原子吸收分析中的背景吸收及其校正

本书是一本专题论著。它系统深入地讨论了原子吸收光谱分析中背景吸收的来源和特征,介绍和评价了各种背景校正方法,总结归纳了各种背景校正装置的分析灵敏度,检出限及光谱干扰等数据,发表了一些新的实验数据。并根据这些数据提出了一些新的观点,供大家参考和讨论。     

铅的吸收

人体中的铅主要来自食物、空气和水。根据对北京城区 4个幼儿园的调查 ,从粮谷类和肉菜类中摄入的铅约占膳食铅总摄入量的 45 3 %和 42 5 % ,这两类食物的铅摄入量占人体铅总摄入量的 87 8%。人体对铅的吸收则受到许多因素的影响 ,包括外界环境因素和人体本身的因素。此外 ,还与许多营养因子有关。(1 )胃肠道吸收 :成人胃肠道对铅的吸收率约为 5 %～ 1 0 % ,婴幼儿和儿童的胃肠道吸收率可达 42 %～5 0 %。铅的吸收与进食状况有关 ,Ｒａｂｉｎｏｗｉｔｙ (1 980 )的研究发现 ,胃排空时的铅吸收率要比胃充盈时增加约45 %。其他膳食营养因子…     

微量元素的吸收

微量元素在人体内的主要吸收途径是经消化道的吸收。整个消化道都可以吸收溶解性的金属化合物。但各部分的吸收速度不同，其吸收情况与各部分的介质条件有关。微量元素的主要吸收场所在小肠中段，肠道黏膜是吸收的主要部位。大多数金属化合物在消化道中的吸收，是以扩散方式通过细胞膜而被吸收的。     

吸收电波涂料

船舶在海洋上航行到海洋大桥附近时,船舶雷达会产生假象,影响船舶在夜间和浓雾时的安全航行.在大型船舶中,由于桅杆和甲板上的结构物反射雷达电波,也会产生假象.另外,电波的重像现象和电波干扰障碍也是很大的问题.现在有一种吸收电波涂料,     

吸收太阳能涂料

太阳能具有传统能源难以比拟的许多优点,太阳能能量巨大,每秒钟抵达地面的总辐射能量高达60万kw,相当于目前世界总发电量的5万倍以上,可以说是一种取之不尽用之不竭的永久性能源,而且是一种清洁能源,不会污染环境.但是迄今为止人类对     

微量元素的吸收

人体是一个开放系统,必须时刻与外界环境进行物质交换与能量交换,以维持自身的生命机能。微量元素和蛋白质、脂肪、维生素等一样,为人体的一大营养要素,是物质交换与能量交换的载体之一。微量元素吸收的主要途径有皮肤、呼吸道和消化道。     

紫外吸收染料研究进展

紫外线具有高能特性,能够伤害人类皮肤和破坏有机化合物,而紫外吸收染料既吸收紫外线,赋予染料抗紫外整理功能,又可提高有机染料的光稳定性,是一类新型的纤维防护功能染料,现已成为染料化学工作者的一个新的研究热点.     

多孔电磁波吸收材料

近年来,通过改善孔结构来提升材料的电磁波吸收性能成为研究热点。多孔结构既有利于电磁波进入材料的内部,又能有效地调整材料的电磁参数,提高材料与电磁波间的阻抗匹配,进而增大材料对电磁波的吸收;此外,在电磁波吸收材料中生成的不同尺度的孔隙可以对入射电磁波产生多重散射和反射,延长其传播路径从而增加了损耗过程;同时,多孔材料的相对密度小,为许多性能高但受限于密度太大而不能在电磁波吸收领域高效应用的材料提供了解决问题的途径。基于此,本文综述了零维和三维多孔电磁波吸收材料(PEMAM)的研究现状及亟待解决的问题,同时也展望了多孔电磁波吸收材料未来可能的研究热点及发展方向。     

原子吸收分光光度计用于分子吸收分析测定磷的研究

应用钙元素空心阴极灯中钙元素的４２２．７ｎｍ谱线和原子吸收分光光度计，对磷钒钼黄体系进行了研究，并对生铁样品中磷的含量进行了测定，获得满意的结果。     

石墨炉原子吸收光谱中海水的背景吸收研究

由于海水的成分复杂,含盐量高,给用石墨炉直接测定其中的痕量杂质带来许多困难^[1]。Sturgeon等用预先分离的方法来克服干扰^[2]。为了进行直接测定,研究海水背景吸收的来源、特点和消除方法是重要的。海水背景吸收的波长特性和在石墨管内蒸发行为的研究表明,海水的背景吸收主要来自氯化钠。时间特性的研究表明,背景吸收的时间分布及背景峰高与原子化阶段的加热方式和原子化温度有关。作者还研究了基体改进。剂和其它减小背景吸收的方法。     

石墨炉原子吸收光谱中尿的背景吸收研究

本文较详细地研究了尿背景吸收的来源, 特点和消除方法, 背景吸收波长特性和在石墨管内蒸发行为的研究表明, 尿的背景吸收主要来自氯化钠, 其次是氯化铵, 其他组份的贡献很小, 时间特性研究表明, 背景吸收大小和背景吸收曲线轮廓与原子化阶段的加热方式和原子化温度有关。还研究了应用基体改进剂和其他减小背景吸收的方法。     

The Use of Solid Permanent Modifiers for ETA-AAS

Noble metals such as iridium as well as certain other metals may be sputtered onto the inner graphite surface of a graphite tube for use as atomization surface in electrothermal atomization atomic absorption spectrometry. This is accomplished by a low pressure argon discharge process described earlier. It has also been shown previously that the use of such tubes may reduce background absorption when determining lead, cadmuim and selenium in a complex matrix such as whole blood.     

