可逆与不可逆吸附的CO在甲烷化反应中的作用

在自行设计和建立的加压动态分析装置上,研究了工业甲烷化催化剂(Ni/Al_2O_3)上CO的吸附和反应行为。结果表明,在反应温度250℃下催化剂上吸附的CO有可逆吸附和不可逆吸附之分,甲烷的生成是与不可逆吸附的CO作用的结果,而可逆吸附CO则与生成乙烷、丙烷等密切相关。同时发现甲烷化反应过程的发生必须以不可逆吸附的氢存在为前提,且催化剂上不可逆吸附的氢可分为两部分,一部分可以被CO顶出,这部分氢可能起到了诱导CO吸附的作用;另一部分不可逆吸附的氢不能被CO顶出,这部分氢可能是构成催化剂不可缺少的“组分”(或称“促进剂”)。     

可逆与不可逆氢在甲烷化反应中的作用

用自行设计和建立的加压动态分析装置研究了甲烷化催化剂上氢的吸附和反应行为．结果表明，在反应条件下吸附的氢可区分为不可逆吸附氢和可逆吸附氢两类，不可逆吸附氢又可分为能被ＣＯ顶替出来的和不能被顶替的两种．起甲烷化反应的是可逆吸附氢，而能被ＣＯ顶替出来的不可逆氢对吸附ＣＯ起促进作用，不能被ＣＯ顶替出来的不可逆氢是甲烷化催化剂必不可少的组分（或称“促进剂”）．     

硫化MoO3／Al2O3甲烷化催化剂上不同吸附物种的作用

运用加压动态分析装置研究了硫化MoO_3/A1_2O_3,甲烷化催化剂上CO和H_2的吸附及反应。结果表明,在给定反应条件下催化剂上吸附的CO和H_2可分为可逆与不可逆两类,且对甲烷化反应有着不同的贡献。甲烷的生成是可逆吸附氢和不可逆吸附CO共同作用的结果。不可逆吸附氢与CO不生成甲烷,可逆吸附的CO加氢则与副产物乙烷等的生成密切相关。结合前人的动力学考察结果,解释了Mo系甲烷化催化剂与Ni系甲烷化催化剂要求不同反应压力的实质性原因。     

可逆与不可逆氢的在甲烷化反应中的作用

用自行设计和建立的加压动态分析装置研究了甲烷化催化剂上氢的吸附和反应行为。结果表明，在反应条件下吸附和氢可区分为不可逆吸附氢和可逆吸附氢两类，不可逆吸附氢又可分为能被ＣＯ顶替出来的和不能被顶替的两种。起甲烷化反应的是可逆吸附氢，而能被ＣＯ顶替出来的不可逆氢对吸附ＣＯ起促进作用，不能被ＣＯ顶替出来的不可逆氢是甲烷化催化剂必不可少的组分（或称“促进剂”）。     

可逆与不可逆吸附氢在合成甲醇反应中的作用

在自行设计和建立的加压动态分析装置上研究了合成甲醇催化剂上氢的吸附和反应行为。结果表明:在反应条件下催化剂上吸附的氢可分为可逆吸附氢和不可逆吸附氢;不可逆吸附氢又可分为能被CO顶替出来的和不能被CO顶替出来的两部分;能被CO顶替出来的不可逆吸附氢对CO的吸附起促进作用,不能被CO顶替出来的不可逆吸附氢是合成甲醇催化剂必不可少的“组分”或称“促进剂”;同时甲醇的生成是可逆吸附氢与一氧化碳作用的结果。     

铜锌催化剂上吸附动力学参数的非线性动态分析

本文得到了适应于一氧化碳加氢加压体系非线性动态分析不同吸附物种动力学参数的模型，并优化出工业铜锌催化剂上合成甲醇反应中可逆吸附氢和可逆吸附一氧化碳的吸附速率常数及吸附平衡常数。结果表明：铜锌催化剂上吸附可逆氢比吸附一氧化碳快７倍左右。由于铜锌催化剂上甲醇的生成是可逆吸附氢与可逆吸附一氧化碳共同作用的结果，且铜锌催化剂 可逆吸一氧化碳的表面浓度随气相一氧化碳分压的增加而增加，因而加压将有利于合成甲醇     

