. Even in the synthesis using titanium metal with a small volume and surface area, sodium titanate nanotubes are formed and cover the surface of the titanium metal by adding another titanium metal as a source of titanium species in the reaction solution.     

Synergistic effects of CdS in sodium titanate based nanostructures for hydrogen evolution

Synergistic effect of CdS decorated sodium titanate nanostructures showed enhanced H₂ production abilities. The confinement effect and synergistic effect of decorated CdS inside the sodium titanate nanotubes are investigated.     

碳掺杂的二氧化钛纳米管的制备及其可见光催化性能

以尿素作为碳元素前驱体对TiO2纳米管进行掺杂,采用比表面积测定、X射线衍射、透射电子显微镜、能量色散X射线荧光光谱、X射线光电子能谱、固体漫反射紫外-可见吸收光谱和荧光光谱对产物进行了表征。 结果表明,以尿素作为前驱体可制备C掺杂的TiO2纳米管,C掺杂后,TiO2纳米管的可见光催化活性明显提高。 此外,研究了C掺杂量、煅烧温度、催化剂用量和pH值对TiO2纳米管光催化降解活性的影响,发现当C的掺杂量为5.3%、催化剂用量为1.5 g/L、溶液的pH值为5时,在其催化作用下,可见光光照3 h后罗丹明B的降解率可达到91%。     

Synthesis of Bi-doped TiO2 Nanotubes and Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity for Hydrogen Evolution from Glycerol Solution

Bi‐doped TiO₂ nanotubes with variable Bi/Ti ratios were synthesized by hydrothermal treatment in 10 mol·L^?1 NaOH (aq.) through using Bi‐doped TiO₂ particles derived from conventional sol‐gel method as starting materials. The effects of Bi content on the morphology, textural properties, photo absorption and photocatalytic activity of TiO₂ nanotubes were investigated. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) observations of the obtained samples revealed the formation of titanate nanotube structure doped with Bi, which exists as a higher oxidation state than Bi³⁺. Bi‐doping TiO₂ nanotubes exhibited an extension of light absorption into the visible region and improved photocatalytic activities for hydrogen production from a glycerol/water mixed solution as compared with pure TiO₂ nanotubes. There was an optimal Bi‐doped content for the photocatalytic hydrogen production, and high content of Bi would retard the phase transition of titanate to anatase and result in morphology change from nanotube to nanobelt, which in turn decreases the photocatlytic activity for hydrogen evolution.     

一步水热合成铜纳米颗粒负载二氧化钛复合纳米管及其可见光催化活性

采用一步水热法合成了Cu纳米粒子负载二氧化钛纳米管材料. 利用透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、能谱仪(EDS)等对材料的相组成、形貌以及形成过程进行了研究. 制得的Cu-TiO₂复合纳米材料长度约为100 nm, 直径10-15 nm, 其上负载的Cu纳米粒子尺寸约为5 nm. BET比表面积测试表明实验制备的Cu-TiO₂复合纳米管的比表面积为154.67 m²·g^-1. 通过调节水热反应时间和钛前驱体种类, 研究了该复合纳米管材料的形成机制. 结果表明: 非晶态的钛源对于成功一步合成Cu-TiO₂复合纳米管至关重要. 同时, 实验中观察到铜纳米粒子的尺寸随水热反应时间延长而减小(反奥氏陈化过程), 这一现象有助于纳米粒子的可控合成.紫外-可见吸收光谱表明该复合纳米管在350-800 nm范围内有较强的吸收, 并在550-600 nm范围观察到Cu的表面等离子激元吸收带. Cu-TiO₂界面处形成的肖特基势垒有助于加快光生载流子的输运, 提高光生电子-空穴对的分离效率. 光催化实验表明Cu-TiO₂复合纳米管在可见光下具有较高的催化活性.     

RE-B共掺杂片层TiO2的合成及其光催化性能

采用溶胶-凝胶法,利用钛酸四丁酯、硝酸镧、硝酸铈和硼酸为原料,对TiO₂光催化剂进行稀土-B(RE-B)的共掺杂改性制备和性能研究。采用X-射线衍射法(XRD)、冷场发射扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、紫外-可见吸收(UV-Vis)光谱和荧光(PL)光谱对制得样品的相组成、表面形貌结构、表面元素组成、光响应范围及带隙能和电子-空穴的复合情况进行了初步分析。结果表明,所制掺杂TiO₂的组成均为锐钛矿型,掺杂使晶格发生了较大畸变,且细晶粒由未掺杂的27 nm减小到RE-B-TiO₂的10 nm,形貌为片层状不规则堆放状态存在。XPS结果表明掺杂元素有效进入二氧化钛, PL谱显示共掺杂可有效延长光催化剂的载流子寿命。掺杂后吸收边均红移, La-B-TiO₂由TiO₂的405 nm移动到466 nm,相应地禁带宽度减小了0.4 eV。光催化实验表明:2 h内降解亚甲基蓝(MB)时掺杂能够同时提高紫外和可见光下二氧化钛的光催化效率,而共掺杂的降解效果又优于单掺杂, La-B-TiO₂紫外光下的降解率达到80.67%,为同等条件下纯TiO₂的2.7倍,可见光下的降解率为74.78%。     

