Antioxidant capacity of Ocimum basilicum L. and Origanum vulgare L. extracts

The antioxidant properties of five different extracts (Et?O, CHCl?, EtOAc, n-BuOH, and H?O) of Ocimum basilicum L. and Origanum vulgare L. were studied. Antioxidant activity was assessed in six different model systems. Free radical scavenging capacity (RSC) was evaluated by measuring the scavenging capacity of extracts on DPPH, NO, O??? and OH radical, as well as on hydrogen peroxide (H?O?). In addition, the protective effects on lipid peroxidation in liposomes (LPx) were evaluated by TBA-assay using the Fe2?/ascorbate induction system. The amount of total phenolic compounds and content of total flavonoids was also determined. EtOAc, n-BuOH and H?O extracts of O. basilicum and O. vulgare expressed very strong scavenger activity. Furthermore, the mentioned extracts showed notable inhibition of LPx. On the other hand, Et?O and CHCl? extracts showed much weaker effect in the neutralization of DPPH, NO and O??? radicals and the neutralization of H?O?. When examining the production of OH radicals and inhibition of LPx, the Et?O and CHCl? extracts showed weak prooxidative properties. The observed differences in antioxidant activity could be partially explained by the levels of phenolics and flavonoids in the investigated O. basilicum and O. vulgare extracts.     

In vitro antioxidant activity of the water and ethanol extracts of Forsythia koreana flowers

The antioxidant activities of the water and ethanol extracts of F. koreana flowers were evaluated using DPPH, superoxide anion (?O(-2)), and nitric oxide (?NO) radical scavenging activity assays. The SC(50) values of the water extract of F. koreana on DPPH, ?O(-2) and ?NO were 48.39, 24.36 and 100.21 μg mL(-1), respectively. The SC(50) values of the ethanol extract of F. koreana on the aforesaid free radicals were 57.50, 49.00 and 146.08 μg mL(-1), respectively. Further, the total phenolic contents of both extracts were determined and expressed as milligram gallic acid equivalent (GAE) per gram of extract. The water extract exhibited a higher phenolic content (113.78 mg GAE?g(-1)), while the ethanol extract showed 94.53?mg GAE?g(-1). Our findings demonstrate that the water and ethanol extracts of F. koreana flowers might be potential natural sources of antioxidative additives for use in the food and other allied industries.     

Increased carbon dioxide concentration improves the antioxidative properties of the Malaysian herb kacip fatimah (Labisia pumila Blume)

A randomized complete randomized design (RCBD) 3 by 3 experiment was designed to investigate and distinguish the relationships among production of secondary metabolites (total phenolics, TP; total flavonoids, TF), gluthatione (GSH), oxidized gluthatione (GSSG), soluble carbohydrate and antioxidant activities of the Malaysian medicinal herb Labisia pumila Blume under three levels of CO? enrichment (400, 800 and 1,200 μmol mol?1) for 15 weeks. It was found that the treatment effects were solely contributed by interaction of CO? levels and secondary metabolites distribution in plant parts, GSH, GSHH and antioxidant activities (peroxyl radicals (ROO), superoxide radicals (O?), hydrogen peroxide (H?O?) and hydroxyl radicals (OH). The records of secondary metabolites, glutahione, oxidized gluthathione and antioxidant activities in a descending manner came from the leaf enriched with 1,200 μmol/mol CO? > leaf 800 μmol/mol CO? > leaf 400 μmol/mol CO? > stem 1,200 μmol/mol CO? > stem 800 μmol/mol CO? > stem 400 μmol/mol CO? > root 1,200 μmol/mol CO? > root 800 μmol/mol CO? > root 400 μmol/mol CO?. Correlation analyses revealed strong significant positive coefficients of antioxidant activities with total phenolics, flavonoids, GSH and GSHH indicating that an increase in antioxidative activity of L. pumila under elevated CO? might be up-regulated by the increase in production of total phenolics, total flavonoids, GSH, GSHH and soluble sugar. This study implied that the medicinal potential of herbal plant such as L. pumila can be enhanced under elevated CO?, which had simultaneously improved the antioxidative activity that indicated by the high oxygen radical absorbance activity against ROO, O?, H?O?, and OH radicals.     

