蜂房移动通信系统分组预约多址（PRMA）协议的性能

本文首先给出了分组预约多址（ＰＲＭＡ）协议的基本性能，接着给出了ＰＲＭＡ的动态性能和多载波ＰＲＭＡ的性能，最后给出了ＰＲＭＡ的改进方法。     

Packet Switching in Radio Channels: Part III--Polling and (Dynamic) Split-Channel Reservation Multiple Access

Here we continue the analytic study of packet switching in radio channels which we reported upon m our two previous papers [1], [2] Again we consider a population of terminals communicating with a central station over a packet-switched radio channel. The allocation of bandwidth among the contending terminals can be fixed [e.g., time-division multiple access (TDMA) or frequency-division multiple access (FDMA)], random [e.g., ALOHA or carrier sense multiple access (CSMA)] or centrally controlled (e.g., polling or reservation). In this paper we show that with a large population of bursty users, (as expected) random access is superior to both fixed assignment and polling. We also introduce and analyze a dynamic reservation technique which we call split-channel reservation multiple access (SRMA) which is interesting in that it is both simple and efficient over a large range of system parameters.     

分组预约多址（PRMA）的性能仿真

本文首先给出了分组预约多址（ＰＲＭＡ）的定义和基本性能，然后通过计算机仿真的方法，分析了话音统计特性对ＰＲＭＡ性能的影响。结果表明ＰＲＭＡ系统容量对话音通信过程中的平均有声期的长度变化不敏感，而对话音通信过程中话音激活因子的变化非常敏感。     

A Bandwidth Reservation Multiple Access Protocol for Wireless ATM Local Networks

A bandwidth reservation multiple access scheme(BRMA) is proposed to resolve contention and assignbandwidth among multiple users trying to gain access toa common channel such as in mobile users contending for resources in an ATM-based cellular networkor a wireless local area network (LAN) with shortpropagation delays. The protocol is best suited tosupport variable-bit-rate (VBR) traffic that exhibits high temporal fluctuations. Each mobile user isconnected end-to-end to another user over virtualchannels via the base station that is connected to thewired ATM B-ISDN network. The channel capacity is modeled as a time frame with a fixed duration.Each frame starts with minislots, to resolve contentionand reserve bandwidth, followed by data-transmissionslots. Every contending user places a request for data slots in one of the minislots. If therequest is granted by the base station through adownlink broadcast channel, the user then startstransmission in the assigned slot(s). The number ofassigned slots varies according to the required qualityof service (QoS), such as delay and packet lossprobability. A speech activity detector is utilized inorder to indicate the talkspurts to avoid wastingbandwidth. Due to its asynchronous nature, BRMA is ratherinsensitive to the burstiness of the traffic. Since theassignment of the minislots is deterministic, therequest channels are contention-free and the data channels are collision-free. Hence, in spite ofthe overhead (minislots) in each frame, BRMA provideshigher throughput than Packet Reservation MultipleAccess (PRMA) for the same QoS, especially for high-speed systems. A better delay performance is alsoachieved for data traffic compared to Slotted Alohareservation-type protocol PRMA. In addition, BRMAperforms better in terms of bandwidth efficiency thanthe conventional TDMA or the Dynamic TDMA, wherespeech activity detectors are very difficult toimplement.     

Speech multiplexing in wireless PCS employing resource auction multiple access (RAMA)

The excess capacity of the access mechanism in resource auction multiple access (RAMA) is evaluated for statistical multiplexing of speech. The aim is to exploit this excess capacity to increase the number of subscribers for a given bandwidth. It is shown that, for packet dropping probabilities of 1%, RAMA can have a multiplexing gain as high as 2.56 with fast speech detection and 2.2 with slow speech detection. The simulation results also indicate that RAMA is suitable for fast handoffs and resource allocation with statistical speech multiplexing over areas with a wide variety of cell sizes.<>     

Reservation CSMA/CD: a multiple access protocol for LAN's

A multiple-access protocol for local area networks is described. It is basically a hybrid of carrier-sense multiple access with collision detection (CSMA/CD) and the broadcast recognizing access method (BRAM). CSMA/CD, which is contention-based, works well under light traffic, but message collisions degrade system performance when the channel becomes heavily loaded. BRAM, which is collision-free, has no longer delays at low load, but its efficiency improves as the load increases. Performance models are developed for the hybrid protocol and for the Ethernet protocol, a proven commercial implementation of CSMA/CD-type protocols. It is found that the hybrid protocol gives better performance for a wide range of scenarios     

