Analytic operator Lipschitz functions in the disk and a trace formula for functions of contractions

In this paper we prove that for an arbitrary pair {T ₁, T ₀} of contractions on Hilbert space with trace class difference, there exists a function ξ in L ¹(T) (called a spectral shift function for the pair {T ₁, T ₀}) such that the trace formula trace(f(T ₁) ? f(T ₀)) = ∫_T f′(ζ)ξ(ζ)dζ holds for an arbitrary operator Lipschitz function f analytic in the unit disk.     

Convexity,moduli of smoothness and a Jackson-type inequality

For a Banach space B of functions which satisfies for some m>0

$ \max ({\|F+G\|}_B,{\|F-G\|}_B)\geqq ({\|F\|}^s_B+m{\|G\|}^s_B)^{1/s},\quad \forall \,F,G\in B $

(?)

a significant improvement for lower estimates of the moduli of smoothness ω ^r (f,t) _B is achieved. As a result of these estimates, sharp Jackson inequalities which are superior to the classical Jackson type inequality are derived. Our investigation covers Banach spaces of functions on ? ^d or \(\mathbb{T}^{d}\) for which translations are isometries or on S ^d?1 for which rotations are isometries. Results for C ₀ semigroups of contractions are derived. As applications of the technique used in this paper, many new theorems are deduced. An L _p space with 1<p<∞ satisfies (?) where s=max??(p,2), and many Orlicz spaces are shown to satisfy (?) with appropriate s.

     

Estimates of sums of zero multiplicities for eigenfunctions of the Laplace-Beltrami operator

We obtain an upper estimate N?_χ(M) for the sum Q _N of singular zero multiplicities of the Nth eigenfunction of the Laplace-Beltrami operator on the two-dimensional, compact, connected Riemann manifold M, where _χ M is the Euler characteristic ofM. Stronger estimates, but equivalent asymptotically (N å ∞), are given for the cases of the sphere S ² and the projective plane ?². Asymptotically sharper estimates are shown for the case of a domain on the plane.     

Perturbations of strongly continuous operator semigroups,and matrix Muckenhoupt weights

Let A and A ₀ be linear continuously invertible operators on a Hilbert space ? such that A ^?1 ? A ₀ ^?1 has finite rank. Assuming that σ(A ₀) = ? and that the operator semigroup V ₊(t) = exp{iA ₀ t}, t ≥ 0, is of class C ₀, we state criteria under which the semigroups U _±(t) = exp{±iAt}, t ≥ 0, are of class C ₀ as well. The analysis in the paper is based on functional models for nonself-adjoint operators and techniques of matrix Muckenhoupt weights.     

Relative widths of Sobolev classes in the uniform and integral metrics

Let W_p^r be the Sobolev class consisting of 2π-periodic functions f such that ‖f^(r)‖_p ≤ 1. We consider the relative widths d_n(W_p^r, MW_p^r, L_p), which characterize the best approximation of the class W_p^r in the space L_p by linear subspaces for which (in contrast to Kolmogorov widths) it is additionally required that the approximating functions g should lie in MW_p^r, i.e., ‖g^(r)‖_p ≤ M. We establish estimates for the relative widths in the cases of p = 1 and p = ∞; it follows from these estimates that for almost optimal (with error at most Cn^?r, where C is an absolute constant) approximations of the class W_p^r by linear 2n-dimensional spaces, the norms of the rth derivatives of some approximating functions are not less than cln min(n, r) for large n and r.     

Nonlinear trigonometric approximations of multivariate function classes

Order-sharp estimates are established for the best N-term approximations of functions from Nikol’skii–Besov type classes B_pq^sm(T^k) with respect to the multiple trigonometric system T^(k) in the metric of L_r(T^k) for a number of relations between the parameters s, p, q, r, and m (s = (s₁,..., s_n) ∈ R₊ⁿ, 1 ≤ p, q, r ≤ ∞, m = (m₁,..., m_n) ∈ Nⁿ, k = m₁ +... + m_n). Constructive methods of nonlinear trigonometric approximation—variants of the so-called greedy algorithms—are used in the proofs of upper estimates.     

BMO and exponential Orlicz space estimates of the discrepancy function in arbitrary dimension

In the current paper, we obtain discrepancy estimates in exponential Orlicz and BMO spaces in arbitrary dimension d ≥ 3. In particular, we use dyadic harmonic analysis to prove that the dyadic product BMO and exp(L^2/(d?1)) norms of the discrepancy function of so-called digital nets of order two are bounded above by (logN)^(d?1)/2. The latter bound has been recently conjectured in several papers and is consistent with the best known low-discrepancy constructions. Such estimates play an important role as an intermediate step between the well-understood L_p bounds and the notorious open problem of finding the precise L_∞ asymptotics of the discrepancy function in higher dimensions, which is still elusive.     