Antioxidant activity of organic and aqueous leaf extracts of Cassia occidentalis L. in relation to their phenolic content

In this study, the antioxidant potency of sequential organic and aqueous leaf extracts of Cassia occidentalis was investigated, employing various established in vitro systems such as nitric oxide scavenging (NOS) activity, β-carotene-linoleic acid model system, hydroxyl radical scavenging (HRS) activity, reducing power, metal chelating activity (MCA) and superoxide radical scavenging (SRS) activity. The aqueous extract of the leaves of C. occidentalis was found to be most effective against free radicals, followed by the methanolic, chloroform, petroleum ether and benzene extracts, respectively. A preliminary study of qualitative and quantitative estimations of phenolics was performed, and the results were correlated with different antioxidant tests. A positive and significant (p?相似文献   

Antioxidant activity of aqueous methanol extracts of Protaetia brevitarsis Lewis (Coleoptera: Scarabaedia) at different growth stages

In this study, we evaluate the antioxidant properties of the various extracts of Protaetia brevitarsis Lewis (Coleoptera: Scarabaedia) at different growth stages. The antioxidant activities of six different extracts from larvae, pupae and imago were measured by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) and singlet oxygen (1O? ). The larval methanol extracts (LME) and imago methanol extracts (IME) displayed the greatest effect in DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assay, but the activity of water extracts was weaker in the all tested assays. However, LME and IME could be compared to ascorbic acid in 1O? quenching ability (the effective concentrations of 50% 1O? quenching: EC?? 0.174, 0.149 and 0.177?mg?mL?1, respectively). The antioxidant ability of the extracts to scavenge free radicals could significantly change the contents of gallic acid equivalent, an important factor based on the value of R2. The results suggest that our study may contribute to the development of new bioactive products with potential applications to reduce oxidative stress as well as play a vital role in protecting insect organisms against oxidative damage caused by undesirable conditions.     

Development of an HPLC post-column antioxidant assay for Solidago canadensis radical scavengers

The aim of this work was to modify and validate the post-column high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-ABTS and DPPH methods for evaluating the antioxidant activity of the methanolic extracts of Solidago canadensis (Canadian goldenrod) leaves and flowers. Separation of the analytes was performed via the HPLC-PDA method on a YMC analytical column using a gradient elution program. Three compounds with antioxidant properties – chlorogenic acid, rutin and isoquercitrin – and two unidentified antioxidants were established. The research showed that the coil temperature regimes and loop length combinations influence the optimised post-column assay method for detecting the antioxidant activity of goldenrod radical scavengers. Investigations established that the temperature in the reaction coil was a substantial factor contributing to the signal strength of the analytes after reacting with the DPPH and ABTS radicals.     

Phytochemical and in vitro screening of some Ficus and Morus spp. for hypolipidaemic and antioxidant activities and in vivo assessment of Ficus mysorensis (Roth)

Phytochemical screening of air-dried leaves and fruit juice of certain Ficus and Morus spp. have been studied. In an in?vitro study, the ethanol and hexane extracts of the investigated plants were evaluated against hyperlipidaemia by estimating the rate limiting enzyme of cholesterol biothenysis; β-hydroxy-β-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMG-CoA reductase). The antioxidant activity was evaluated by reduction of DPPH(-) free radical. Extra phytochemical screening of Ficus extracts was undertaken, which recorded potent hypolipidaemic and antioxidant activities. The more pronounced extract, Ficus mysorensis (hexane extract), was evaluated in?vivo by estimation of the lipid profile and certain antioxidant parameters in hypercholesterolemic rats. The hexane fraction was chromatographed and six isolated compounds were identified. Furthermore, its saponifiable fraction was identified by a MS/MS technique. In conclusion, F. mysorensis recorded hypolipidaemic and antioxidant effects. Detailed studies of the isolated compounds must be undertaken for an evaluation against hypercholesterolemia and free radical elevation.     