Spectrum Efficiency Enhancement in Dynamic Space Coded Multiple Access (DSCMA) System

In cellular mobile communication systems using coded modulations, the spectrum efficiency of the system is related to the number of available codes. Recently, large area synchronous (LAS) CDMA codes, which exhibit a region called interference free window (IFW) within some delay-spread, have been accepted as one of fourth-generation (4G) wireless communication systems. However, the number of synthesized LAS codes is very low due to the low duty ratio of the sequence. In this paper, a dynamic space coded multiple access (DSCMA) scheme which utilizes the spatial diversity from smart antenna system is proposed to overcome the low spectrum efficiency in LAS CDMA system. In the DSCMA a modified version of LAS codes called LAS even ternary (LAS-ET) codes is proposed. These codes are used together with a novel algorithm called dynamic space code (DSC), which will decrease the code length so that the spectrum efficiency can be increased. By taking advantage of dynamic code reuse assignment in spatial diversity, the spectrum efficiency of the DSCMA can be further increased significantly.     

Block Reservation Time Division Multiple Access (BRTDMA) Protocol for a High Capacity Wireless Network

Next generation high capacity wireless networks need to support various types of traffic, including voice, video and data, each of which have different Quality of Service (QoS) requirements for successful transmission. This paper presents an advanced reservation packet access protocol BRTDMA (Block Reservation Time Division Multiple Access) that can accommodate voice and data traffic with equal efficiency in a wireless network. The proposed BRTDMA protocol has been designed to operate in a dynamic fashion by allocating resources according to the QoS criteria of voice and data traffic. Most of the existing reservation protocols offers reservation to voice traffic while data packets are transmitted using contention mode. In this paper we propose a block reservation technique to reserve transmission slots for data traffic for a short duration, which minimizes the speech packet loss and reduce the end-to-end delay for wireless data traffic. The optimum block reservation length for data traffic has been studied in a cellular mobile radio environment using a simulation model. Simulation results show that the BRTDMA protocol offers higher traffic capacity than standard PRMA protocol for integrated voice and data traffic and offers flexibility in accommodating multimedia traffic.     

A Two-Power-Level Method for Multiple Access Frequency-Hopped Spread-Spectrum Communication

This paper suggests a technique applicable to chip-synchronous frequency-hopping MFSK multiaccess communication whereby each user has some high-power-level slots and some low-power-level slots. The optimum proportion of high-power slots is slightly less than1/ewhereeis the natural logarithm base. For this optimum proportion, the data rate efficiency is improved by about 50 percent for fixed bit error rate in the interference-only case.     

应急通信系统的动态频谱接入及性能分析

本文将传统的应急通信系统与认知无线电技术相结合,在授权用户、应急用户和一般认知用户这三类用户共享频谱池的前提下,提出了两种不同接入等级的认知无线电接入策略.在这两种接入策略下,对系统动态频谱接入过程,构建了基于三维马尔可夫链的分析模型.在该模型基础上推导了应急用户和其它认知用户的阻塞率及强制终止概率,给出了它们的数学闭合表达式,并对系统性能进行了分析.仿真结果表明:三级优先级接入策略,使得应急用户的阻塞率和强制终止概率得到了降低,该策略的采用很大程度上提高了应急用户的性能.     

A multiple access scheme for multimedia traffic in wireless ATM

This paper proposes a multiple access scheme for the forthcoming wireless ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) system. Such ATM compatible wireless systems are motivated by the rapidly increasing demand for wireless extensions to broadband networks, which are expected to support mixed broadband services including Constant Bit Rate (CBR), Variable Bit Rate (VBR), and Available Bit Rate (ABR) traffic. Since these different traffics have very different performance requirements, the multiple access scheme design is very challenging. In this paper, we propose a multiple access scheme called Dynamic Time Division Multiple Access with Piggybacked Reservation (DTDMA/PR), attempting to achieve higher statistical multiplexing efficiency in the mixed VBR/CBR/ABR traffic scenario. The basic idea is to exploit two levels of reservation. The first level deals with the isochronous nature of CBR and VBR traffic and the bursty nature of ABR traffic by using the ALOHA reservation procedure. The second level exploits the piggybacked reservation approach to cope with the dynamic feature of VBR traffic in order to increase the multiplexing efficiency. An analytical model is also developed in this paper and verified by simulation. Numerical examples are given to gain some insight into the protocol itself.     

