基于响应面方法的破损-安全结构可靠性拓扑优化

传统结构由于缺少冗余,忽略了不确定性因素的影响,更容易受到局部刚度损失的影响,文章针对载荷不确定性下破损-安全结构的设计问题提出了一种有效的基于响应面的可靠性拓扑优化方法,以提高结构的安全性,确保结构在发生局部破损时仍能满足服役性能及可靠性要求.为此,建立了柔度概率约束下的结构体积比最小化的双循环可靠性拓扑优化模型,其中内层循环实施可靠性分析,外层循环实施拓扑优化.为了有效处理可靠性分析中响应函数关于随机变量的导数计算高成本问题,基于响应面方法建立了响应函数关于随机变量的显式表达式.详细推导了响应函数关于设计变量和随机变量的解析灵敏度列式,并采用移动渐近线方法(method of moving asymptotes, MMA)对优化问题进行求解.将基于响应面的可靠性拓扑优化方法与基于解析导数的方法作对比,并实施蒙特卡洛仿真验证了所提方法的有效性和优越性,讨论了随机载荷标准差对优化结果的影响.结果表明,本文方法可以有效设计满足指定可靠性水平的破损-安全结构,优化后结构可靠性指标的相对误差不超过1.3%,另外基于响应面的可靠性设计方法相对于基于解析导数的可靠性设计方法可节省约74%的可靠性...     

Analysis of non-symmetrical flapping airfoils

Simulations have been done to assess the lift, thrust and propulsive efficiency of different types of non-symmetrical airfoils under different flapping configurations. The variables involved are reduced frequency, Strouhal number, pitch amplitude and phase angle. In order to analyze the variables more efficiently, the design of experiments using the response surface methodology is applied. Results show that both the variables and shape of the airfoil have a profound effect on the lift, thrust, and efficiency. By using non- symmetrical airfoils, average lift coefficient as high as 2.23 can be obtained. The average thrust coefficient and efficiency also reach high values of 2.53 and 0.61, respectively. The lift production is highly dependent on the airfoil＇s shape while thrust production is influenced more heavily by the variables. Efficiency falls somewhere in between. Two-factor interac- tions are found to exist among the variables. This shows that it is not sufficient to analyze each variable individually. Vorticity diagrams are analyzed to explain the results obtained. Overall, the S1020 airfoil is able to provide relatively good efficiency and at the same time generate high thrust and lift force. These results aid in the design of a better ornithopter＇s wing.     

考虑表面层厚度不确定的稳健性拓扑优化方法

采用增材制造工艺制备结构件时, 较差的成型精度和表面粗糙度会导致结构表面层异质, 引起表面层厚度的不确定性. 为了研究不确定性对拓扑优化结构性能的影响, 进而获得对不确定性具有更低敏感性的结构构型, 提出了考虑结构表面层厚度不确定性的稳健性拓扑优化方法. 首先, 采用一种基于腐蚀操作的表面层识别技术, 通过基于Helmholtz偏微分方程的PDE光滑过滤和基于Heaviside过滤、tanh函数的离散映射两个过程实现表面层异质等效模型的建立. 其次, 将表面层厚度作为服从高斯分布的随机变量, 基于摄动有限元方法开展了不确定性传播的分析和系统随机响应的预测; 以结构柔顺性均值和标准差的加权和作为优化目标, 建立了考虑表面层厚度不确定性的拓扑优化模型, 并推导了目标函数关于设计变量的敏度. 最后, 通过数值算例验证了该方法的有效性. 数值结果表明, 在设计过程中考虑表面层厚度不确定性对结构性能的影响, 可以得到具有更强抵抗不确定性能力的结构构型, 有效提升了结构性能的稳健性.      