Intrinsic Ultracontractivity for Schrödinger Operators Based on Fractional Laplacians

We study the Feynman-Kac semigroup generated by the Schrödinger operator based on the fractional Laplacian ??(???Δ)^α/2???q in R ^d , for q?≥?0, α?∈?(0,2). We obtain sharp estimates of the first eigenfunction φ ₁ of the Schrödinger operator and conditions equivalent to intrinsic ultracontractivity of the Feynman-Kac semigroup. For potentials q such that lim_{|x| →?∞?} q(x)?=?∞ and comparable on unit balls we obtain that φ ₁(x) is comparable to (|x|?+?1)^???d???α (q(x)?+?1)^???1 and intrinsic ultracontractivity holds iff lim_{|x| →?∞?} q(x)/log|x|?=?∞. Proofs are based on uniform estimates of q-harmonic functions.     

Some estimates for the number of vertices of integer polyhedra

A polyhedron is called integer if its every vertex has integer coordinates. We consider integer polyhedra P _I = conv(P ∩ ? ^d ) defined implicitly; that is, no system of linear inequalities is known for P _I but some is known for P. Some estimates are given for the number of vertices of P _I .     

Membership of distributions of polynomials in the Nikolskii–Besov class

The main result of this paper asserts that the distribution density of any non-constant polynomial f(ξ₁,ξ₂,...) of degree d in independent standard Gaussian random variables ξ₁ (possibly, in infinitely many variables) always belongs to the Nikol’skii–Besov space B^1/d (R¹) of fractional order 1/d (see the definition below) depending only on the degree of the polynomial. A natural analog of this assertion is obtained for the density of the joint distribution of k polynomials of degree d, also with a fractional order that is independent of the number of variables, but depends only on the degree d and the number of polynomials. We also give a new simple sufficient condition for a measure on R^k to possess a density in the Nikol’skii–Besov class B^α(R)^k. This result is applied for obtaining an upper bound on the total variation distance between two probability measures on R^k via the Kantorovich distance between them and a certain Nikol’skii–Besov norm of their difference. Applications are given to estimates of distributions of polynomials in Gaussian random variables.     

Estimates for the Torsion Function and Sobolev Constants

Let Ω be an open set in Euclidean space, and let u : Ω → ?^?+? be the expected lifetime of Brownian motion in Ω. It is shown that if u?∈?L ^p (Ω) for some p?∈?[1, ?∞?) then (i) u?∈?L ^q (Ω) for all q?∈?[p,?∞?], and (ii) \({trace}\left(e^{t\Delta_{\Omega}}\right)<\infty\) for all t?>?0, where ??Δ_Ω is the Dirichlet Laplacian acting in L ²(Ω). Pointwise bounds are obtained for u in terms of the first Dirichlet eigenfunction for Ω, assuming that the spectrum of ??Δ_Ω is discrete. It is shown that if Ω is open, bounded and connected in the plane and \(\partial\Omega\) has an interior wedge with opening angle α at vertex v then the first Dirichlet eigenfunction and u are comparable near v if and only if α?≥?π/2. Two sided estimates are obtained for the Sobolev constant

$ C_p(\Omega):= \inf\left\{\Vert \nabla u \Vert_2^2: u \in C_0^{\infty}(\Omega),\ \Vert u\Vert_p = 1\right\}, $

where 0?p?Ω satisfies a strong Hardy inequality, and the distance to the boundary function δ?∈?L ^2p/(2???p)(Ω).

     

Approximation of Gaussian Random Fields: General Results and Optimal Wavelet Representation of the Lévy Fractional Motion

We investigate the approximation rate for certain centered Gaussian fields by a general approach. Upper estimates are proved in the context of so–called Hölder operators and lower estimates follow from the eigenvalue behavior of some related self–adjoint integral operator in a suitable L ₂(μ)–space. In particular, we determine the approximation rate for the Lévy fractional Brownian motion X _H with Hurst parameter H∈(0,1), indexed by a self–similar set T?? ^N of Hausdorff dimension D. This rate turns out to be of order n ^?H/D (log?n)^1/2. In the case T=[0,1] ^N we present a concrete wavelet representation of X _H leading to an approximation of X _H with the optimal rate n ^?H/N (log?n)^1/2.     

Pointwise estimates of polynomials orthogonal on a circle with respect to a weight not belonging to the spaces <Emphasis Type="Italic">L</Emphasis><Superscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">r</Emphasis></Superscript> (<Emphasis Type="Italic">r</Emphasis> &gt; 1)

Two-sided pointwise estimates are established for polynomials that are orthogonal on the circle |z| = 1 with respect to the weight ?(τ): = h(τ)|sin(τ/2)|^?1 g(|sin(τ/2)|) (τ ∈ ?), where g(t) is a concave modulus of continuity slowly changing at zero such that t ^?1 g(t) ∈ L ¹[0, 1] and h(τ) is a positive function from the class C _2π with a modulus of continuity satisfying the integral Dini condition. The obtained estimates are applied to find the order of the distance from the point t = 1 to the greatest zero of a polynomial orthogonal on the segment [?1, 1].     

