On the problem of predicting the activity of oxide and carbonate catalysts in some reactions of petrochemical synthesis

The problem of predicting the activity of oxide and carbonate catalysts for some reactions of petrochemical synthesis (vapor phase conversion of carboxylic acids, catalytic oxidation of asphaltic tar to bitumen) according to the established dependence of thermal stability variations of intermediates on the formation enthalpy of metal oxides or standard ele.trode potentials is discussed.

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, ( , ) .

     

Calculation of the heat of copper cluster formation in MgO lattice by the interacting bonds method

The heat of formation of some copper clusters in a MgO lattice has been calculated by the interacting bonds method.

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MgO.

     

Selectivity of catalytic processes under forced cyclic operation

The influence of oscillations in the feed concentration on the selectivity of a catalytic process has been studied for parallel reactions. The selectivity increase in periodic operations depends on both the type of kinetic functions and the non-steady-state properties of the catalysts.

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. , .

     

Catalytic properties and radiothermoluminescence of calcium molybdate with MoO3 additives

The addition of excess (1 mol%) MoO₃ to calcium molybdate leads to significant changes in catalytic properties and radiothermoluminescence, thus indicating either the healing of the surface defects of matrices or the formation of solid solutions.

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MoO₃ I% . . , .

     

Kinetics and mechanism of oxidation of bromide ions by sodium perborate by transforming to a Landolt process

Sodium perborate was used for oxidation of bromide ions at pH 3.64. The reaction was conducted by potentiometric measurements. The orders with respect to perborate and bromide ions were found to be unity in each reagent and a plausible mechanism was postulated. The effect of temperature was studied in the range of 20–40 °C and the Arrhenius parameters were evaluated.

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pH=3,64. . , . 20–40 °C, .

     

Effect of the support on the coking of nickel catalysts in hydrocarbon steam reforming

Experiments on the coking rates of variously prepared nickel catalysts on TiO₂, Al₂O₃ and MgO in n-butane steam reforming show that changes in the relative coking rate at a rising steam excess in the gas phase depend mainly on the kind of support. The results obtained are accounted for by changes in the electron density at the site of nickel crystallite contact with the surface of various supports.

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, TiO₂, Al₂O₃ MgO, - , , , , , . .

     

DTA and TG analysis of heteropolyacids of the series H(3+x)PMo(12−x)VxO40·nH2O

DTA, TG and DTG of molybdovanadophosphoric acids of the series H_(3+x)Mo_(12–x)V_xO₄₀· nH₂O (x=0, 1, 2, 3) were carried out. The samples with the highest content of water of crystallization (n=19–34) fuse above 40 °C, giving solutions of heteropolyacids which boil at 110 to 130 °C. The total loss of crystallization water occurs below 170–200 °C. The anhydrous acids decompose (dehydroxylation) at temperatures decreasing from the average value of 433 °C forx=0 to about 293 °C forx=3. For these vanadium-containing samples, an exothermic peak not accompanied by weight change appears at about 450, 430 and 390 °C forx=1,2 and 3, respectively, indicating a transformation in the solid state. Ifx=0, a weaker endothermic effect of dehydroxylation overlaps with a stronger exothermic effect, and only one exothermic effect exists, at 435 °C.

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Zusammenfassung An Molybdovanadophosphorsäuren der Formel H_(3+x)Mo_(12–x)V_xO₄₀· H₂O (x=0, 1, 2, 3) wurden DTA-, TG- und DTG-Untersuchungen durchgeführt. Die Proben mit dem größten Kristallwassergehalt (n=19–34) schmelzen oberhalb 40 °C und liefern damit Lösungen von Heteropolysäuren mit einem Siedepunkt zwischen 110 und 130 °C. Der vollständige Verlust des Kristallwassers erfolgt unterhalb 170–200 °C. Die wasserfreien Säuren zersetzen sich (Dehydroxylierung) bei Temperaturen mit einem Durchschnittswert von 433 °C fürx=0 bis herab zu 293 °C fürx=3. Bei diesen vanadiumhaltigen Proben tritt fürx=1, 2 und 3 bei den Temperaturen 450, 430 und 390 °C ein exothermer Peak auf, der von keinem Gewichtsverlust begleitet wird und somit auf eine Strukturänderung des festen Zustandes hinweist. Beix=0 wird ein stärkerer exothermer Effekt von einem schwächeren endothermen überlagert und es existiert bei 435 °C nur ein exothermer Effekt.

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, H_3+xMo_12–xV_xO₄₀·nH₂O, x=, 1, 2, 3. (n=19–34) 40°, 110–130°. ( ) 433° =0 293° =3. , , , 340,430 390° x=1,2,3, , . x=0 , 435°.