基于响应面法的五心底结构形状优化

三心底结构是国防、航空及航天等领域经常采用的结构,其旋转母线是由三段弧线组成的,对应着三个圆心,故得名三心底。三心底结构可调整的参数变量少,优化潜力小。根据三心底的形状推广出五心底结构,增加可调整的参数变量,然后对其进行优化。将响应面方法与模型参数化相结合,建立了以结构重量为目标及以结构强度为约束的形状优化模型。根据结...     

Efficient design sensitivities of structures subjected to dynamic loading

Calculation of design sensitivities often involves much computational effort, particularly in large structural systems with many design variables. Approximation concepts, which are often used to reduce the computational cost involved in repeated analysis, are usually not sufficiently accurate for sensitivity analysis. In this study, approximate reanalysis is used to improve the efficiency of dynamic sensitivity analysis. Using modal analysis, the response derivatives with respect to design variables are presented as a combination of sensitivities of the eigenvectors and the generalized displacements. A procedure intended to reduce the number of differential equations that must be solved during the solution process is proposed. Efficient evaluation of the derivatives, using finite difference and the recently developed combined approximations approach, is presented. Numerical examples show that high accuracy of design sensitivities can be achieved efficiently.     

A numerical method of calculating first and second derivatives of dynamic response based on Gauss precise time step integration method

This paper describes an accurate and efficient method for calculating the first and second derivatives of dynamic response with respect to design variables for linear structural systems subjected to transient loads. An efficient algorithm to calculate the dynamic responses and their first and second derivatives is formulated based on Gauss precise time step integration method. The algorithm is achieved by direct differentiation and only a single dynamic analysis is required. Several numerical examples are comparatively demonstrated using the new developed method, analytical method, and central difference method. The results show that the new method is highly accurate compared with the analytical approach and is more efficient than the central difference method.     

面向压电智能结构精确变形的协同优化设计方法

智能结构集智能材料与传统材料于一体,能够实现结构的主动控制,在航空航天等领域具有巨大的应用潜力.由于其系统复杂且具有多场耦合效应,智能结构的整体式优化设计方法成为结构控制技术研究的关键之一.为了提高压电智能结构的整体性能和变形精度,提出了同时考虑压电驱动器布局(分布位置及角度)和基体结构拓扑构型的协同优化设计新方法.采用多点约束方法 (multi-point constraints,MPC)建立压电驱动器和基体结构的连接,定义一种与测量点目标位移相关的权重函数,以实现结构的精确变形控制.通过协同优化设计,压电驱动器可以获得最优的分布位置及角度,同时基体结构获得最优的拓扑构型,从而提升了压电智能结构系统的整体驱动性能和变形精度.通过进一步分析,研究了精确变形、体分比约束与结构优化构型和整体刚度的关系,以及优化结果中可能存在的传力路径畸变现象.数值算例的设计结果表明,采用协同优化设计方法,能够扩大结构的寻优空间,有效减小变形误差,实现压电智能结构的精确变形控制.     

基于响应面方法的结构碰撞优化

应用响应面方法可将结构响应表达为设计变量的显式形式．为拟合响应面，基于中心复合设计和单纯形设计简化出了中心对称和拟单纯形设计，其既可以保证约束近似精度，同时降低计算量．针对常见优化问题，使用响应面方法将其构造为线性或者非线性约束优化模型，并应用Matlab优化工具箱求解．方管碰撞优化数值算例表明文中提出的试验设计方法及优化模型有较好的求解效率和精度．     

基于阈值因子的结构可靠性解耦优化方法

基于结构可靠性理论,引入阈值因子的概念,其物理意义为当前最优解满足可靠性约束需将阈值增减的幅度。随着迭代的进行,对于有效约束,阈值因子收敛于1,能够使得最可能失效点快速向满足可靠性约束的极限状态曲面靠拢,优化效率得以提升。解耦模型中,优化变量可为随机变量也可为非随机变量,当优化变量为随机变量时,采取优化变量拆解方式进行计算。数值算例表明,本文方法对优化变量拆解方式不敏感,对有效约束和非有效约束均能够获得满意的优化结果,且计算效率明显高于经典方法。     