Moringa oleifera hydroethanolic extracts effectively alleviate acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in experimental rats through their antioxidant nature

The aim of the study was to investigate the in vitro antioxidant properties Moringa oleifera Lam. (MO) extracts and its curative role in acetaminophen (APAP)-induced toxic liver injury in rats caused by oxidative damage. The total phenolic content and antioxidant properties of hydroethanolic extracts of different MO edible parts were investigated by employing an established in vitro biological assay. In the antihepatotoxic study, either flowers or leaves extract (200 mg/kg or 400 mg/kg, i.p) were administered an hour after APAP administration, respectively. N-Acetylcysteine was used as the positive control against APAP-induced hepatotoxicity. The levels of liver markers such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and the levels of oxidative damage markers including malondialdehyde (MDA), 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) protein adduct, reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were analysed and compared between experimental groups. Among MO edible parts the flower extracts contain the highest total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity, followed by leaves extract. The oxidative marker MDA, as well as 4-HNE protein adduct levels were elevated and GSH, SOD and CAT were significantly decreased in groups treated with hepatotoxin. The biochemical liver tissue oxidative markers measured in the rats treated with MO flowers and leaves hydroethanolic extracts showed a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in the severity of the liver damage. The results of this study strongly indicate the therapeutic properties of MO hydroethanolic extracts against acute liver injury and thereby scientifically support its traditional use.     

Metabolomic Approach for Rapid Identification of Antioxidants in Clinacanthus nutans Leaves with Liver Protective Potential

Antioxidants are currently utilized to prevent the occurrence of liver cancer in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) patients. Clinacanthus nutans possesses anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties that could be an ideal therapy for liver problems. The objective of this study is to determine the potential antioxidative compounds from the C. nutans leaves (CNL) and stems (CNS). Chemical- and cell-based antioxidative assays were utilized to evaluate the bioactivities of CNS and CNL. The NMR metabolomics approach assisted in the identification of contributing phytocompounds. Based on DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities, CNL demonstrated stronger radical scavenging potential as compared to CNS. The leaf extract also recorded slightly higher reducing power properties. A HepG2 cell model system was used to investigate the ROS reduction potential of these extracts. It was shown that cells treated with CNL and CNS reduced innate ROS levels as compared to untreated controls. Interestingly, cells pre-treated with both extracts were also able to decrease ROS levels in cells induced with oxidative stress. CNL was again the better antioxidant. According to multivariate data analysis of the ¹H NMR results, the main metabolites postulated to contribute to the antioxidant and hepatoprotective abilities of leaves were clinacoside B, clinacoside C and isoschaftoside, which warrants further investigation.     

Antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of Helleborus odorus Waldst. & Kit, H. multifidus Vis. and H. hercegovinus Martinis

This study was undertaken in order to evaluate possible antioxidative and antiproliferative activities of three Helleborus taxa. The dry leaves and roots of three Helleborus taxa were extracted with ethanol and water. A phytochemical evaluation of the selected extracts was performed using spectrophotometric methods and a 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity assay was used for measuring the antioxidative activity of extracts. The antiproliferative activity of the three Helleborus taxa was studied using Burkitt's lymphoma B cells (BJAB) cell lines. The phytochemical evaluation showed that the leaves contain high levels of total phenolic and flavonoid content. Results from the DPPH assay indicated that the activity of the ethanol and water extracts of the leaves was higher than that of positive control (thymol). Extracts from the roots of H. odorus also displayed higher antioxidant activity than the positive probe, while H. mulifidus and H. hercegovinus root extracts were less effective. A statistically significant correlation between total phenolic content and antioxidative properties indicates that these compounds contribute to the antioxidant activity. The highest percentage of cell growth inhibition was observed when testing the water root extracts of H. multifidus (50.14%) and H. hercegovinus (49.04%). In contrast, the water leaf extract of H. hercegovinus exhibited the lowest inhibition of cell growth (8.59%), although it showed strong antioxidant activity.     