On the traces of Sobolev functions on Lipschitz surfaces

Functions from the Sobolev spaces W _p ¹(Q) are considered on a unit cube Q ? R ⁿ , and the properties of their traces on Lipschitz surfaces are examined. The relation is found between the Hölder exponent α and the Hausdorff dimension of the family of poor k-dimensional planes Γ on which the traces do not belong to C ^α(Γ). For the corresponding families of poor k-dimensional Lipschitz surfaces, estimates in terms of p-modules are obtained.     

Homogenization of the Dirichlet problem for elliptic and parabolic systems with periodic coefficients

Let O ? R ^d be a bounded domain of class C ^1,1. Let 0 < ε - 1. In L ₂(O;C ⁿ ) we consider a positive definite strongly elliptic second-order operator B _D,ε with Dirichlet boundary condition. Its coefficients are periodic and depend on x/ε. The principal part of the operator is given in factorized form, and the operator has lower order terms. We study the behavior of the generalized resolvent (B _D,ε ? ζQ ₀(·/ε))^?1 as ε → 0. Here the matrix-valued function Q ₀ is periodic, bounded, and positive definite; ζ is a complex-valued parameter. We find approximations of the generalized resolvent in the L ₂(O;C ⁿ )-operator norm and in the norm of operators acting from L ₂(O;C ⁿ ) to the Sobolev space H ¹(O;C ⁿ ) with two-parameter error estimates (depending on ε and ζ). Approximations of the generalized resolvent are applied to the homogenization of the solution of the first initial-boundary value problem for the parabolic equation Q ₀(x/ε)? _t v _ε (x, t) = ?(B _D,ε v _ε )(x, t).     

Error estimates of numerical methods for the nonlinear Dirac equation in the nonrelativistic limit regime

We present several numerical methods and establish their error estimates for the discretization of the nonlinear Dirac equation(NLDE) in the nonrelativistic limit regime, involving a small dimensionless parameter 0 ε≤ 1 which is inversely proportional to the speed of light. In this limit regime, the solution is highly oscillatory in time, i.e., there are propagating waves with wavelength O(ε~2) and O(1) in time and space,respectively. We begin with the conservative Crank-Nicolson finite difference(CNFD) method and establish rigorously its error estimate which depends explicitly on the mesh size h and time step τ as well as the small parameter 0 ε≤ 1. Based on the error bound, in order to obtain ‘correct' numerical solutions in the nonrelativistic limit regime, i.e., 0 ε■ 1, the CNFD method requests the ε-scalability: τ = O(ε~3) and h= O(ε~(1/2)). Then we propose and analyze two numerical methods for the discretization of NLDE by using the Fourier spectral discretization for spatial derivatives combined with the exponential wave integrator and timesplitting technique for temporal derivatives, respectively. Rigorous error bounds for the two numerical methods show that their ε-scalability is improved to τ = O(ε~2) and h = O(1) when 0 ε■1. Extensive numerical results are reported to confirm our error estimates.     

Nonparametric mean estimation of percentage points and density function values

Let us consider a sample of sizen from a statistical population with probability density function f(x) and 100p per cent point θ_p. The functionf (x) is assumed to be of an analytic nature. This paper presents some methods for approximate nonparametric expected value estimation of θ_p and 1/f(θ _p ). These results are applicable for anyp value which is not too near 0 or 1 and alln values which are not too small. A nonparametric estimate whose expected value differs from θ _p by terms of ordern ^?7/1 can be obtained. For l/f(θ _p ), an estimate whose expected value is accurate to terms of ordern ^?3can be obtained. The estimates developed consist of linear functions of specified order statistics of the sample. The order statistics used are sample percentage points with percentage values which are near 100p. Letm be the number of order statistics appearing in an estimate (m is at most 7). Then the coefficients for the linear estimation function are obtained by solving a specified set of m linear equations inm unknowns. All the estimates presented are consistent.     

Analysis of some numerical methods on layer adapted meshes for singularly perturbed quasilinear systems

We consider a coupled system of first-order singularly perturbed quasilinear differential equations with given initial conditions. The leading term of each equation is multiplied by a distinct small positive parameter, which induces overlapping layers. The quasilinear system is discretized by using first and second order accurate finite difference schemes for which we derive general error estimates in the discrete maximum norm. As consequences of these error estimates we establish nodal convergence of O((N ^?1 lnN) ^p ),p=1,2, on the Shishkin mesh and O(N ^?p ),p=1,2, on the Bakhvalov mesh, where N is the number of mesh intervals and the convergence is robust in all of the parameters. Numerical computations are included which confirm the theoretical results.