Design Sensitivity Analysis in Structural Mechanics. I. Static Response Variations

ABSTRACT

The dependence of the solution of boundary-value problems of structural mechanics on design variables that specify material properties and distribution is characterized. Prototype problems treated include beams, plates, and plane elastic solids. Symmetry and positive definiteness properties of the elliptic differential operators that govern system response are used to show that their inverses, hence the displacement fields, are Frechet differentiable with respect to design variables. Formulas for the derivatives are given and used to obtain computable formulas for design sensitivity coefficients (first variation) of integrals that arise in optimal design formulations. The results establish an extension of the concept of “well-posed” problems of structural mechanics to include continuity (in fact, differentiability” of static structural response with respect to distributed design variables and design parameters     

Pressure measurements in laser-supported plasmas with piezoresistance gages

Vapor-deposited ytterbium gages are used to measure the surface pressures produced by a laser-supported plasma. Past experiments of this type have had some success in measuring peak pressures, but have had difficulty in following late-time pressure decay. The gage design used here is improved over previous designs through analysis of the wave propagation in the gate package. Gage-package characteristics are selected to give rapid and accurate response to changes in surface pressure. The analyses show the importance of material selection and two-dimensional effects in gage-package design. Experimental results are used to illustrate the use of the gate to measure pressures of about 10 MPa with rise times of 100 ns and total duration of several microseconds.     

人机交互的航天器结构优化设计

针对航天器结构设计过程的特点，采用人机交互方法对某型卫星结构进行优化。其中结构的截面尺寸以数学寻优方法确定，而拓扑布局以交互方式调整，应用结果表明这种优化方法高效、可行。     

一种概率-区间混合结构可靠性的高效计算方法

针对既有概率变量又有区间变量的混合不确定问题,构造了一种高效的结构可靠性分析方法。该方法将传统概率可靠性分析中的响应面方法引入混合模型的可靠性分析中,通过Bucher设计与梯度投影相结合的方法建立线性响应面,并采用一有效的解耦方法求解基于响应面建立的近似混合可靠性问题,通过迭代实现响应面更精确地近似真实极限状态函数。最后,通过两个算例验证了该算法的有效性。     

负高斯曲率曲面薄壁管吸能特性研究

为设计出具备优良吸能特性的薄壁结构,提出一种新型负高斯曲率曲面圆形横截面薄壁管(negative Gaussian curvature surface circular tube, NGC-C)。利用经验证的有限元分析方法对其进行轴向动态冲击模拟,提取各项性能指标,借助复杂比例评估法(complex proportion assessment, COPRAS)将其与传统薄壁吸能结构进行了综合性能对比。采用拉丁超立方抽样法从设计空间中提取样本点并获取各样本点对应性能响应值,建立代理模型。基于该代理模型,借助改进非支配排序遗传算法(non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm, NSGA-Ⅱ)对其进行了多目标优化设计。结果表明:NGC-C综合性能优于传统薄壁吸能结构,经优化后比吸能提高了16.47%,有效压溃长度降低了12.40%,质量减少了20.18%。将负高斯曲率曲面形态引入薄壁管构型,能够提高薄壁管的耐撞性和轴向抗变形能力。     

Random vibrations with strongly inelastic impacts: Response PDF by the path integration method

This paper presents a study of SDOF stochastic vibroimpact problems using numerical path integration (PI). This is a challenging problem due to discontinuities in the state space paths of displacement and velocity response. It is shown that by introducing a suitable transformation of the state space variables, PI can be much simplified, and very accurate numerical results can be obtained. This is verified by comparison with extensive Monte Carlo simulation results.     

