Turbulence microscale variation due to interaction with shock wave

A speckle photographic technique is used for visualizing the planar distribution of the refractive deflection angles of light transmitted through a compressible turbulent flow. Double exposure speckle photography is applied for the statistical analysis of such flows. Quantitative visualization of the planar distribution of the refractive deflection angles of the light transmitted through the compressible turbulent flow is performed. Turbulent structures are visible in the patterns of the deflection angles isolines. The 2-D correlation functions of these deflection angles are constructed and analyzed. A mathematical procedure for solving Erbeck-Merzkirch integral transformation is described and the 3-D density correlation functions are evaluated using 2-D correlation functions of deflection angles of the light passed through the turbulence. Received 14 November 1999 / Accepted 3 June 2000     

An iterative method for temperature gradient measurements in two-dimensional thermal boundary layer flows by speckle photography

An iterative method for measuring two-dimensional refractive index fields induced by convective heat transfer phenomena is presented. Starting from the so-called correction parabola, this reconstruction technique takes into account the local second derivative variation of the refractive index field. The efficiency of the method is analytically defined as a function of non-dimensional parameter and numerically investigated using a ray-tracing code for different classic index profiles and a thermal boundary layer case. Finally, as an implementation test, this algorithm is applied to an impinging jet heat transfer experiment using speckle photography measurement data set. The results show a relative dispersion of 20% compared to the parabola reconstruction when the refractive index gradient becomes more severe.     

测量温度场分布的激光散斑照相计量术

本文讨论了激光散斑照相术在测量密度(或温度)扬中的应用。提出了激光散斑——纹影干涉仪的光学系统,可在同一瞬时得到一张散斑图和一张差分干涉图。对沿竖直加热平板自然对流的温度边界层进行了定量地测量。从散斑图和从干涉图中获得的实验结果符合极好。为了说明本方法的应用范围,对一个非稳定的波动甚大的本申灯火焰进行了测量。实验结果表示,激光散斑照相术更适于研究湍流场,因为干涉术在这种情况下已失去其定量计量的作用。     

Density-sensitive whole-field flow measurement by optical speckle photography

An optical whole-field, line-of-sight method is surveyed that allows the measurement of the refractive deflection angles of light transmitted through a flow with density changes. The method uses the principles of speckle photography. In comparison to classical optical methods such as interferometry, a much higher number of data values can be obtained from one record without the need of interpolating between experimental data. This high signal density is particularly advantageous for analyzing turbulent flows with density fluctuations. Such an analysis is, so far, restricted to the existence of axisymmetric turbulence. A number of applications to this type of turbulent flow are reported, and proposals are made for future developments that will allow this speckle technique to be applied to the study of turbulent shear flow.     

Measurement of an axisymmetric temperature field by speckle photography methods

Two alternative procedures to measure the temperature distribution in an axisymmetric hot water jet using the principle of speckle photography are reported. The two methods differ in the position of the speckle generator with respect to the jet and light source. They produce comparable results, but the uncertainties associated with them are different owing to dissimilar fringe visibilities.Financial support from Conicyt, Chile, research grants 1930620 and 1950914, is gratefully acknowledged. A preliminary version of this paper was presented at a Conference (Lira and Keller, 1994).     

Speckle tomography of turbulent flows with density fluctuations

The speckle tomography technique is used for reconstructing both large-scale structures in turbulent flows and the microstructure of turbulence. The technique is based on multi-projectional line-of-sight speckle photography measurements with a subsequent computer-assisted tomographic reconstruction of the interior structure of the flowfield. The large-scale structure is reconstructed using the Radon integral equation, and the microstructure is analysed using a statistical approach and a novel Erbeck-Merzkirch integral transform. Digital speckle photography and speckle tomography methods are described. Numerical simulation of the optical technique is performed using digital ray tracing through a turbulent flowfield. The methods are illustrated by the 3D "averaged" temperature fields in turbulent convective flows obtained earlier and by the recent reconstruction of 3D correlation functions of density variations in turbulent flows. Local values of turbulence (Kolmogorov) microscale are evaluated using these correlation functions and the Erbeck-Merzkirch integral transform The precision of the reconstruction and the spatial resolution achieved are analysed.     