低温原子化石墨炉原子吸收法测定环境和生物样中的镉

本文描述了以氩/氢混合气体作保护气体,测定环境和生物样品中痕量镉的石墨炉原子吸收法。实验证明,与纯氩气作保护气体相比较用氩/氢混合气体作保护气体,能够降低镉的原子化温度(100℃),并且减少基体物质如MgCl_2和NaClO_4的干扰。这种改善氯化物和高氯酸盐基体干扰的机理,主要是由于氢的存在与基体中的氯形成高离解能的氯化氢,从而避免了通常在镉原子化之前形成易挥发的氯化镉而损失。用本方法测定了七种标准参考物质,结果与标准值一致,证明方法是可靠的。     

Effect of atomizer surface type on the quantitation of molybdenum and ytterbium by electrothermal atomization atomic absorption spectrometry

The effect of pyrocoated graphite, uncoated graphite, metal-carbide, and metal atomization surfaces on the quantitation of molybdenum and ytterbium by electrothermal atomization atomic absorption spectrometry was investigated. The peak shape was affected by heating rate and the different surfaces gave different shapes. Except for the case of uncoated graphite, the sensitivities and detection limits were similar for all surfaces. In a sodium chloride matrix it is preferable to use uncoated graphite for molybdenum because an ashing stage greater than the boiling point of sodium chloride can be used without loss of molybdenum. Tube lifetime depended on atomization temperature, atomization time and the matrix.     

相对峰吸收法测定几种元素在乙炔-空气火焰中的原子化度

本文提出以相对峰吸收法测定元素在乙炔-空气火焰中的原子化度,并讨论了方法的理论基础。采用Cu作参考元素,测定了Na、Mg、Cr和Mo等元素在乙炔-空气火焰中的原子化度。另外,还研究了火焰组成和测量高度对四种元素的吸光度的影响,以及对Na和Mg的原子化度的影响。实验表明,这两个因素对原子化度都有影响,而火焰组成的影响较大。所以,原子化度是一个相对的数值,它与测量条件有密切关系。     

Comparative Study of the Effect of Sample Matrix on the Atomic Absorption of High-Volatile Elements in Two-Step and Conventional Atomizers

The space–time dynamics of absorbing atomic layers of cadmium and lead and molecular layers of zinc chloride in a commercially produced transverse-heated graphite atomizer and a newly developed two-step atomizer was studied. It was shown that the limiting temperature of cadmium pyrolysis in the two-step atomizer without the use of modifiers may be as high as 1000°C, whereas in the commercial analyzer is it not higher than 300°C. Levels of nonselective absorption due to sodium chloride were compared. It was found that, for a two-step atomizer, the maximum allowable mass of sodium chloride for which the background at lead and cadmium lines can be adequately compensated is 17–30 times higher than that for the commercial atomizer. The atomization of cadmium in the presence of sodium chloride was studied using time, space, and spectral resolution. It was shown that the effect of the chloride matrix in the two-step atomizer is suppressed because of sample fractionation and distillation in the course of its evaporation and condensation.     

The interference effect of more than one anion and cation in graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Part 2: Effect of sodium,magnesium, sulphate and chloride mixtures on the atomization of manganese

Although there are numerous cations and anions in real samples generally, the interference effects of a matrix consisting of one cation and one anion on the atomization of an element in graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) have been investigated. Therefore, it would be more realistic to investigate the interference of a matrix containing more than one cation and anion. In this study, the simultaneous interference effects of sodium, magnesium, sulphate and chlorine, which are the most common and abundant ions in many samples, e.g. sea water, on the atomization of manganese in GFAAS were studied. As a first step, the individual interferences of some possible salts consisting of simple combinations of the ions studied such as sodium chloride, magnesium chloride, sodium sulphate and magnesium sulphate, were investigated. It was found that in the presence of these four ions and in their wide concentration range, sodium chloride and magnesium sulphate are the major salts formed after the drying step which were supported by X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies. Sodium chloride causes a significant depressive effect at low pyrolysis temperatures. The interference of sodium chloride originates from expulsion of the analyte with matrix and gas phase reaction between manganese and chloride ions during atomization. Magnesium sulphate does not cause any depression and in fact higher pyrolysis temperatures compared to matrix-free manganese can be applied without loss of any analyte. The depressive effect of sodium chloride on manganese markedly decreased in the presence of magnesium sulphate due to its protecting effect. The mutual interaction mechanism of these two salts and their effects on manganese have been discussed.     

石墨炉原子吸收光谱中GdCl3,Gd（NO3）3基体的背景吸收

研究了石墨炉原子吸收光谱中ＧｄＣｌ３、Ｇｄ（ＮＯ３）３基体的背影吸收影响。背景吸收波长特性的研究表明，ＧｄＣｌ３和Ｇｄ（ＮＯ３）３的背景吸收都具有明显的波长特性。蒸发行为研究表明ＧｄＣｌ３的背景吸收主要来自ＧｄＣｌ３的分子蒸气，Ｇｄ（ＮＯ３）３的背景吸收主要来自ＮＯ。钆基体的背景吸收峰高与灰化有关，ＧｄＣｌ３背上曲线轮廓与原子化温度和原子化方式有关。Ｇｄ（ＮＯ３）３的背景吸收远小于ＧｄＣｌ３。本文     

镥、镱基体在石墨炉原子吸收光谱中的背景吸收研究

利用镥、镱基体在石墨炉中的蒸发行为研究了背景吸收的来源 ,讨论利用基体改进剂减少氯化物背景吸收的方法 ,为镥、镱基体中超痕量元素的精确测定提供帮助。