Simultaneous electrokinetic and hydrodynamic injection with on-line sample concentration via micelle to solvent stacking in micellar electrokinetic chromatography

Simultaneous electrokinetic and hydrodynamic injection (SEHI) of organic cations (tricyclic antidepressant and beta blocker drugs) with on-line sample concentration using micelle to solvent stacking (MSS) was studied in micellar electrokinetic chromatography. Compared to conventional injection, >300-fold improvements in signals were obtained by hydrodynamic injection. However, with SEHI the amount of sample ions introduced into the capillary was increased which afforded a higher gain of up to 4000-fold without compromise to separation efficiency. The electrokinetic injection at negative polarity (anode at the detector end) introduced the micelle bound analytes. The hydrodynamic injection also maintained the MSS boundary inside the capillary. The stability of the MSS boundary affected SEHI where mild conditions that were low voltage as well as pressure injection were desired. The limits of detection were in the range from 0.6–4.2 ng mL⁻¹. A strategy for optimization was described and the method was applied to the ng mL⁻¹ analysis of spiked wastewater after simple dilution and centrifugation.     

Analysis of ecdysteroids by micellar electrokinetic chromatography with on-line preconcentration

In order to enhance the UV detection sensitivity, an application study of an on-line preconcentration technique for micellar electrokinetic chromatographic (MEKC) was carried out. The simultaneous determination of four test ecdysteroids, 20-hydroxyecdysone, ajugasterone C, polypodine B and ponasterone A has been investigated by using the normal stacking mode in MEKC with UV detection. The effects of anionic surfactant composition and concentration, the applied voltage, the pH buffer, the kind and the amount of organic solvent and the injection time on the analyte resolution were evaluated. The optimised conditions for the separation involved the use of a 50 mM borate as the running buffer containing 50 mM of a mixture of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and sodium cholate (SC) in the ratio of 1:1 together with a concentration of 10% (v/v) of 2-PrOH at pH 9.0. Hydrodynamic injection of 12 s at 50 mbar and separation voltage of 20 kV at temperature of 20 degrees C were employed. These conditions allowed a repeatability separation within 21 min. Concentration detection limit for the neutral analytes studied improve about an order of magnitude. The method was also applied to the determination of ecdysteroids in a real sample.     

Coupling of sequential injection with liquid chromatography for the automated derivatization and on-line determination of amino acids

The principle of sequential injection (SI) was exploited to develop a fully automated pre-column derivatization procedure combined on-line to liquid chromatography (LC). Using SI-LC derivatization 14 amino acids were determined fluorimetrically in pharmaceuticals with o-phthaldialdehyde (OPA) as the derivatization reagent. The SI system was used for the handling of samples and reagents, on-line mixing and introduction to the LC injection system. Chemical (pH and reagents concentrations) and instrumental variables (sample and reagent volumes, reaction time and flow rate) were optimized to attain the highest reaction yield and detector signal. Reversed phase chromatographic resolution of 14 amino acids was achieved within 35 min using gradient elution. The automated operation of the coupled SI-LC system resulted in very satisfactory performance. The method was applied for the simultaneous determination of amino acids in pharmaceutical formulations.     

Cyclodextrin-modified micellar electrokinetic chromatography for separation of norgestrel enantiomers

A simple method for the separation of highly hydrophobic neutral enantiomers by cyclodextrin-modified micellar electrokinetic chro-matography (MEKC) is presented and strongly supported by experiments. The separation depends on the ratio between the concentrations of cyclodextrin (CD) and sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) micelles and there is an optimum value of the ratio for the separation of the enantiomers of norgestrel and 4-androstene-3,17-dione. At the optimum value of the ratio, obtained by adjusting the absolute concentrations of CD and SDS. The electrophoretic mobility difference between two enantiomers can be maintained nearly constant.     

Strategies for the on-line preconcentration and separation of hypolipidaemic drugs using micellar electrokinetic chromatography

Three strategies were investigated for the simultaneous separation and on-line preconcentration of charged and neutral hypolipidaemic drugs in micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC). A background electrolyte (BGE) consisting of 20 mM ammonium bicarbonate buffer (pH 8.50) and 50 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was used for the separation and on-line preconcentration of the drugs. The efficiencies of sweeping, analyte focusing by micelle collapse (AFMC), and simultaneous field-amplified sample stacking (FASS) and sweeping, were compared for the preconcentration of eight hypolipidaemic drugs in different conductivity sample matrices. When compared with a hydrodynamic injection (5 s at 50 mbar, 0.51% of capillary volume to detection window) of drug mixture prepared in the separation BGE, improvements of detection sensitivity of 60-, 83-, and 80-fold were obtained with sweeping, AFMC and simultaneous FASS and sweeping, respectively, giving limits of detection (LODs) of 50, 36, and 38 μg/L, respectively. The studied techniques showed suitability for focusing different types of analytes having different values of retention factor (k). This is the first report for the separation of different types of hypolipidaemic drugs by capillary electrophoresis (CE). The three methods were validated then applied for the analysis of target analytes in wastewater samples from Hobart city.     