Laser speckle decorrelation as a noncontact method for brittle-ductile fracture differentiation

Quasi-static fracture in four-point-bend specimens of both brittle and ductile materials was examined using a method which required only photographic access to the specimen surface. Decorrelation of laser speckle patterns was used as a means to map out two-dimensional regions of high surface strain associated with crack propagation. ASTM A515 grade 70 steel was tested, at temperatures above and below its brittle-ductile transition temperature, by double-exposure speckle photography of the area ahead of the crack tip. The regions where the two speckle patterns were uncorrelated, determined by pointwise spatial filtering of the speckle interferograms, have been observed and are related to plastic deformation of the specimen surface near the crack tip. A subsequent comparison of the decorrelation zones resulting from brittle versus ductile states showed differences as expected in both zone size and shape.     

Evaluation of finite-element calculations in a part-circular crack by coherent optics techniques

Two techniques, speckle photography and holographic interferometry, were used to test three-dimensional finite-element calculations in an internally pressurized cylinder with an external part-circular crack. Opening displacements along the crack line were measured by speckle photography. Radial displacements were obtained from holographic fringe patterns. Good agreement between experimental and numerical data is obtained. Stress-intensity factor variations along the crack front are calculated from numerical results.     

Visualization of turbulence anisotropy by single exposure speckle photography

A new technique based on single exposure speckle photography is described that allows to measure the degree of anisotropy of turbulence in a flow with fluctuating fluid density or temperature.Since anisotropy is linked to shear in a flow, the method is also a means for discriminating regions of different shear rate.The research described in this publication was made possible in part by Grant RWB 000 from the International Science Foundation. The authors are also grateful to Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) for partial financial support (Me 484/18).     

刀具变形的在线散斑检测

散斑照相，防震要求低，光路简单，所需曝光时间短，符合连续激光对动态测量的要求。本文利用散斑照相法，测量了机床刀具的动态切削过程，并利用逐点分析和全场分析方法，分析了所拍摄的散斑图，得到了不同车速和不同切削用量条件下的位移场、应力场     

基于数字图像的分离式霍普金森压杆实验中试件应变及两端应力的同步测量法

本文提出一种基于高速摄像和数字图像相关方法(DIC)的分离式Hopkinson压杆(SHPB)测量技术,从而实现试件应变和两端应力的同步测量。即在与试件接触的输入输出杆两端制作散斑,通过高速摄像获取SHPB实验过程中的散斑变形图像,由DIC测得各时刻试件的应变、输入输出杆端的应变(可直接换算为试件两端的应力)。由于试件和杆端的应变都是从同一张高速摄影的图像上分析得到的,因此它们是同步的。应用该方法对钢纤维混凝土试件的SHPB试验进行了测量,测量结果与传统应变片测量结果吻合,验证了该方法的可行性。该技术不仅实现了SHPB实验中试件应变和应力的同步测量,还将有助于直接检验各材料在SHPB实验中试件两端的力在实验过程中是否平衡。     

光纤模斑谱传感器复合材料固化监测研究

提出利用一种新型光纤传感器，通过测量光纤末端近场模斑谱反映光纤埋置周围树脂折射率的变化．计算了随着树脂固化过程中折射率变化的功率谱密度分布，给出截止频率与折射率的近似关系．给出了利用这种传感器进行复合材料树脂固化监测的实验结果．发现这种光纤传感器的信号可以用来反映固化凝胶点和固化结束点．由于固化后光纤仍保持光波导特性，该光纤还可以用来监测结构受环境的扰动如温度变化、振动等．     

Displacement measurements in the interior of 3-D bodies using scattered-light speckle patterns

Two new techniques making use of the scattered-light speckle pattern have been developed which yield the displacements on an arbitrary interior plane of a 3-D body. When a sheet of coherent light passes through a transparent 3-D body, a small fraction is scattered. This scattered light produces a speckle pattern in an imaging system. By recording two superimposed images of this speckle pattern, one before and one after body deformation, the displacements on the interior illuminated plane can be found. The technique of scattered-light photography uses a single illuminating beam and is sensitive to displacements greater than one speckle diameter, approximately 3 μm. Scattered-light speckle interferometry uses two illuminating beams and is sensitive to displacements greater than one half the wavelength of light being used, approximately 0.2 μm. With both techniques, the double-exposed speckle photograph is optically processed to yield displacement information. With both techniques, the maximum displacement measurable is limited by correlation requirements between the two speckle patterns. Experimental results are presented demonstrating the two new techniques.     

