Analyzing powers of the continuum spectra: 65 MeV polarized protons on 12C, 28Si, 45Sc, 58Ni, 93Nb, 165Ho, 166Er and 209Bi

Analyzing powers of the continuum spectra were measured for 65 MeV protons from ¹²C, ²⁸Si, ⁴⁵Sc, ⁵⁸Ni, ⁹³Nb, ¹⁶⁵Ho, ¹⁶⁶Er, ${}^{209}\text{Bi}\text{(}\text{p}\text{,}\text{p\#}\text{prime;}\text{X}\text{)}$ and ($\text{p}$, dX) reactions and from ⁹³Nb, ²⁰⁹Bi($\text{p}$, αX) reactions. The analyzing powers of the continuum spectra were found to be small at forward angles where the pre-equilibrium process is important. However they do not show a systematic tendency. This feature indicates the importance of the spin-dependent interaction as well as nuclear structure effects. On the other hand, the analyzing powers were very large and positive at backward angles where the shape of the energy spectra resembles that of an evaporation spectrum. The maximum values of the analyzing power in the backward hemisphere depend on the target mass for the A < 45 mass region and they are as large as 15%, 20% and 35% for ${}^{93}\text{Nb}\text{(}\text{p}\text{,}\text{p}\text{′}\text{X}\text{)}$, ($\text{p}$, dX), ($\text{p}$, αX) reactions at E_X = 20 MeV, respectively. These large values are mainly due to the entrance channel effect. There is no appreciable even-odd mass effect on the analyzing power for medium-mass nuclei. These features were unexpected from the conventional pre-equilibrium reaction models.     

Electronic structure and optical properties of III–VI crystals

The polarized spectra of the full set of optical functions of GaS, GaSe, InSe, GaTe, InS, and TlSe crystals are determined in a wide range of fundamental-absorption energies. The ?₂ and -Im?^?1 spectra are decomposed into elementary components. The main parameters of the components were determined and the main features of the spectra and transition components are established. The results obtained are explained on the basis of the theoretical band calculations.     

The energy spectra of uniaxially deformed layered semiconductors A3B6

The absorption and photoluminescence spectra of uniaxially (parallel and perpendicular to crystal's “C” axis) deformed layered crystals. GaSe. GaS and InSe are investigated at 5 K. It is shown that the results of low temperature deformation experiments may be interpreted within the model an isolated layer without taking into consideration interlayer interaction.     

Polarization of 12B in deep-inelastic heavy-ion reaction 100Mo(14N, 12B)

Spin polarization of ¹²B was measured for ¹⁰⁰Mo(¹⁴N, ¹²B) at $\text{E}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>i</mtext>}}\text{(}{}^{14}\text{N}\text{) ? 200}\text{MeV}$ as a function of $\text{Q}$ value down to $\text{Q ? ?150}\text{MeV}$, and was found anti-parallel to $\text{k}{}_{\mathrm{f}}\text{×}\text{k}{}_{\mathrm{i}}$ in the deep-inelastic region. The data together with those at lower incident energies show a systematic trend in $\text{Q}$-value dependence of the polarization.     

The microwave spectrum of 14NH3 in the v = 000011 state

The frequencies and assignments of 50 lines in the pure inversion spectrum of ¹⁴NH₃ in the 0001¹ vibrational state are reported in the microwave frequency region 18–53 GHz and in selected regions up to 58 GHz.The J = 0 inversion frequency, K-type doubling constant K, l = 2, ?1 and molecular dipole moment in this state are 32 904.7 ± 2.0 MHz, 1.958 ± 0.040 MHz and 1.459 ± 0.002 D, respectively, where model inadequacies are included in the uncertainties of the first two parameters. The dipole moment measurements for this and the ground state are in excellent agreement with Stark laser measurements. An expression containing the effective l-type doubling constant is obtained from the combination of frequencies $\text{[ν(1, 1, 1) ? ν(1, 1, ?1) ? ν(2, 1, 1) + ν(2, 1, ?1)]}\text{8}\text{= 10 361.894 ± 0.004}\text{MHz}$. A preliminary value for the l-type doubling constant is 10 655 ± 20 MHz.     