Screening for acetylcholinesterase inhibition and antioxidant activity of selected plants from Croatia

The methanol, ethyl acetate and chloroform extracts of selected Croatian plants were tested for their acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition and antioxidant activity. Assessment of AChE inhibition was carried out using microplate reader at 1?mg?mL?1. Antioxidant capacities were determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging test and ferric reducing/antioxidant power assay (FRAP). Total phenol content (TPC) of extracts were determined using Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric method. Out of 48 extracts, only methanolic extract of the Salix alba L. cortex exerted modest activity towards AChE, reaching 50.80% inhibition at concentration of 1?mg?mL?1. All the other samples tested had activity below 20%. The same extract performed the best antioxidative activity using DPPH and FRAP method, too. In essence, among all extracts used in the screening, methanolic extracts showed the best antioxidative activity as well as highest TPC.     

Assessment of the content of phenolics and antioxidant action of inflorescences and leaves of selected species from the genus Sorbus sensu stricto

In order to find new sources of natural antioxidants, the antioxidant potential of 70% methanolic extracts from the inflorescences and leaves of 16 species from the genus Sorbus s.s. was evaluated using two complementary in vitro test systems: the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical-scavenging assay and the AAPH [2,2￠-azobis-(2-amidinopropane)dihydrochloride]-induced linoleic acid (LA) peroxidation test. The radical-scavenging capacities of the extracts towards the DPPH radical were in the range of 0.25-0.86 millimolar Trolox? equivalents/g dry weight. They were significantly correlated (r=-0.8089, p<0.001) with the results of the LA-peroxidation test, indicating the Sorbus extracts to be universal antioxidants. Significant linear correlations were also found between the different antioxidant potentials and total phenolic contents as estimated by the Folin-Ciocalteu method and further verified by serial determinations of proanthocyanidins, chlorogenic acid isomers and flavonoids (?rêin the range of 0.71-0.95, p<0.001). Cluster analysis of the data matrix identified the ten samples (inflorescences of S. aucuparia, S. pohuashanensis, S. decora, S. koehneana, S. commixta, S. gracilis, and S. sitchensis, and the leaves of S. wilfordii, S. pogonopetala, and S. gracilis) exhibiting the highest antioxidant activity and total phenolic levels and therefore the greatest potential as effective sources for natural health products.     

Extract from Eugenia punicifolia is an Antioxidant and Inhibits Enzymes Related to Metabolic Syndrome

The present study aimed to investigate in vitro biological activities of extract of Eugenia punicifolia leaves (EEP), emphasizing the inhibitory activity of enzymes related to metabolic syndrome and its antioxidant effects. The antioxidant activity was analyzed by free radicals scavengers in vitro assays: DPPH·, ABTS^·+, O₂ ^·?, and NO· and a cell-based assay. EEP were tested in inhibitory colorimetric assays using α-amylase, α-glucosidase, xanthine oxidase, and pancreatic lipase enzymes. The EEP exhibited activity in ABTS^·+, DPPH·, and O₂ ^·? scavenger (IC₅₀?=?10.5?±?1.2, 28.84?±?0.54, and 38.12?±?2.6 μg/mL), respectively. EEP did not show cytotoxic effects, and it showed antioxidant activity in cells in a concentration-dependent manner. EEP exhibited inhibition of α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and xanthine oxidase activities in vitro assays (IC₅₀?=?122.8?±?6.3; 2.9?±?0.1; 23.5?±?2.6), respectively; however, EEP did not inhibit the lipase activity. The findings supported that extract of E. punicifolia leaves is a natural antioxidant and inhibitor of enzymes, such as α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and xanthine oxidase, which can result in a reduction in the carbohydrate absorption rate and decrease of risks factors of cardiovascular disease, thereby providing a novel dietary opportunity for the prevention of metabolic syndrome.     