添加氧化镧对镍催化剂上一氧化碳甲烷化反应的影响

用脉冲热重差热法及程序升温脱附法研究了添加氧化镧对镍催化剂催化一氧化碳甲烷化反应的影响。结果表明,氧化镧对氧化镍的还原温度没有显著影响。它使无载体的镍催化剂的金属镍表面积稍有降低,但可使Ni/γ-Al_2O_3的镍表面积增加。氧化镧使吸附在镍上的一氧化碳发生解离和岐化反应能力增加,但使氢在镍上的吸附强度减弱。由这两种作用的综合结果,使得添加氧化镧之后的镍催化剂对一氧化碳甲烷化催化反应的转化频率没有显著变化。     

CO在Ni-Zn/C催化剂上的可逆吸附

ＣＯ在ＮｉＺｎ／Ｃ催化剂上的可逆吸附彭峰黄仲涛（华南理工大学化学工程系，广州５１０６４１）关键词一氧化碳，可逆吸附，吸附热，镍，锌，活性炭，负载型催化剂分类号Ｏ６４３／Ｏ６４７化学吸附是分子与催化剂表面原子间形成吸附化学键，具有选择性，是多相催化...     

二氧化碳甲烷化催化剂研究Ⅲ.Ni-Ru-稀土/ZrO2作用下的催化反应机理

用漫反射傅里叶红外光谱法研究了Ｎｉ－Ｒｕ－稀土／ＺｒＯ２多组分催化体系作用下的二氧化碳甲烷化反应机理，结果表明，碳酸根、甲酸根和一氧化碳是催化剂表达可以检出的吸附物种，其中表面的含氧酸类物种是催化反应的主要中间物，二氧化碳通过与载体表面羟基的作用转化为含氧酸根类物种吸附于催化剂表面，并进一步氢解为甲烷，反应中生成的少量一氧化碳可能来源于表面含氧酸根氢解为甲烷的副反应，含不同稀土的多组分催化剂作用下     

二氧化碳甲烷化催化剂研究 Ⅲ.Ni-Ru-稀土/ZrO_2作用下的催化反应机理

用漫反射傅里叶红外光谱法研究了Ｎｉ－Ｒｕ－稀土／ＺｒＯ２多组分催化体系作用下的二氧化碳甲烷化反应机理．结果表明，碳酸根、甲酸根和一氧化碳是催化剂表面可以检出的吸附物种，其中表面的含氧酸根类物种是催化反应的主要中间物．二氧化碳通过与载体表面羟基的作用转化为含氧酸根类物种吸附于催化剂表面，并进一步氢解为甲烷．反应中生成的少量一氧化碳可能来源于表面含氧酸根氢解为甲烷的副反应．含不同稀土的多组分催化剂作用下的二氧化碳甲烷化过程有相同的反应机理．     

超临界流体中CO和H2吸附过程的Monte Carlo模拟

利用Monte Carlo (MC) 方法,研究了一氧化碳和氢气在不同密度正己烷中的等温吸附情况.模型考虑了正己烷密度对一氧化碳和氢气在催化剂表面吸附量与吸附速率的影响.结果表明,主要有三个因素会影响溶质的吸附量:当溶剂密度低于其临界密度时,体系压力是影响溶质吸附量的主要因素；当体系处于超临界区时,超临界溶剂的溶解能力以及溶质和溶剂之间的竞争吸附是影响溶质吸附量的主要因素.在一定范围内增加溶剂的密度（压力）可以提高溶质在催化剂表面的吸附速率.     

载铜活性炭吸附一氧化碳的密度泛函理论计算

应用密度泛函理论和相对论有效核势方法, 用C₁₆H₁₀, C₁₃H₉, C₁₂H₁₂原子簇模型模拟活性炭表面, 计算得到了CO在载铜活性炭上的吸附位、吸附构型和吸附能. 研究表明: 载铜活性炭吸附CO的过程, 本质上是Cu(I)通过σ-π配键与CO络合, 形成Cu—C键的过程. 载铜活性炭对CO的络合吸附能在50～60 kJ/mol之间, 远大于活性炭对CO的物理吸附能(9.15 kJ/mol), 因而络合吸附更稳定, 选择性也更高. Cu(I)选择吸附在活性炭表面的顶位和桥位, 一个Cu(I)至多可以吸附一个到两个CO分子, 但吸附一个CO比吸附两个CO稳定.     

Parametric Study of a Pressure Swing Adsorption Process

The performance of a pressure swing adsorption (PSA) process for production of high purity hydrogen from a binary methane-hydrogen mixture is simulated using a detailed, adiabatic PSA model. An activated carbon is used for selective adsorption of methane over hydrogen. The effects of various independent process variables (feed gas pressure and composition, purge gas pressure and quantity, configuration of process steps) on the key dependent process variables (hydrogen recovery at high purity, hydrogen production capacity) are evaluated. It is demonstrated that many different combinations of PSA process steps, their operating conditions, and the feed gas conditions can be chosen to produce an identical product gas with different hydrogen recovery and productivity.     