A dynamic packet reservation multiple access scheme for wireless ATM

The dynamic packet reservation multiple access (DPRMA) scheme, a medium access control protocol for wireless multimedia applications, is proposed and investigated. DPRMA allows the integration of multiple traffic types through a single access control mechanism that permits users to specify their immediate bandwidth requirements. The primary feature of DPRMA is the dynamic matching of the traffic source generation rates with the assigned portion of the channel capacity. This is accomplished by a control algorithm that regulates the actual amount of channel capacity assigned to users. To support multimedia communication, channel capacity assignments are prioritized by traffic type. The performance of the scheme is evaluated and the scheme is shown to perform well in a system with voice, video conferencing, and data users present. It is also shown to provide improved performance over a system with a modified version of the packet reservation multiple access (PRMA) scheme. Furthermore, several system parameters are studied and optimized.     

FD-MC-CDMA: A Frequency-Based Multiple Access Architecture for High Performance Wireless Communication

Multi-carrier code division multiple access (MC-CDMA) demonstrates good probability of error performances in frequency selective fading channels, a direct result of its ability to resolve the available frequency diversity. However, MC-CDMA performances may be limited by degradation due to large multiple-access interference (MAI). Frequency division multi-carrier code division multiple access (FD-MC-CDMA), a novel multiple access architecture proposed in this paper, exploits the available frequency diversity benefits while reducing MAI. Specifically, instead of transmitting all users' information bits over all carriers, FD-MC-CDMA employs a subset of carriers to support a subset of users (while maintaining the same overall system capacity and throughput as in MC-CDMA). By careful selection of each subset of carriers, the available frequency diversity benefits are fully exploited, while the MAI experienced by each user is reduced. Furthermore, since the number of carriers employed by each user is significantly reduced, the complexity of the truly optimal multiuser detection (MUD) receiver for FD-MC-CDMA is low. An optimal MUD based on the maximum likelihood (ML) criteria is employed to optimize the system performance of FD-MC-CDMA. The proposed FD-MC-CDMA (with MUD) provides significantly better bit error rate (BER) performances than traditional MC-CDMA systems with little increase in system complexity.     

A Time Reuse Capture Access (TRCA) Protocol for PCS and Wireless ATM Applications

The Time Reuse Capture Access (TRCA) protocol isa medium access control protocol appropriate forpersonal communications and wireless AsynchronousTransfer Mode (ATM) applications. It is based on time reuse rather than frequency reuse. Frequencychannels are reused in every cell (frequency reuse one).Each FDMA channel has a TDMA frame structure. The numberof slots in the frame is equal to the time reuse factor and each slot is assigned to aspecific cell in the reuse cluster. Each mobile usertransmits in its assigned frequency channel and TDMAtime slot which corresponds to the cell it currently belongs. The protocol also exploits the powercapture phenomenon in which simultaneous transmissionsof users in adjacent cells may be successfully received.Two possible applications of the proposed TRCA protocol are considered in this paper. In thefirst application, TRCA is used for random packet accessin wireless personal communication. Users transmit theirpackets using the assigned and non-assigned time slots to take advantage of the effect ofcapture and non-uniform traffic loads. The portion oftransmissions that takes place in each time slot iscontrolled so that the overall throughput is maximized. In the second application, TRCA is used forreliable transmission of ATM cell over a wirelesschannel. The proposed protocol allows the transmissionof continuous bit rate (CBR) ATM cells over a wireless link so that bit error rate (BER) and delayrequirements are met. Transmissions take place in theassigned time slots but the non-assigned time slots canbe used for re-transmission if the previous transmission was unsuccessful.     

A Hybrid Adaptive Wireless Channel Access Protocol for Multimedia Personal Communication Systems