59Co nuclear magnetic resonance in antiferromagnetic CsCoCl3

The ⁵⁹Co NMR in a CsCoCl₃ single crystal has been observed by the spin echo method at 4.2 K. The obtained spectrum is composed of seven distinct lines split by the nuclear-quadrupole interaction. The frequency of the central (± $\text{1}\text{2}$ ? ± $\text{1}\text{2}$) transition 502.08±0.05 MHz corresponds to the hyperfine field of 499.38 ± 0.05 kOe, which agrees well with the calculated value. Due to the interaction of the nucleus with the electronic moment induced by the external field, a shift as large as 18% was observed for the nuclear g-factor.     

Continuous gamma radiation feeding high-spin isomers in 148, 149, 151, 152Dy and 147Gd

The energy, multipolarity and multiplicity spectra of the continuum gamma radiation feeding high-spin isomers in ^{148, 149, 151, 152}Dy and ¹⁴⁷Gd have been measured at several bombarding energies. The final nuclei were selected via a delayed coincidence technique while the use of a NaI(Tl) Compton shielded crystal allowed the primary gamma-ray spectra to be generated reliably from the observed spectra.It was found that: (i) the energy of both the gamma-ray statistical cascade and the neutron cascade increases with increasing excitation energy, the latter much more rapidly than expected; (ii) the multiplicity of gamma-ray cascades, in which a statistical transition was detected, is generally lower than that of the average cascade; (iii) stretched E2 spin-correlated transitions occur above $\text{J? 39}\text{h}\text{?}\text{in}{}^{152}\text{Dy}$ and above $\text{～ 50.5}\text{h}\text{?}\text{in}{}^{147}\text{Gd}$, indicating the onset of collectivity at these spins — in addition, a region of predominantly dipole emitting states is located below $\text{T? 44}\text{h}\text{?}\text{in}{}^{147}\text{Gd}$; (iv) effective moments of inertia derived from the bump edge are 50–100% larger than those deduced from the density of stretched E2 transitions in the bump; (v) in ^149,151Dy the bump edge is very sharp but no multiplicity features are observed; (vi) although the four Dy isotopes were populated at approximately the same excitation energy, they display considerable differences in their continuum properties.Probable interpretations of these observations are discussed, in particular we have suggested that several of the observed effects are consistent with the possible presence of high-K collective bands above the yrast line.     

The decay of 159Tm (9.0 min) to 159Er

The decay of ¹⁵⁹Tm ($\text{T}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>1</mtext><mtext>2</mtext>}}\text{= 9.0±0.4min}$) has been investigated with Ge(Li) andSi(Li) detectors, B-spectrographs and a toroidal spectrometer using isotopically separated samples produced by the YASNAPP facility at Dubna. The singles γ-ray spectrum, the conversion electron spectrum, the positron spectrum, prompt and delayed γ-γ coincidences were measured. Using strong thulium activities, conversion electrons were also measured with high resolution b-spectrographs. In the ¹⁵⁹Tm decay 81 new γ-ray transitions were observed. A decay scheme of ¹⁵⁹Tm is proposed involving 12 excited states in ¹⁵⁹Er. The first members of the rotational bands $\text{3}\text{2}$^?[521], $\text{5}\text{2}$^?[523], $\text{3}\text{2}$⁺[402 + 651], $\text{11}\text{2}$^?505 and $\text{7}\text{2}$^?[514] and the $\text{5}\text{2}$, $\text{7}\text{2}$ and $\text{9}\text{2}$ states of a strongly perturbed positive parity band were identified. The Q-value of ¹⁵⁹Tm was determined to be 3.4±0.3 MeV.     

Calculation of the antineutrino spectrum from thermal fission of 235U

The electron and antineutrino spectrum of the products of thermal fission of ²³⁵U have been calculated. The uncertainty in the shape of the spectra is <5% in the range 2.5 ? E ? 7.5 MeV, as a result of a microscopic calculation of the beta decay schemes of neutron-rich fission products. Calculations of this type should give, as in the case of ²³⁵U investigated here, for arbitrary reactor fuel compositions a reliable basis for the interpretation of reactor $\text{ν}$ oscillation experiments.     