白光散斑剪切照相的统计分析

本文运用统计光学的理论，详细研究了白光散斑剪切照相的统计规律，导出了白光散斑剪切照相法测量位移导数场的条件，指出了物面粗糙度，光源相干性及光路对称性等对散斑条纹的影响。     

Digital speckle correlation for strain measurement by image analysis

This paper is concerned with small strain measurement utilizing the numerical processing of digital images. The proposed method has its theoretical basis in digital signal analysis and, from a methodological point of view, it can be considered as an extension to digital images of the wellknown white light speckle photography technique. That conventional method is based on the analysis of photographic plates that are exposed twice (before and after the specimen deformation) with the image of a random speckle pattern that has been previously printed on the test piece surface. The digital speckle correlation advantages consist of requiring a very simple specimen preparation and, mainly, of allowing the strain field computation just by numerical elaboration of the acquired images. In this paper, the theoretical basis of the technique and some valuable improvements to the known analogous methodologies are presented. Finally, test results for an application of digital speckle correlation are shown and advantages and disadvantages of the technique are elaborated. In addition, further developments in this area are discussed.     

An extended algebraic reconstruction technique (ART) for density-gradient projections: laser speckle photographic tomography

An extended algebraic reconstruction technique (ART) is presented for tomographic image reconstruction from the density-gradient projections, such as laser speckle photography. The essence of the extended ART is that the density-gradient projection data of speckle photography (Eq. (1)) are first numerically integrated to the algebraic representation of interferometric fringe number data (Eq. (12)), which ART can readily reconstruct into the cross-sectional field. The extended ART is numerically examined by using two computer synthesized phantom fields, and experimentally by using asymmetric single and double helium jets in air. The experimentally reconstructed images were also compared with the direct measurements of helium concentration using an oxygen analyzing probe. The extended ART method shows an improved accuracy and is proposed to use to tomographically reconstruct the density-gradient projections over the previous Fourier convolution (FC) method (Liu et al. 1989). Received: 26 June 1998/Accepted: 18 March 1999     

Analysis of Speckle Photographs by Subtracting Phase Functions of Digital Fourier Transforms

This paper presents a method for measuring displacements and strain in digital speckle photography that is an alternative to currently used correlation techniques. The method is analogous to heterodyne speckle photogrammetry wherein optical Fourier transforms were taken of individually recorded specklegrams and combined in a heterodyne interferometer where an electronic phase meter measured the phase differences between the two transforms. Here, digital photographs are recorded and Fourier transformed so that their phase functions can be subtracted and fitted to a linear function of the transform coordinates. The effect of different recording and processing parameters is investigated. It is found that incoherent speckles give better results than those formed by coherent laser light. In addition, image correlation is used to process an identical data set so that comparison of the two methods can be made.     

Speckle photographic measurement of turbulence in an air stream with fluctuating temperature

The deflection of laser light passing through the mildy heated, turbulent air stream in a lowspeed wind tunnel is measured by means of speckle photography. This optical wholefield method provides a dense distribution of data values of the deflection angle in the field of view. When isotropic turbulence is assumed, it becomes possible to calculate the correlation function of the three-dimensional, turbulent temperature (or density) field from the correlation function of the plane distribution of measured deflection angles. Spectra and characteristic length scales are determined and compared with cold-wire data reported in the literature.A version of this paper was presented at the 10th Symposium on Turbulence, University of Missouri-Rolla, Sept. 22–24, 1986To Professor R. J. Emrich on the occasion of his 70th birthday     

用直接散斑技术测量复合材料试件的面内位移

直接散斑法用来测量带中心圆孔复合材料条状试件在拉伸载荷作用下的面内位移分布,采用镜面移植技术,提高复合材料试件表面的反射性能,从而得到高质量的散斑干涉干板,在分析散斑干涉干板时,由于得到的全场位移分布条纹频率的可调性,使此方法测量范围很宽,由弹性应变到塑性应变,直接散斑法测量的结果与云纹法得到的结果相符合。