This paper proposes a new medium access protocol (MAC) protocol for futurewireless multimedia personal communication systems, denoted hybrid andadaptive multiple access control (HAMAC) protocol. The HAMAC protocolintegrates fixed assignment TDMA protocol, reservation-based protocols, andcontention-based protocols into a single wireless network so as tosimultaneously and efficiently support various classes of traffic such asconstant-bit-rate (CBR), variable-bit-rate (VBR), and available-bit-rate (ABR)traffic. In particular, the HAMAC protocol uses a novel preservationslot technique to overcome the packet contention overhead in packetreservation multiple access (PRMA) like protocols, while keeping mostisochronous service features of TDMA protocols to serve voice and CBR trafficstreams. A preservation slot is a very short slot which is used torepresent a CBR connection when the traffic in the CBR connection is in asilent period in which there is no meaningful data to transmit. Due to thevery short length of the preservation slot, it only takes minimalportion of the bandwidth pre-allocated to the CBR connection, so that theremaining bandwidth can be freed for other connections to use. When the CBRsource becomes active again, the preservation slot is replaced bynormal data slots without any reservation operation, extra delay, orsignificant bandwidth loss. Consequently, the guaranteed service andsimplified signaling features of TDMA protocols, together with the adaptivebandwidth allocation features of PRMA-like protocols, are both realized in theHAMAC protocol. We have analyzed the performance of the HAMAC protocol usingextensive simulations. The results show that the HAMAC protocol can achievevery low loss rates for various multimedia traffic with stringent quality ofservice (QoS) requirements and outperforms state-of-the-art PRMA-likeprotocols. As a result, the HAMAC protocol appears to be a good candidate forfuture generation multimedia personal communication systems.     

On the Dynamic Control of the Urn Scheme for Multiple Access Broadcast Communication Systems

The Urn scheme is known to perform better than optimal ALOHA and TDMA for all ranges of traffic rates. In this paper we discuss the dynamic behavior of the Urn scheme to show that it possesses bistable behavior in a manner similar to ALOHA schemes and that dynamic control procedures can be applied to improve the system performance effectively. In particular, an input control procedure (ICP) is presented that gives a delay-throughput characteristic very close to optimal (perfect scheduling) for a wide range of throughput rates. The improvement is obtained at no extra cost in terms of information acquisition and the complexity introduced is minimal. An analytical method is described to calculate the expected delay, throughput, and the probability of packet rejection. Numerical results are shown for various values of user population and compared with corresponding results for other schemes.     

A new framework for GLIF Interdomain Resource Reservation Architecture (GIRRA)

Many existing and emerging Scientific high-end applications (E-science) require end-to-end circuits interconnecting Grid resources for large data transfers. A few advanced networks, mainly National Research and Education Networks (NRENs), such as Surfnet, National Lambda Rail and Internet 2, now provide mechanisms for end-users to reserve and provision lightpaths via middleware referred to as Network Resource Mangers (NRMs). Although, some progress has been made in automated intra-domain lightpath services, inter-domain lightpath provisioning still requires manual intervention and presents several key challenges such as scalability of topology information exchanged, consistency and scalability of information model, security of access to the resources, hybrid networking and multi-layer lightpaths, and accounting and billing. In this paper, we describe a new architectural framework called Global Lambda Integrated Facility (GLIF) Interdomain Resource Reservation Architecture (GIRRA) with the goal to provide an integrated response to these challenges. We propose a new approach to model GLIF network domains and GOLEs as virtual switches and to describe their behavior, functionality, policy capabilities, and topology aggregation. We define an inter-domain path computation model to determine paths that meet constraints and access policy restrictions. We propose a security framework for authentication and authorization of users and a model for accounting and billing that aims to provide easy and secure access to the resources. Key aspects of the GIRRA solution are that it focuses on the inter-dependence between different challenges of inter-domain path provision, and it is built around already existing solutions for intra-domain resource provisioning.     

可调串行光码分多址编码器/解码器

分析了目前存在的编解码器的优缺点 ,提出一种可调串行全光码分多址 (CDMA)编解码器。根据其工作原理 ,推导其最佳设计参数 ,并进行功能仿真 ,验证了该编解码器的正确性及可实现串行编解码、地址码可调、编解码器一体、既可用于同步码分多址又可用于异步码分多址通信等特点。     

A multiple access scheme for chaos-based digital communication systems utilizing transmitted reference

In this paper, a multiple access (MA) technique is proposed for chaos-based communication systems, in which chaotic reference signals are transmitted followed by the information-bearing signals. Chaotic reference signals modulated by a binary training sequence are sent periodically. The same chaotic signals are then modulated by the binary data and transmitted. To achieve MA, different chaotic signals and training sequences are assigned to different users. Two types of receivers are proposed. For the first one, an adaptive filter is employed which aims to reduce the inter-user interference. For the second receiver type, a simple inverse-and-average method is used in an attempt to recover the chaotic reference signal, which is then used to correlate with the information-bearing signals for determining the received symbols. The performance bounds of these two schemes are also derived. Finally, the bit error rates of the proposed system are simulated and compared.