人工扰动信号在湍流边界层中的衰减

将人工扰动引入湍流流场,使用功率谱分析方法,研究边界层外层的较大频率范围内的人工扰动信号沿流向和法向的衰减,获得了人工扰动在湍流边界层中的衰减趋势．     

空间发展圆管转捩的直接数值模拟

利用直接数值模拟研究圆管流动中由局部壁面引入的周期性吹吸(PSB)扰动沿流向的空间发展,流动的雷诺数Re选定为3000.在临界幅值的PSB扰动下,在较短的圆管内,圆管中的扰动沿流向快速增长,在足够长的圆管内,扰动沿流向持续增长发生转捩,流动发展到湍流阶段.     

空间发展固管转捩的直接数值模拟

利用直接数值模拟研究圆管流动中由局部壁面引入的周期性吹吸(PSB)扰动沿流向的空间发展，流动的雷诺数Re选定为3000．在临界幅值的PSB扰动下，在较短的圆管内，圆管中的扰动沿流向快速增长，在足够长的圆管内，扰动沿流向持续增长发生转捩，流动发展到湍流阶段．     

吹吸扰动对壁湍流相干结构的影响

采用热线风速仪测量受吹吸扰动的壁湍流边界层的流向速度,用傅里叶变换和子波变换研究 吹吸扰动对壁湍流能谱的影响,结果显示施加的低频扰动使边界层内层大尺度结构的能量减 少,小尺度结构的能量有所增强,远离壁面时扰动强度逐步衰减直到在外层中消失;通过VITA 法和子波变换法检测猝发事件,表明该扰动降低了猝发强度,使猝发周期延长,条件平均速 度波形的幅值降低、持续时间变短,说明扰动明显抑制了相干结构的猝发过程. 利用子波变 换可以实现湍谱分析,能有效检测猝发中的湍流结构,是一种客观的分析工具.     

相对论激波的稳定性

本文根据朗道和栗弗席兹给激波稳定性(进化)下的定义,讨论了狭义相对论激波的稳定性,证明了在沿波阵面法向的一维小扰动情况下,当且仅当波前为超声速(M_1>1)而波后为亚声速(M_2<1)时,激波是稳定的。对于包含切向扰动在内的二维扰动,则即使已满足M_1>1,M_2<1的条件,仍存在某种频率和波矢量范围的扰动,使激波不稳定。因此,激波对于二、三维扰动是不稳定的。 小扰动波是入射还是离散若分别用相速度及群速度来定义它们,所得出的稳定的频率和波矢量范围是不同的。 作为两种特例,本文还具体讨论了极端相对论及非相对论两种激波的稳定性,后者的结果与文献[6]的结果同。     

入口扰动频率对矩形射流影响的大涡模拟

为研究入口扰动对矩形射流的影响,对不同扰动频率下的三维矩形射流进行了大涡模拟,用分布投影法求解动量方程,对压力泊松方程采用FACR直接解法.计算结果预报的速度在横向的单峰分布和速度半宽沿流向的近似线性增长与实验结果吻合良好.计算结果表明扰动频率为射流的本征频率fe=0.22时射流的卷吸作用最强,而高频扰动则抑制卷吸作用;激励频率接近本征频率时射流提前出现速度在展向的马鞍型双峰分布,更早趋于圆射流形态.进一步的流场二维和三维瞬态涡结构图谱表明:上述现象与f=0.1和f=0.22时射流近场更频繁卷起、更丰富的大涡结构存在密切关系,正是这些大涡运动不断地在横向卷吸入外界流体,实现射流在横向的迅速扩展.     

临界爆轰的稳定条件和螺旋爆轰波

本文应用耗散结构热力学理论和微扰的方法,研究临界爆轰波对二维扰动的稳定性问题。在忽略粘性、热传导、浓度扩散、外力和交叉效应的情况下,作出了扰动在爆轰波结构内传播的稳定性判据。对Arrhenius反应率,当化学反应活化能E大于某一临界值E_c之后,对反应率随温度增加而增加的放热反应,临界爆轰波对二维扰动是不稳定的,扰动的振幅在反应燃烧区内随时间的增加而增长,直至扰动最后离开爆轰波结构进入波后产物区。当考虑了粘性的影响之后,扰动振幅的增长和衰减依赖于扰动本身的频率,在反应放热量超过某临界值后,频率愈小亦即扰动波长愈长的扰动振幅,随时间增长愈快,以致最长波长的扰动增长掩盖了其它波长的扰动,或者只有最长波长的扰动振幅维持不变,其它波长的扰动振幅都逐渐衰减,最后形成有规则的螺旋爆轰波。所得结果当忽略化学反应以及粘性对扰动传播相速度的微小影响之后,结论与N.Monson和J.A.Fay等所作的声波理论结果相一致,比较成功地解释了螺旋爆轰的一些实验现象。     