Influence of chemisorbed carbon monoxide on the oxidation of molecular hydrogen at smooth platinum in sulfuric acid solution

Potentiostatic current—potential curves of hydrogen oxidation were measured at 0.5 mV s^?1 on two smooth platinum electrodes of different shape in the presence of various coverages with chemisorbed carbon monoxide in 0.5 M H₂SO₄, stirred with molecular hydrogen at 1 cm³ s^?1. Carbon monoxide coverages up to 0.6 have a small influence. The hydrogen oxidation remains controlled by convective diffusion of molecular hydrogen. Above coverages of 0.6, a kinetic step becomes increasingly predominant. The effect of chemisorbed carbon monoxide on the H₂ oxidation is similar to that on hydrogen adsorption, studied previously. The correlation between the rate of the kinetic step and the free energy of hydrogen adsorption in the Temkin model of the surface is established and discussed.     

Adsorption of large macromolecules on fine colloidal particles

A simple model of adsorption of large macromolecules on ultra-fine colloidal particles is presented. The basic assumption of the model is that the number of particles attached to a single molecule is a random quantity. Both the reversible and irreversible polymerparticle binding is considered. Also, effects of the non-ideal mixing of polymer solution with suspension and of the polymer/particle size ratio on the shape of the adsorption isotherm are examined. The predictions of the model are confronted with experimental results of the study on the adsorption of very high molecular weight polyacrylamide on fine AgI colloidal particles.     

Adsorptive denitrogenation of indole from model fuel oil over Co-MAC: Adsorption mechanisms and competitive adsorption

The present research article depicts the adsorptive denitrogenation of indole-containing model oil using cobalt-incorporated acid-activated carbon (Co-MAC). The active metal incorporated acetic acid-activated bio-sorbent showed a significant adsorption capacity for indole from model fuel oil than mere activated carbon. In a batch study, maximum 96% indole removal was achieved with an initial indole concentration of 500 mg/L, catalyst dose of 10 g/L, time of 4 h, and reaction temperature of 303 K. The non-linear regression analysis was opted to fit the experimental equilibrium data into various adsorption isotherms, including Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Redlich, and Peterson. Thermodynamic parameters of adsorption were investigated, and the entropy and heat of adsorption change were determined to be 0.26 kJ/mol K and 57.31 kJ/mol, respectively. Besides, a plausible adsorption mechanism of indole was also explored.     

Scanning electrochemical microscopy of hydrogen electro-oxidation. Rate constant measurements and carbon monoxide poisoning on platinum

We describe an application of the scanning electrochemical microscope that uses tip–sample feedback to characterize the electro-oxidation of hydrogen on a polycrystalline platinum electrode in sulfuric acid solutions in the presence and absence of adsorbed carbon monoxide. The hydrogen oxidation reaction is probed by reducing protons at a diffusion-limited rate at the microscope's tip electrode while it is positioned near a platinum substrate. A series of approach curves measured as a function of the substrate potential provides hydrogen oxidation rate constant values over a wide range of substrate conditions. In the absence of CO, the rate of hydrogen oxidation exceeds 1 cm s⁻¹ at potentials within the hydrogen adsorption and double layer charging regions. A Tafel slope of 30 mV per decade is determined near the reversible potential. At increasingly positive substrate potentials, the hydrogen oxidation rate decreases exponentially with increasing potential as the surface is covered with an oxide layer. The adsorption of solution-phase carbon monoxide completely deactivates the platinum substrate towards steady-state hydrogen oxidation over a large range of substrate potentials. Approach curves indicate a near-zero rate constant for hydrogen oxidation on CO-covered platinum at potentials below oxide formation. An increase in the hydrogen oxidation rate is seen at potentials sufficiently positive that CO fails to adsorb and the platinum oxide forms. In comparison, dynamic tip–substrate voltammetry depicts a complex substrate response whereby the adsorbed carbon monoxide layer transforms from a weakly adsorbed state at low potentials to a strongly adsorbed state at high potentials. Although steady-state approach curve measurements depict the complete deactivation of catalytic activity at these potentials, a significant hydrogen oxidation current is observed during the potential-induced transformation between these weakly and strongly adsorbed CO states. The rate of hydrogen oxidation approaches that of a pristine platinum surface during this surface transformation before returning to the poisoned state.