     

Isomerization and hydrogenation of butene-1 on a zirconia aerogel catalyst

Zirconia is well known as a promising support for active metallic centers but it is also by itself an interesting catalyst for reactions involving hydrogen in particular. This paper describes the catalytic properties of ZrO₂-obtained in the form of an aerogel-, towards butene-1-isomerization and/or its hydrogenation at low temperature. Activation at 430°C in vacuum led to the best results in cis-trans isomerization in the temperature range of 80–200°C. It is shown that at temperatures 150°C a carbanion mechanism is operating while at higher temperatures the thermodynamic selectivity is attained. Selective poisoning experiments by NH₃ or CO₂ were carried out in order to identify the catalytic sites for the isomerization of n-butene.

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, , . ZrO₂, , / -1 . 430°C - 80–200°C. , 150°C , . NH₃ CO₂ -.

     

A Thermal study of the precipitates formed in ammonia neutralization of acidic solutions of dissolved phlogopite

The precipitates containing mainly iron, aluminium and magnesium hydroxides, obtained from phlogopite dissolved in nitric acid by means of the neutralization procedure with ammonia, have been investigated by thermal analysis (TG, DTG and DTA). According to the present study, which is part of a larger investigation into the chemical utilization of Finnish mica minerals, the formation of solid solutions between iron and aluminium hydroxides in silt increases with an increasing neutralization temperature. Nitrogen exists mainly in the form of nitrate in silts, and magnesium forms mixed hydroxides with aluminium, which causes a separation between the iron hydroxide and magnesium aluminium hydroxide phases.

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Zusammenfassung Die von in Salpetersäure gelöstem Phlogopit durch Neutralisierung mit Ammoniak erhaltenen, hauptsächlich Eisen-, Aluminium- und Magnesiumhydroxid enthaltenden Niederschläge wurden thermoanalytisch (TG, DTG und DTA) untersucht. In der vorliegenden Arbeit, die Teil einer grossangelegten Untersuchung zur chemischen Nutzung finnischer Glimmermineralien ist, wird gezeigt, dass die Bildung fester Lösungen von Eisen- und Aluminiumhydroxiden in Schluff mit zunehmender Neutralisationstemperatur ansteigt. Stickstoff kommt in Schluff hauptsächlich in Form von Nitraten vor, und Magnesium bildet Mischhydroxide mit Aluminium, was eine Trennung der Eisenhydroxidphase von der Magnesium-Aluminium-Hydroxidphase bewirkt.

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, , , . . , , . , , , , .

     

Effect of the medium on the oxidation of aliphatic monocarboxylic acids

Oxidation rates and k₂/k₆ ratios are given for some acids from propionic to lauric. The k₂/k₆ ratio is shown to be influenced by the electrostatic effect of the solvent. A linear dependence between the isodielectric values of k₂/k₆ and the number of methylene groups in the acid molecules is described.

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k₂/k₆ . k₂/k₆ k₂/k₆ .

     

Kinetic dependences foro-xylene oxidation to phthalic anhydride over V?Ti?O catalysts

In accordance with structural data and numerical analysis of relaxation curves, a detailed scheme for the reaction of o-xylene oxidation is suggested.

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-.

     

Temperature-programmed reaction of methane with Re- and Pt-containing oxide contacts

Mass-spectrometric data for the products of temperature-programmed reaction of methane with Re- and Pt-containing Al₂O₃ contacts show that the active sites for methane conversion to benzene over these systems are formed during high-temperature contact of these systems with methane.

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- Re, Pt- , , , .

     

Comparison between ESR spectra and activities of bismuth tungstate catalysts

Electron spin resonance absorptions have been studied in bismuth tungstate catalysts with Bi/W ratios of 2/3, 1/1, 2/1 and 6/1. The first three systems exhibit a mean g value of 2.07±0.04 while the last one does not show any ESR signal. All the systems are diamagnetic. The signals at g=2.03–2.11 are attributed to oxygen ion-radicals chemisorbed (O ₂ ^– ) on W⁶⁺. An attempt has been made to correlate these whith the catalytic activities of the bismuth tungstates in the oxidation of propylene and 1-butene.

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Bi/W=2/3, 1/1, 2/1 6/1. g=2,07±0,04, . . g=2,03 2,11 - (O₂ ^–), W⁺⁶. 1-.

     

Transition metal phosphomolybdates as catalysts for the gas phase hydration of acetylene to acetaldehyde and acetic acid

Adsorption of electron acceptors with electron affinity from 1.26 to 2.84 eV on two metal oxides have been studied. The limits of electron transfer from the oxide surface to the acceptor in electron affinity are reported.

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1,26 2,84 . .