等热流密度加热垂直下降液膜的研究

利用等热流密度加热条件下降膜流动的三维模型方程进行线性稳定性分析和数值模拟。线性稳定性分析表明,模型方程在小到中等Reynolds数下都适用,并且流向不稳定性增长率随着Reynolds数和Marangoni数增加而增加,展向不稳定性增长率则随着Marangoni数增加而增加,随着Reynolds数增加而减小,流向和展向对扰动波数都存在一个不稳定区间。三维数值模拟表明,在等热流密度加热条件下,液膜在随机扰动的情况下最终会形成带孤立波的三维溪流状结构,液膜与气体的换热也因溪流状结构的出现而加强;在随机扰动的基础上引入占优势地位的展向最不稳定扰动会使得换热增强,液膜会提前破裂;在随机扰动的基础上引入占优势地位的流向最不稳定扰动时,液膜的换热会增强,但不会提前破裂;在随机扰动的基础上同时引入占优势地位的流向和展向最不稳定扰动时,换热会加强且液膜会提前破裂。     

等热流密度加热垂直下降液膜的研究

利用等热流密度加热条件下降膜流动的三维模型方程进行线性稳定性分析和数值模拟。线性稳定性分析表明,模型方程在小到中等Reynolds数下都适用,并且流向不稳定性增长率随着Reynolds数和Marangoni数增加而增加,展向不稳定性增长率则随着Marangoni数增加而增加,随着Reynolds数增加而减小,流向和展向对扰动波数都存在一个不稳定区间。三维数值模拟表明,在等热流密度加热条件下,液膜在随机扰动的情况下最终会形成带孤立波的三维溪流状结构,液膜与气体的换热也因溪流状结构的出现而加强;在随机扰动的基础上引入占优势地位的展向最不稳定扰动会使得换热增强,液膜会提前破裂;在随机扰动的基础上引入占优势地位的流向最不稳定扰动时,液膜的换热会增强,但不会提前破裂;在随机扰动的基础上同时引入占优势地位的流向和展向最不稳定扰动时,换热会加强且液膜会提前破裂。     

波涡相互作用研究的某些进展(Ⅱ)

<正> 5 波涡共振 从第3节的感受性问题再前进一步,自然要问在什么条件下入射波激发起涡中之波的最大响应.这就导致了入射波与层状或轴状涡中受激波之间共振的概念,简称波涡共振.一般说来,在流体内部若有两个或多个波相会,它们将互相穿透而沿原来的方向离去.但若它们的波矢量和频率满足一定的关系(参见Craik 1985),就会在相会点产生新的波.2阶扰动的振幅可达到1阶扰动振幅的量级,而且流场中会出现一些重要的独特性质.这就是流体内部波共振,波涡共振是其一类情形.      

周期性扰动在湍流边界层中沿法向的衰减

在开口式循环水槽底部湍流边界层外区中引入周期性扰动,利用X型热膜探针对下游扰动进行测量。研究了湍流边界层中周期性人工扰动对湍流结构的影响,获得了人工扰动在湍流边界层中沿法向的衰减趋势。     

Development of customized shear layers on smooth and rough surfaces

Shear layers having different structural properties were produced downstream of devices used to artificially thicken turbulent boundary layers. The means used to produce different structural characteristics are described, along with the effects of changes in structure on wall heat transfer. Results from layers developing over smooth and rough surfaces indicate that alterations of artificial thickening device geometry resulted in larger variations in wall heat transfer near smooth surfaces. The most significant of these occured when alterations were made of inner boundary layer regions, where mean velocity shows a logarithmic dependence on distance from the wall. Outer region changes in mean velocity and turbulence profiles resulted in less significant changes in wall heat transfer, particularly in the flows over the rough wall.     