胶束在线扫集毛细管电泳法测定三聚氰胺

研究胶束在线扫集毛细管电泳法测定三聚氰胺的可行性,结果表明,与区带毛细管电泳相比,胶束在线扫集毛细管电泳法富集倍数提高约60倍。缓冲体系为140 mmol/L SDS+20 mmol/L NaH2PO4(pH 2.20)+10%(体积分数)甲醇,分离电压-18 kV,进样时间30 s,测量波长214 nm。考察了SDS浓度、pH、进样时间、运行电压等因素对分离测定的影响情况。在优化条件下,三聚氰胺在9 min时出峰,峰面积RSD≤3.7%。方法检出限、线性范围、相关系数分别为:0.13μg/mL、0.50~32.0μg/mL、0.9997。方法可用于奶粉中三聚氰胺的分离测定。     

Field-amplified sample injection and in-capillary derivatization for sensitivity improvement of the electrophoretic determination of histamine

The feasibility of the combination of field-amplified sample injection (FASI) and in-capillary derivatization was explored for improving sensitivity of histamine in capillary electrophoresis (CE). Naphthalene-2,3-dicarboxaldehyde (NDA) was used as derivatization reagent. The reagent and sample was introduced by tandem mode. The derivatization was accomplished by at-inlet mode with standing time of 1.5 min. The combination of FASI and in-capillary derivatization was successfully achieved with about 400-fold concentration sensitivity enhancement compared to pre-capillary derivatization at the same set-up. The detection limit of concentration for histamine reached 1.25 x 10(-11) M by CE and fluorescence detection with S/N = 3. Parameters affecting FASI and in-capillary derivatization process including sample matrix, buffer concentration and reagent injection amount, were investigated.     

Speciation of organomercury compounds by capillary electrophoresis with pre-column derivatization and on-line stacking

A simple capillary electrophoresis method was developed to separate and quantify methylmercury, ethylmercury, and phenylmercury with the enhancement of pre-column derivatization and on-line stacking.     

Separation of binaphthyl enantiomers by capillary zone electrophoresis and electrokinetic chromatography

The capillary electrophoretic (CE) separation of the enantiomers of three binaphthyl compounds is investigated. Several CE modes such as cyclodextrin (CD) modified capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) (CD-CZE), micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC), cyclodextrin electrokinetic chromatography (CD-EKC), etc. are employed for the simultaneous enantiomer separation of the three solutes. The successful separation was achieved by combining two modes, in other words by using more than two chiral selectors. A development of the CE enantiomer separation is demonstrated for the binaphthyl compounds. The enantioselectivity of binaphthyl compounds is alo briefly discussed.     

Quantitative determination of glucoraphanin in Brassica vegetables by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography

Glucoraphanin, a glucosinolate, is found naturally in plants and is present in relatively high concentrations in broccoli. Glucosinolates have received much attention as studies have indicated that a diet rich in them may provide some protection from certain cancers. A micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) method using sodium cholate as the micellar phase has been developed to quantify for glucoraphanin in broccoli (seeds and florets) and Brussels sprouts. The glucoraphanin peak elutes just under 5 min with a theoretical plate number of 380,000 per metre of capillary. The method is suitable for crude extracts of broccoli and Brussels sprouts. Glucoraphanin in broccoli seeds (1330 mg/100 g) broccoli florets (89 mg/100 g) and Brussels sprouts (3 mg/100 g) was determined and agreed with the data obtained by high performance liquid chromatography. The LODs were 10-100 times below the levels typically found in broccoli seeds (4 mg/100 g), broccoli florets (0.9 mg/100 g) and Brussels sprouts (0.1 mg/100 g).     