Chemical Profile,Cytotoxic Activity and Oxidative Stress Reduction of Different Syringa vulgaris L. Extracts

Syringa vulgaris L. (common lilac) is one of the most popular ornamental species, but also a promising not comprehensively studied source of bioactive compounds with important therapeutic potential. Our study was designed to characterize the chemical composition and to assess the antioxidant and cytotoxic properties of ethanolic extracts obtained from S. vulgaris L. flowers, leaves, bark, and fruit. The chemical profile of the ethanolic extracts was investigated using chromatographic (HPLC-DAD-ESI⁺, GC-MS) and spectral (UV-Vis, FT-IR) methods, while the protective effect against free radicals was evaluated in vitro by different chemical assays (DPPH, FRAP, CUPRAC). The cytotoxic activity was tested on two tumoral cell lines, HeLa, B16F10, using the MTT assay. Significant amounts of free or glycosylated chemical components belonging to various therapeutically important structural classes, such as phenyl-propanoids (syringin, acteoside, echinacoside), flavonoids (quercetin, kaempferol derivatives) and secoiridoids (secologanoside, oleuropein, 10-hydroxy oleuropein, demethyloleuropein, syringalactone A, nuzhenide, lingstroside) were obtained for the flowers, leaves and bark extracts, respectively. Furthermore, MTT tests pointed out a significant cytotoxic potential expressed in a non-dose-dependent manner toward the tumoral lines. The performed methods underlined that S. vulgaris extracts, in particular belonging to flowers and leaves, represent valuable sources of compounds with antioxidant and antitumoral potential.     

Reactions of indole derivatives with cardioprotective activity with reactive oxygen species. Comparison with melatonin

We have previously reported on the synthesis of novel indole derivatives containing an amine-triazole moiety (1a-d, 2a-c), and their antioxidant activity on in vitro non-enzymatic rat hepatic microsomal lipid peroxidation. Some of the compounds showed protective activity against oxidative injury of ischemic myocardium. In the present paper we investigated the interactions of these derivatives with reactive oxygen species, in order to find a mechanism of their antioxidant capacity and to identify structural characteristics responsible for these properties. These interactions were compared with melatonin, which is also an indole derivative. The antioxidant profiles of the compounds were established by different in vitro protocols as follows: 1) by the interaction of the compounds with the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) stable free radical, 2) their scavenging effects on superoxide anions using an enzymic system of xanthine-xanthine oxidase, 3) their inhibitory effects on xanthine oxidase and 4) their ability to scavenge hydroxyl radicals by comparison with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) for *OH. All compounds were found to interact with DPPH, most of them to be superoxide anion scavengers and to be strong hydroxyl radical scavengers. Derivatives 1a and 1d substituted on the nitrogen of the indolic nucleus were found to have better antioxidant properties than the reference compounds used and melatonin.     

Polyphenolic Composition and Antioxidant Activity (ORAC,EPR and Cellular) of Different Extracts of Argylia radiata Vitroplants and Natural Roots

Plant biochemistry studies have increased in recent years due to their potential to improve human health. Argylia radiata is an extremophile plant with an interesting polyphenolic profile. However, its biomass is scarce and occasionally available. Argylia in vitro biomass was obtained from tissue culture and compared with in vivo roots regarding its polyphenolic and flavonoid content. Different solvents were used to prepare extracts from the in vitro tissue of callus and aerial plant organs and in vivo roots. UPLC-MS/MS was used to assess the chemical composition of each extract. ORAC-FL and scavenging of free radicals (DPPH and OH) methods were used to determine the antioxidant capacity of extracts. Furthermore, the biological activity of the extracts was established using the cellular antioxidant activity method. The vitroplants were a good source of polyphenols (25–68 mg GAE/100 g tissue FW), and methanol was the most efficient solvent. Eight polyphenolic compounds were identified, and their antioxidant properties were investigated by different chemical methods with EPR demonstrating its specific scavenging activity against free radicals. All extracts showed cellular dose-dependent antioxidant activity. The methanolic extract of vitroplants showed the highest cellular antioxidant activity (44.6% and 51%) at 1 and 10 µg/mL of extract, respectively. Vitroplants of A. radiata are proposed as a biotechnological product as a source of antioxidant compounds with multiple applications.     