Internal wave reflections and transmissions arising from a non-uniform mesh. Part III: The occurrence of evanescent waves in the Crank-Nicolson linear finite element scheme

The numerical scheme upon which this paper is based is the 1D Crank–Nicolson linear finite element scheme. In Part I of this series it was shown that for a certain range of incident wavelengths impinging on the interface of an expansion in nodal spacing, an evanescent (or spatially damped) wave results in the downstream region. Here in Part III an analysis is carried out to predict the wavelength and the spatial rate of damping for this wave. The results of the analysis are verified quantitatively with seven ‘hot-start’ numerical experiments and qualitatively with seven ‘cold-start’ experiments. Weare has shown that evanescent waves occur whenever the frequency of a disturbance at a boundary exceeds the maximum frequency given by the dispersion relation. In these circumstances the ‘extended dispersion’ relation can be used to determine the rate of spatial decay. In the context of a domain consisting of two regions with different nodal spacings, the use of the group velocity concept shows that evanescent waves have no energy flux associated with them when energy is conserved.     

Experimental study of the instability of convective boundary layers under the action of vibration

The wave instability of convective boundary layers in a horizontal cylindrical layer of ethanol under the action of vertical hamonic high-frequency vibration is studied. A strong destabilizing effect of the vibration on the stability of the convective boundary layers is detected. In the plane of the gravity and vibration Rayleigh numbers (Ra and R _V ), the excitation limit of the wave instability is determined. The periods of the temperature oscillations caused by the waves in the boundary layers near the inner and outer cavity boundaries are studied as functions of the Rayleigh numbers. Perm’. Translated from Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 3, pp. 32–40, May–June, 1998.     

The effect of compliant coatings on coherent structure in turbulent boundary layers

The velocity profile, turbulence intensity profile, streaky structure and bursting frequency in turbulent boundary layers over a flat plate with compliant coatings were investigated by Laser Doppler Anemometry and conditional sampling techniques. This experiment led to the conclusions that in boundary layer flows on a compliant wall, as compared with that on a rigid wall, the log law region was extended further away from the wall, and that the maximum value of each turbulence intensity profile in the near wall region was reduced and the bursting frequency obviously decreased with the compliant coatings. One point worthy of notice was that the above results were very much like those of polymer drag reduction experiments. The project is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China.     

Bursting frequency in turbulent boundary layers

Employing laser Doppler anemometry and VITA techniques, the bursting frequency in turbulent boundary layers has been measured over the Reynolds-number range 320 to 1470. The result indicates that the mean and non-dimensional bursting frequency scaled with the variables appropriate for the wall region was constant and independent of Reynoids number. When the same data are plotted using the outer variables of boundary layer to normalize the bursting frequency, the non-dimensional frequency increases as the Reynolds number increases. This is in agreement with the results of Blackwelder et al. (1983) who used hot wire anemometry and VITA technique. The project is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China     

Statistical laws of the pressure fluctuations in a hypersonic turbulent boundary layer

The results of measuring the pressure fluctuations on the wall of the nozzle of a hypersonic wind tunnel beneath a developed turbulent boundary layer are presented for the Mach number M_∞ = 7.5. On the basis of a statistical analysis, it is shown that the action of the turbulent flow is dynamically similar to the propagation of a random sequence of wave packets with continuously distributed temporal and spatial scales. Low-frequency disturbances are associated with large-scale structures of long duration that propagate at a mean-statistical velocity similar in value to the outer flow velocity. The continuous generation of weakly-correlated small-scale disturbances ensuring the maintenance and development of turbulence occurs chiefly in the inner region of the boundary layer. Spectral estimates of the power generated by the turbulent flow in the wall region of the boundary layer are presented.     

Shocklets in compressible flows

The mechanism of shocklets is studied theoretically and numerically for the stationary fluid, uniform compressible flow, and boundary layer flow. The conditions that trigger shock waves for sound wave, weak discontinuity, and Tollmien-Schlichting （T-S） wave in compressible flows are investigated. The relations between the three types of waves and shocklets are further analyzed and discussed. Different stages of the shocklet formation process are simulated. The results show that the three waves in compressible flows will transfer to shocklets only when the initial disturbance amplitudes are greater than the certain threshold values. In compressible boundary layers, the shocklets evolved from T-S wave exist only in a finite region near the surface instead of the whole wavefront.     

The response of turbulent flow to the disturbance of a vibrating ribbon

By use of the LDV, experimental investigation was carried out for a turbulent boundary layer which was disturbed with an electric-magnetic vibrating ribbon. It is found that, in the flow, the response of the disturbance contains harmonic components besides the fundamental frequency of the ribbon vibration. The fundamental and harmonic disturbances can also enhance the energy of other frequency components around them. In the experiments, the regular disturbane was introduced in the outer region of the boundary layer. Under the given flow conditions, they can significantly influence the downstream coherent structures in the wall region by suppressing the bursts and increasing their period. The effect on the burst period depends on the disturbing frequency. The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China