Continuous on-line derivatization and determination of amino acids by a microfluidic capillary electrophoresis system with a continuous sample introduction interface

An automatic, rapid and continuous on-line derivatization system coupled to microfluidic capillary electrophoresis (CE) for the determination of amino acids using o-phthaldialdehyde/N-acetyl-l-cysteine (OPA/NAC) as the derivative agents has been developed. By on-line derivatization, amino acids were automatically and reproducibly converted to the UV-absorbing derivatives, which were separated by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE). Optimization of derivatization and separation condition was carried out to achieve both good sensitivity and separation efficiency. The separation could be achieved within 4 min and sample throughput rate can reach up to 16 h⁻¹. The repeatability (defined as relative standard deviation, R.S.D.) was 2.56, 2.85, 3.24 and 3.60% with peak area evaluation and 2.93, 3.12, 4.20 and 4.91% with peak height evaluation for arginine (Arg), phenylalanine (Phe), serine (Ser) and glycine (Gly), respectively. The limits of detection (S/N=3) were 10.46, 13.14, 34.39 and 44.79 μmol/l for Arg, Phe, Ser and Gly, respectively. Major advantages of the proposed method include improved precision and efficient automation of the derivatization by the FI system and the enhanced sampling frequencies by the combined FI-CE system.     

Solid-phase iodine as an oxidant in flow injection analysis: determination of ascorbic acid in pharmaceuticals and foods by background correction

A flow injection analysis (FIA)-background correction method comprising two solid-phase reactors and spectrophotometry for determination of ascorbic acid (AsA) is proposed. A polyethylene mini-column filled with solid iodine (30% m/m suspended on silica gel beads), reactor 1, and other column filled only with silica gel, reactor 2, which are then incorporated in a flow system so that solid iodine reagent in reactor 1 is affected as the sample passes through the column. The sample blank is produced by the oxidation of the AsA by iodine to form dehydroascorbic acid, insensitive to ultraviolet at 267 nm. AsA in samples is determined after injected in reactor 2; the difference in two analytical signal observed is related to amount of AsA. The linear range of the system is up to 50 μg ml⁻¹ with a detection limit of 0.08 μg ml⁻¹, R.S.D. of better than 1.0% and sampling frequency of 110 sample h⁻¹. The method is successfully applied to the determination of AsA in pharmaceuticals and foods.     

On-line ion-exchange preconcentration in a flow injection system coupled to capillary electrophoresis for the direct determination of UV absorbing anions

On-line ion-exchange preconcentration, performed in a flow injection analysis system, has been integrated with capillary electrophoresis via a specially designed interface, and a sensitive and selective method for the determination of nitrite, nitrate, bromide and iodide using direct UV absorbance detection has been developed. Fivefold enrichment of these aforementioned anions can be realised. Separation conditions such as carrier electrolyte and concentration of electroosmotic modifier were investigated. Limits of detection were ca. 10 ng ml⁻¹ for nitrite and nitrate in aqueous samples, and the overall relative standard deviation was about 5%.     

离子交换柱后衍生流动注射分光光度在线连续测定水中NO2-和NO3-

建立了连续测定NO2-和NO3-的柱后在线衍生结合流动注射光度分析体系.阴离子交换柱(HPIC-AS3)分离水样中的NO2-和NO3-,洗脱液依次将NO2-和NO3-洗脱流经镀铜镉还原柱,NO3-在线还原为NO2-,与对氨基苯磺酸溶液和N-(1-萘基)-乙二胺溶液合并,在λmax=500 nm处对NO2-和NO3-产生的红色染料进行光度连续检测.NO2-和NO3-的线性范围分别为0.01～1.0mg/L和0.02～2.0 mg/L,检出限分别为0.004和0.008 ng/L.方法用于雨水、湖水和自来水中痕量NO2-和NO3-的同时连续测定.     

Determination of piribedil in pharmaceutical formulations by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography

A fast and simple micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatographic method was developed for the analysis of piribedil in pharmaceutical formulations. The effects of buffer concentration, buffer pH, sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) concentration, organic modifier, applied voltage and injection time were investigated. Optimum results were obtained with a 50 mM borate buffer at pH 8.0 containing 50 mM SDS by using a fused silica capillary (50 m internal diameter, 72 cm effective length). The sample was injected hydrodynamically for 4 s at 50 mbar pressure and the applied voltage was +30 kV. The detection wavelength was set at 205 nm. Diflunisal was used as an internal standard. The analysis was performed at 25 °C and the total run time was 14 min. The method was suitably validated with respect to linearity range, limit of detection and quantification, precision, accuracy, specificity and robustness. The linear calibration range was 5–100 g mL^–1 and the limit of detection was determined as 1 g mL^–1. The method developed was successfully applied to the determination of piribedil in pharmaceutical formulations. The results were compared with a spectrophotometric method reported in the literature and no significant difference was found statistically.     