On the formulation of contact problems of shells and plates

The equations of motion in terms of resultants and the constitutive equations in the theory of shells and plates are ordinarily derived from the three-dimensional equations relative to an interior surface, often taken to be the middle surface in the reference configuration of the shell-like body. This usual formulation is not, in general, applicable to contact problems of shells for which one of the major surfaces, e.g., the upper surface, is specified as the reference surface. The present paper is concerned with the transformation relations between the relevant variables (and hence also the response functions) of the traditional formulation and one which can be obtained relative to one of the major surfaces. Our derivations, carried out both from the three-dimensional equations and by a direct approach, utilize only the conservation laws and the field equations without recourse to constitutive equations. Hence, the results are applicable to any shell-like medium and their validity is not limited to elastic shells alone.     

基于自适应泡泡法的薄壳结构拓扑优化设计

为有效解决薄壳结构拓扑优化设计难题,并满足其对分析模型精度和优化结果质量的高要求,结合等几何壳体分析方法提出一种基于自适应泡泡法的新型拓扑优化设计框架.等几何分析技术在薄壳分析方面具有天然的优势:一方面可为薄壳结构建立起精确的NURBS分析模型,避免了模型转换操作及误差;另一方面还可保证待分析物理场的高阶连续性,无需设置转角自由度等.为了在给定壳面上实现结构的拓扑演化,借助NURBS曲面(即等几何分析中的薄壳中面)的映射关系,仅需在规则的二维参数区域内改变结构拓扑即可.鉴于此,采用自适应泡泡法在壳面参数区域内开展拓扑优化,该方法包含孔洞建模、孔洞引入和固定网格分析3个模块,其在当前工作中分别基于闭合B样条、拓扑导数理论和有限胞元法实现.其中,闭合B样条兼具参数和隐式两种表达形式,参数形式便于在CAD系统中直接生成精确的结构模型;隐式形式不仅便于开展孔洞的融合/分离操作,还能与有限胞元法有机结合以替代繁琐的修剪曲面分析方法.理论分析和数值算例表明,所提优化设计框架将复杂的薄壳结构拓扑优化问题转化为简单的二维结构拓扑优化问题,在保证足够分析精度的基础上使用相对很少的设计变量就可得到具有清晰...     

A comprehensive assessment of the Reynolds Analogy in predicting heat transfer in turbulent wall-bounded shear flows

Heat transfer modeling plays a major role in design and optimization of modern and efficient thermal-fluid systems. However, currently available models suffer from a fundamental shortcoming: their development is based on the general notion that accurate prediction of the flow field will guarantee an appropriate prediction of the thermal field, known as the Reynolds Analogy. This investigation presents a comprehensive assessment of the capability of the Reynolds Analogy in predicting turbulent heat transfer when applied to turbulent shear flows of fluids with different Prandtl numbers. It turns out that the Reynolds Analogy is able to provide acceptable results for first order statistics only when fluids with Prandtl number close to unity are considered. Further, it is shown that unsteady simulations could provide acceptable results on second order statistics concerning fluids with different Prandtl numbers, if appropriate grid design/resolution is provided that allows to resolve essential dynamics of the thermal field. However, accurate prediction of higher order statistics close to solid surface requires more advanced heat transfer models that can provide accurate information on thermal time scales, in case the grid is too coarse to support accurate resolving of the essential thermal dynamics in these regions.     

Optimal design of angled rib turbulators in a cooling channel

In the present study, an optimal design for enhancement of heat transfer and thermal performance for a stationary channel with angled rib turbulators was investigated to find the most suitable rib geometry. Among various design parameters, two design variables, rib angle of attack (α) and pitch-to-rib height (p/e), were chosen. The ranges of two design variables were set as 30° ≤ α ≤ 80° and 3.0 ≤ p/e ≤ 15.0. Approximations for design of the best rib turbulators were obtained using the advanced response surface method with functional variables. The second-order response surfaces (or correlations) within the ranges of two design variables were completed by this method. As for the optimized results, maximum averaged heat transfer value was obtained at α = 53.31° and p/e = 6.50, while the highest thermal performance value was presented at α = 54.67° and p/e = 6.80.