Size control synthesis of sulfur doped titanium dioxide （anatase） nanoparticles, its optical property and its photo catalytic reactivity for CO2 ＋ H2O conversion and phenol degradation

Sulfur doped anatase TiO2 nanoparticles (3 nm−12 nm) were synthesized by the reaction of titanium tetrachloride, water and sulfuric acid with addition of 3M NaOH at room temperature. The electro-optical and photocatalytic properties of the synthesized sulfur doped TiO2 nanoparticles were studied along with Degussa commercial TiO2 particles (24 nm). The results show that band gap of TiO2 particles decreases from 3.31 to 3.25 eV and for that of commercial TiO2 to 3.2 eV when the particle sizes increased from 3 nm to 12 nm with increase in sulfur doping. The results of the photocatalytic activity under UV and sun radiation show maximum phenol conversion at the particle size of 4 nm at 4.80% S-doping. Similar results are obtained using UV energy for both phenol conversion and conversion of CO2+H2O in which formation of methanol, ethanol and proponal is observed. Production of methanol is also achieved on samples with a particle size of 8 and 12 nm and sulfur doping of 4.80% and 5.26%. For TiO2 particle of 4 nm without S doping, the production of methanol, ethanol and proponal was lower as compared to the S-doped particles. This is attributed to the combined electronic effect and band gap change, S dopant, specific surface area and the light source used.     

Microwave-hydrothermal synthesis and photocatalytic properties of biomass charcoal/TiO2 nanocomposites

Biomass charcoal-doped titanium dioxide (C/TiO₂) composites were proposed by microwave-hydrothermal and calcination method using tetrabutyl titanate as the titanium source and lignin as the carbon source. TiO₂ crystals with different morphologies could be successfully adsorbed onto the surface of biomass charcoal. These products were investigated by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TG), derivative thermogravimetric (DTG), UV–vis diffuser flection spectroscopy (UV–vis), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET). The photocatalytic activities of the as-obtained composites were checked under visible light irradiation. The results showed that both the microwave-hydrothermal temperature and time played an important role in the microstructure and photocatalytic activity of the samples. The rapid microwave-hydrothermal with the thermal post-treatment provides a promising route for the fabrication of biomass charcoal-doped nanocomposites materials.     

金红石相TiO_2纳米棒的氢化处理及其光催化活性

以钛酸四丁酯为钛源,通过盐酸调制的水热法制备出了具有棒状结构的金红石相纳米TiO2,并进一步进行高温氢化处理.采用X射线衍射(XRD),透射电镜(TEM),紫外-可见-近红外漫反射(UV-Vis-NIR DRS),电子顺磁共振(EPR)和表面光伏(SPS)等测试手段对样品进行表征,以气相乙醛和液相苯酚为目标污染物考察催化剂的光催化活性.结果表明:随着高温氢化处理时间的延长,TiO2样品的可见光吸收逐渐增强,其颜色逐渐由白色转变成灰色,这主要与引入的Ti3+/氧空位缺陷有关.表面光电压谱和羟基自由基测试表明,适当时间的氢化处理有利于光生电荷的分离.在光催化氧化降解气相乙醛和液相苯酚过程中,经适当时间氢化处理的样品表现出高的可见光催化活性.并且可见光催化活性的规律与紫外光下的是一致的.这是因为氢化处理后在导带底下方引入了缺陷能级,拓展了可见光响应.过度的氢化处理会在TiO2导带下方引入较低的缺陷能级,使光生电荷的复合加剧,导致光催化活性降低.     

掺钴氧化钛电极的制备、表征及其光电性能

采用溶胶-凝胶法在纯钛片上制备了掺Co氧化钛薄膜光电极,运用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、 X射线衍射(XRD)等分析手段对其进行表征,并对其结构和性能的相互关系进行了研究.结果表明,掺5%Co, 500℃热处理的TiO2电极具有最大的可见光响应.过量的Co掺入将析出新相CoTiO3,并促使TiO2由锐钛矿型转变为金红石型,使电极光电效应减低.而高温处理的掺钴TiO2也将析出CoTiO3,对电极光电性能有阻碍作用.