Comparative study of capillary zone electrophoresis and micellar electrokinetic chromatography for the separation of twelve aromatic sulphonate compounds

Summary Two modes of capillary electrophoresis (CE), capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) and micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC), were investigated for the separation of 12 aromatic sulphonate compounds. In CZE, although the voltage applied, the buffer concentration and the pH were optimized for effective separation of the compounds studied, under the best conditions four of the five amino compounds coeluted, as did naphthalene-1-sulphonic acid and naphthalene-2-sulphonic acid. In MEKC, sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and Brij 35 were chosen as the anionic and nonionic surfactants and the effect of the concentration of micelles was examined. The effect of adding methanol as the organic modifier was also investigated with each of these micellar systems. All the analytes, including the isomers, were completely separated by use of MEKC with Brij 35 but when SDS was used only 11 compounds were separated because two amino compounds coeluted.     

Determination of melatonin in commercial preparations by micellar electrokinetic chromatography and spectrofluorimetry

Melatonin was determined in pharmaceutical preparations by means of two simple and reliable analytical methods based on micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) and spectrofluorimetry. The fluorescence emission values were measured at λ=350 nm when exciting at λ=275 nm. The MEKC analysis was achieved using a system consisting of 40 mM SDS in phosphate buffer (20 mM, pH 7.5). The extraction of melatonin from the tablets was achieved by means of a simple one-step dissolution with methanol/water. Both methods were applied for the determination of melatonin in commercial formulations and galenic preparations. The MEKC procedure allows the quantitative determination of melatonin in all pharmaceutical preparations tested. On the contrary, the spectrofluorimetric method is not suitable for tablets which also contain tryptophan; this interference can be eliminated by a suitable liquid-liquid extraction procedure. The results obtained with the two methods are in good agreement and satisfactory in terms of precision and accuracy.     

Separation of some chiral flavonoids by microbial cyclosophoraoses and their sulfated derivatives in micellar electrokinetic chromatography

Neutral cyclosophoraoses (Cys) and highly sulfated cyclosophoraoses (HS-Cys) were successfully applied as chiral selectors with SDS for the separation of some chiral flavonoids in MEKC. HS-Cys were synthesized by the chemical modification of a family of neutral Cys isolated from a soil microorganism, Rhizobium meliloti 2011. Chiral catechin was separated with a resolution (R(s)) of 0.754 by neutral Cys and SDS. In the case of isosakuranetin and neohesperidin, resolution (R(s)) values of 1.483 and 1.306 were obtained with HS-Cys and SDS, respectively.     

Enantiomeric analysis of rivastigmine in pharmaceuticals by cyclodextrin-modified capillary zone electrophoresis

Chiral separation method development is usually very time-consuming due to the diversity in chemical structures of pharmaceutical drug substances as well as the suitable separation conditions and the problem to choose the appropriate chiral selector. This paper shows capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) which was developed for chiral separation of a basic compound - rivastigmine (RIV) using 30 cm × 50 μm i.d. polyacrylamide (PAA)-coated fused-silica capillary (effective length 20 cm), amine-modified phosphate buffer of pH 2.5 and sulfated-β-CD (S-β-CD) as chiral selector. Other selected native or derivatized cyclodextrins (CDs) were also tested: β-CD (5, 30 mM), carboxymethyl-β-CD (5, 30 mM), dimethyl-β-CD (15 mM), hydroxypropyl-β-CD (5, 30 mM), hydroxypropyl-α-CD (5, 30 mM) and hydroxypropyl-γ-CD (5, 30 mM). Complete enantiomeric separation of RIV was achieved at 20 kV, 18 °C and detection at 200 nm within 8 min with R.S.D. for the absolute migration time reproducibility of less than 2.1%. Rectilinear calibration range was 5.0-500.0 μM of each enantiomer (r = 0.9994-0.9995). The CZE method proposed was used for the control of chiral purity of pharmaceutically active S-RIV and for the analysis of Exelon caps preparation.     

Use of vancomycin as chiral selector in capillary electrophoresis. Optimization and quantitation of loxiglumide enantiomers in pharmaceuticals

Vancomycin has been used as chiral selector for the enantiomers separation of D, L-loxiglumide, a new drug proposed for the treatment of gastrointestinal pathology. The chiral selector, dissolved at very low concentration in the running buffer, filled only part of the capillary (polyacrylamide coated) and allowed chiral resolution in less than 12 min using a 50 mM phosphate buffer at pH 6. The partial separation technique allowed to obtain a detection limit of 0.5 μg/ml for each enantiomer avoiding the drop in sensitivity due to the strong UV absorption of vancomycin when present in the detector path. The effects of vancomycin concentration and buffer pH on enantiomers resolution have been studied in order to find the optimum experimental conditions for the chiral purity control of drug. The optimized method, using the internal standard, showed good reproducibility for both migration times and normalized peak area ratio and for linearity. Under the studied operating conditions it was possible to detect 0.2 % (w/w) of L-loxiglumide as a chiral impurity. Analysis of pharmaceutical preparations of D-loxiglumide did not reveal the presence of the impurity (L-isomer).