Laser time-resolved selective excitation of Nd3+ ions in KNdP4O12 crystals

The emission spectra of Nd³⁺ ions in KNd_xRE_1?xP₄O₁₂ (RE = Y, La and Pr) and KNd_xCr_1?xP₄O₁₂ crystals were investigated. Under selective excitation into ²G$\text{7}\text{2}$ + ⁴G$\text{5}\text{2}$ multiples at 1.6 K the fluorescence of Nd³⁺ ions in non-equivalent crystal sites was observed. The excitation spectrum of the ${}^4\text{F}\text{3}\text{2}$ fluorescence had a complex satellite structure. Time resolved measurements showed the dependence of the fluorescence decay on the excitation wavelength. Selective excitation into the satellite lines at the wings of the main transition led to strongly non-exponential decay. The low temperature results indicated that there is no spectral energy transfer between ions in different types of sites.     

Magnetic moments of the 12+ isomeric states in 194, 196, 198Pb

The g-factor of the 12⁺ isomeric state in lead isotopes with A = 194, 196, 198 was measured using the time-differential perturbed angular distribution method (TDPAD). The values obtained are respectively g(194) = ?0.158(6); g(196) = ?0.157(7); g(198) = ?0.144(11). A more precise determination of the 12⁺ level half-life is also made. The g-factprs of these nuclear states, which are described with v(i_{$\text{13}\text{2}$})^?2 as the main configuration, are surprisingly constant over a large mass range (between A = 206 and 194). A core polarization analysis explains this trend: the polarization induced on neutrons in i_{$\text{13}\text{2}$} orbit decreases with the mass number A (blocking effect), but a compensation is provided by the other spin-orbit partners f_{$\text{7}\text{2}$}-f_{$\text{5}\text{2}$} and P_{$\text{3}\text{2}$}-P_{$\text{1}\text{2}$}.     

Investigation of i132 excitations in 197Hg and 191Pt

The level schemes of the odd-neutron nuclei ¹⁹⁷Hg and ¹⁹¹Pt have been studied using in-beam spectroscopic methods. Energies, intensities, angular distributions and coincidences of the γ-rays following (α, 2n) reactions were measured. Also conversion electrons and delayed γ-ray spectra were recorded. Most of the levels in both nuclei are de-populated via the $\text{13}\text{2}{}^{\mathrm{+}}$ isomers. Besides the yrast states, several additional states with spin values between $\text{13}\text{2}$ and $\text{21}\text{2}$ were identified. The negative parity of a side band in ¹⁹⁷Hg starting with an $\text{f =}\text{21}\text{2}$ state was proved by the conversion electron measurement. The families of positive-parity states were compared with model calculations where the core was described as rigid triaxial rotor or anharmonic vibrator. For ¹⁹⁷Hg both models give similarly good results for the energy spectrum and the branching ratios of electromagnetic transitions. Several negative-parity states found in ¹⁹⁷Hg are compared with the predictions of a pairing-plus-quadrupole model.     

Internal bremsstrahlung in the electron capture decay of 145Sm

Internal bremsstrahlung (IB) emitted in the non-unique first-forbidden electron capture decay of the $\text{7}\text{2}{}^{\mathrm{?}}$ ground state of ¹⁴⁵Sm to the $\text{7}\text{2}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{61}\text{keV}$ first excited level of ¹⁴⁵Pm has been studied. The total IB spectrum and the IB spectrum for captures proceeding via the 1s shell were measured for photons in the energy range of 100–580 keV and the spectra were normalized to the non-radiative capture rate. The experimental data agree with theoretical predictions.     