Thai plants from Doi Tung: brine shrimp lethality, antioxidative activity and combination effect with L-ascorbic acid

Methanolic extracts of 18 Thai plants from Doi Tung, the north of Thailand, were examined for brine shrimp lethality and antioxidative activity using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. In brine shrimp lethality, the highly toxic plant extracts were Mitrephora wangii (LC(50) 14.8?μg?mL(-1)) and Hydrocotyle javanica (LC(50) 13.3?μg?mL(-1)). The extracts of Sageretia cordifolia, Ulmus lancaefolia and Acer chiangdaoense exhibited highly antioxidative activities with IC(50) values of 6.7, 8.1 and 9.8?μg?mL(-1), respectively. Moreover, the extracts of S. cordifolia, U. lancaefolia and A. chiangdaoense have shown slightly synergistic effects (combination index; CI?相似文献   

A Study of the Antioxidant Effect of Flavonic Compounds for Preventing Lipid Oxidation by Using Fluorescence Spectroscopy

In this paper a study of the effect of flavonic compounds in preventing and/or reducing the membrane lipid oxidation due to free radical attack was performed by using fluorescence spectroscopy techniques. Lipid peroxidation was investigated by using liposomes-artificial membrane models, which were prepared by lipid hydration method. Their oxidation was performed with a 15-W ultraviolet germicidal lamp having wavelength radiation 253.7 nm. In the first series of experiments, the protective effect of two synthetic antioxidants (quercetin and caffeic acid) against free radicals was monitored, while in the second series two 70% hydroalcoholic extracts from blueberry and blackcurrant leaves was used. It was determined that natural antioxidants have a much higher antioxidant power against free radicals than synthetic compounds but they degrade after two hours of oxidation. Liposomes are better protected when using natural antioxidants, but their degradation is completed more quickly, than in the case of synthetic antioxidants.     

Chemiluminescence determination of the in vivo and in vitro antioxidant activity of RoseOx and carnosic acid

Lipid free-radical oxidation has been studied in vivo in the mitochondrial fractions of the liver of rats fed RoseOx (carnosic acid nutritional supplement) by measuring chemiluminescence. The kinetics of the lipid chemiluminescence in rats fed RoseOx are significantly different from those of the control. The intensity of the chemiluminescence fast flash decreases by 45% (p < 0.01), which indicates a reduction of lipid peroxides. The time between fast and slow flashes increases by 96% (p < 0.05), which indicates a higher content of antioxidants in the lipid membrane. The in vitro experiments in rat liver mitochondrial fraction display more effective antioxidant action of alpha-tocopherol in 1 microM concentration than 1 microM carnosic acid by an increase of the time between fast and slow chemiluminescence flashes (p < 0.01). However, the higher antioxidant activity of 1 microM carnosic acid by a decrease of intensity of the chemiluminescence fast (p < 0.05) and slow (p < 0.05) flashes in comparison with alpha-tocopherol is revealed in these experimental conditions in vitro. Carnosic acid has antioxidant effects on homogeneous oxidation in vitro as well. The chemiluminescence of methyl oleate initiated by 2,2'-azobis(2-methylpropionitrile) decreases by 25% (p < 0.01) in the presence of 13.5 microM carnosic acid. 13.5 microM alpha-tocopherol decreases the methyl oleate chemiluminescence by 45%. A higher antioxidant activity of alpha-tocopherol in comparison with carnosic acid (p < 0.001) is found in this system. These results indicate that RoseOx reduces free-radical-induced lipid peroxidation in vivo. In vitro data show that carnosic acid has direct action as an antioxidant, rather than as a membrane-structure modifier.     

Evaluation of influence of selected metal cations on antioxidant activity of extracts from savory (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Satureja hortensis</Emphasis>)

The analysis of the antioxidant activity of ethanol, methanol, acetone and aqueous extracts from the dried leaves and stems of savory is presented. The culinary herb used to study was procured from ecological agriculture in the Podlasie region of Poland. The antioxidant properties of extracts were calculated using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl radical (DPPH) and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) (expressed as mg Trolox per g of dry mass) methods. In addition, the total phenolics contents of the herbal extracts were determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. The antioxidative activity of extracts as dependent on the type of solvent used for the extraction and concentration of savory in extracts is discussed. The influence of the concentration of different metal ion solutions on the anti-radicals’ properties of savory extracts was evaluated.