     

Effects of drying conditions on thermal decomposition behaviour of UO3 gel microspheres

The effects of the drying conditions on the thermal behaviour of UO₃ gel microspheres were studied by TG, DTA and X-ray examination. The effects of drying with air, steam or alcohol on the crystal structure and crystallite size were also studied. The results indicate that the thermal decomposition of UO₃ gel microspheres involves five steps: the first two for dehydration, the third for ammonia release, the fourth for ammonia oxidation, and the last one for UO₃ recrystallization. It was also found that the crystal growth varied from 110 Å after air drying to 512 Å and 496 Å after steam and alcohol treatment, respectively.

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Zusammenfassung Die Effekte der Trocknungsbedingungen auf das thermische Verhalten von UO₃-Gelmikrokugeln wurden mittels TG, DTA und Röntgenanalyse untersucht. Ebenfalls wurden die Auswirkungen der Trocknung mit Luft, Dampf und Alkohol auf die Kristallstruktur und die Kristallitgröße untersucht. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, daß die thermische Zersetzung der UO₃-Gelmikrokugeln in 5 Schritten verläuft: die ersten zwei sind Dehydratisierungsprozessen, der dritte der Freisetzung und der vierte der Oxydation von Ammoniak und der letzte der Rekristallisation des UO₃ zuzuschreiben. Die Kristallitgröße variiert zwischen 110 Å nach Lufttrocknung und 512 bzw. 496 Å nach Trocknung mit Dampf bzw. Alkohol.

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, UO₃ . , UO₃. , UO₃ : — , — , — — UO₃. , 110 Å 512 496 Å , , .

     

Temperature-programmed decompositions of NH4VO3 and NH4VO3-TiO2 investigated by mass-spectrometry and DTA methods

The thermal decompositions of NH₄VO₃ and NH₄VO₃-TiO₂ mixtures were investigated by mass-spectrometry and DTA. Three stages of decomposition were distinguished, in which the contribution of redox-type reactions increased successively. The bulk of the decomposition was independent of the nature of the atmosphere; only the third stage displayed a variation. In vacuo and in argon there was continuous reduction of the vanadium oxide system, but in air its reoxidation took place.

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Zusammenfassung Die thermische Zersetzung von NH₄VO₃ und NH₄VO₃- TiO₂ Mischungen wurde durch Massenspektrometrie und DTA untersucht. Drei Zersetzungsstufen wurden unterschieden, bei denen die Beteiligung der Reaktionen vom Redox-Typ der Reihe nach zunahm. Der grö\ere Teil der Zersetzungsreaktionen war unabhÄngig von der Art der AtmosphÄre, nur die dritte Stufe Änderte sich hierbei. Im Vakuum und in Argon erfolgte eine kontinuerliche Reduktion des Vanadiumoxid-Systems, jedoch in Luft eine Reoxidierung.

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Résumé On a étudié, par spectrométrie de masse et par ATD, la décomposition thermique de NH₄VO₃ et des mélanges de NH₄VO₃-TiO₂. On a distingué trois étapes de décomposition, dans lesquelles la contribution des réactions du type redox augmentait successsivement. La plus grande part de la décomposition est indépendante de la qualité de l'atmosphère, seule la troisième étape est influencée. Dans le vide dans l'argon la réduction du système d'oxyde de vanadium est continue mais dans l'air la réoxydation de celui-ci a lieu.

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- NH₄VO₃ NH₄VO₃- TiO₂. , - . - . , .

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The authors wish to express their gratitude to Professor A. Bielaski for his interest in this work and for valuable discussions.     

Radical addition of methyldichlorosilane to 1-hexene and acetylene

Radical interaction of methyldichlorosilane with 1-hexene (B) and acetylene (C) is shown to form addition products. The calculated Arrhenius parameters for the relative rate constant of the addition reaction amount to lg A_B/A_C=0.0±0.2 and E_B–E_C=–7.8±0.5 kJ M^–1.

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, 1- (B) (C) . , : A_B/A_C=0,0±0,2; E_B/E_C=–7,8±0,5 /.

     

Structure, activity and selectivity of V2O5-TiO2 catalysts for o-xylene conversion

The formation of needle shaped crystallites of V₆O₁₃ at low V concentrations on V₂O₅-anatase coated catalysts explains the low selectivity for phthalic anhydride during o-xylene oxidation. The (010) plane of V-oxide, most active for selective oxidation of o-xylene, is not accessible and the contact of this plane with the anatase faces promotes the anatase-rutile transformation and the incorporation and blocking of V⁴⁺ ions.

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V₆O₁₃ V , V₂O₅-, -. (010) , -, , - V⁺⁴.

     

Hydrolysis kinetics of the acid and base species of oxacillin in aqueous solution

Using the method of initial rates, a study has been carried out on the different kinetic behavior of the acid and base forms of oxacillin. The acid catalytic constants of both species are determined. The acid form is much more stable with respect to hydrolysis.

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, . . , .