Gamma transitions in 59Ni following the β+ decay of 59Cu

The γ-ray decay spectrum of 82 s ⁵⁹Cu produced by the ⁵⁸Ni(p, γ) ⁵⁹Cu reaction has been studied with a 40 cm³ Ge(Li) detector. The number of γ-rays now known for this decay has more than doubled. Additional direct β⁺ branches to the 1679.7($\text{5}\text{2}{}^{\mathrm{?}}$), 2414.8($\text{3}\text{2}{}^{\mathrm{?}}$) and 2681 keV states of ⁵⁹Ni have been identified with log ft values of 5.5, 5.5 and 6.0, respectively. A major change is the reassignment of the 1340.4 keV γ-ray to a 1679.7 → 339.3 keV transition. A limit of log $\text{ft ≧ 6.9}$ is given for the direct feeding of the 1337($\text{7}\text{2}{}^{\mathrm{?}}$) keV state, together with limits for direct population of other energetically available states. The new weak γ-ray branches found for the 878.0, 1301.5 and 1679.7 keV levels are in excellent agreement with the recent theoretical calculations of Glaudemans et al.     

Spectroscopy of 75Se studied with the 72Ge(α, nγ) reaction

States in ⁷⁵Se have been excited by the reaction ⁷²Ge(α, n)⁷⁵Se and a level scheme built up from the observed γ-ray spectra. Gamma-ray angular distribution measurements have been analysed to yield spin assignments, mixing ratios and branching ratios. Comparison of the positive parity spectrum with the levels predicted by a Coriolis coupling calculation shows good agreement. In particular the model can successfully predict the occurrence of “anomalous” states with $\text{J}{}^{\mathrm{\pi }}\text{=}\text{5}\text{2}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{and}\text{7}\text{2}{}^{\mathrm{+}}$ which lie close to the $\text{9}\text{2}{}^{\mathrm{+}}$ state in this nucleus, and which ar general feature of many neighbouring nuclei. Calculated E2 and M1 transition rates among these levels agree with available experimental data to within a factor of two. A strong case can therefore be made for regarding the low-lying levels in ⁷⁵Se as arising from an odd neutron coupled to a deformed prolate core.     

Levels in 161Tm excited in the decay of 4.2 min 161Yb

The decay of ¹⁶¹Yb ($\text{T}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>1</mtext><mtext>2</mtext>}}\text{= 4.2}\text{min}$) has been investigated with Ge(Li) and Si(Li) detectors and a toroidal β-spectrometer. Isobarically separated samples produced by the YASNAPP facility at Dubna Institute were used. The singles γ-ray spectrum, the conversion electron spectrum, γ-γ-τ and e-γ coincidences have been measured. In all, 67 γ-ray transitions have been observed. A decay scheme for ¹⁶¹Yb is proposed involving 12 excited states in ¹⁶¹Tm. The $\text{7}\text{2}$⁺[404], $\text{7}\text{2}$^?[523] and $\text{5}\text{2}$⁺[402] levels have been identified. The interpretation of the high-lying levels is discussed. The Q-value of ¹⁶¹Yb decay has been determined to be 3850 ± 250 keV. The A-dependence of the energies of the one-quasiparticle states in odd-A Tm isotopes is demonstrated.     

Spin assignments from the 142Nd(7Li, 6He)143Pm and 144Sm(7Li, 6He)145Eu reactions at 52 MeV

Angular distributions have been measured for transitions to low-lying states in ¹⁴³Pm and ¹⁴⁵Eu populated by the ¹⁴²Nd(⁷Li, ⁶He)¹⁴³ and the ¹⁴⁴Sm(⁷Li, ⁶He)¹⁴⁵Eu reactions at $\text{E(}{}^7\text{Li}\text{) = 52}$ MeV. Elastic scattering of ⁷Li at 52 MeV on ¹⁴²Nd and ¹⁴⁴Sm, and ⁶Li at 46 MeV on ¹⁴²Nd and at 45 MeV on ¹⁴⁴Sm, were measured. Optical-model parameters extracted from fits to the scattering data were used in a finite-range DWBA analysis of the angular distributions for levels below 1.40 MeV excitation energy in ¹⁴³Pm and 1.84 MeV in ¹⁴⁵Eu. The reaction cross sections forward of 6° c.m. allow unambiguous distinction to be made between 2d_{$\text{5}\text{2}$} and 2d_{$\text{3}\text{2}$} final states. Final-state spins have been assigned to d-states in ¹⁴³Pm at 1.40 MeV($\text{3}\text{2}$⁺)and in ¹⁴⁵Eu at 1.042 MeV ($\text{3}\text{2}$⁺). Existing assignments to other levels in both residual nuclei have been confirmed.