方腔内自然对流与混合对流的有限差分格子Boltzmann研究

基于有限差分法,建立了贴体坐标系下求解流体流动和传热的双分布格子Boltzmann模型.在密度分布函数和温度分布函数对应的离散速度方程中,时间项采用四阶Runge-Kutta法离散,空间离散采用二阶迎风和二阶中心差分的混合形式.采用此模型分别对瑞利数为10~3、10~4、10~5、10~6的方腔自然对流以及理查森数为0.1、1、10的方腔混合对流进行了数值模拟,获得了流体速度与温度分布的典型特征,得到的努塞尔数也与基准解高度吻合.计算结果表明了本文采用的数值方法和计算程序的有效性.     

非定常不可压N-S方程的最小二乘算子分裂有限元法数值求解

采用最小二乘算子分裂有限元法求解非定常不可压N-S(Navier-Stokes)方程,即在每个时间层上采用算子分裂法将N-S方程分裂成扩散项和对流项,这样既能考虑对流占优特点又能顾及方程的扩散性质。扩散项是一个抛物型方程,时间离散采用向后差分格式,空间离散采用标准Galerkin有限元法。对流项的时间项采用后向差分格式,非线性部分用牛顿法进行线性化处理,再用最小二乘有限元法进行空间离散,得到对称正定的代数方程组系数矩阵。采用Re=1000的方腔流对该算法的有效性进行检验,表明其具有较高的精度,能够很好地捕捉流场中的涡结构。同时,对圆柱层流绕流进行了数值研究,通过流线图、压力场、阻力系数、升力系数及斯特劳哈数等结果的分析与对比,表明本文算法对于模拟圆柱层流绕流是准确和可靠的。     

一种基于Associated Hermite正交函数求解对流扩散方程的算法

提出了一种基于AH(Associated Hermite)正交基函数求解对流扩散方程的无条件稳定算法。该算法将方程的时间项通过Hermite多项式作为正交基函数进行展开,利用Galerkin方法消除时间变量项,从而导出有限维AH域隐式差分方程,突破了传统显式差分格式稳定性条件的限制,最后通过对AH域展开系数的求解得到该对流扩散方程的数值解。在数值算例中,将该算法与传统显示差分法和交替方向隐式差分法进行对比分析,数值计算结果表明,算法无条件稳定且其计算精度与时间步长无关,对于具有精细结构的对流换热问题,该算法具有明显的效率优势,且保持了较高的精度。     

高效时空同步四阶熵稳定格式

求解双曲守恒律方程的高阶半离散熵稳定方法在时间方向上采用Runge-Kutta型方法时,算法的计算效率较低,Lax-Wendroff型时间离散方法为这一问题的解决提供了新思路．将WENO (Weighted Essentially NonOscillatory)型四阶熵稳定格式与Lax-Wendroff型两步四阶时间离散方法相结合求解双曲守恒律方程,时空同步可达到四阶精度．相较于流行的Runge-Kutta型时间离散方法,Lax-Wendroff型两步四阶方法只需两步就可以达到四阶精度,从而可提高计算效率．多个不同类型双曲型方程数值结果表明：新的耦合算法计算效率有明显提高,一维问题计算效率至少提高35%,二维问题计算效率至少提高39%,且新算法依旧具有熵稳定性,数值结果分辨率高．     

一种求解双曲方程新的有限差分算法

本文提出一种适于求解一阶双向系统的新的差分格式。它的建立方法是：将所要求解的方程与解的空间导数所满足的微分方程同时离散化，然后再通过插值函数构成封闭的离散变量代数方程。在线性情况下的误差分析表明：该格式的幅值与位相误差均小于常用的一、二阶差分格式；当其应用于非线性气动方程求解时，基本上可以消除数值扩散与振荡这两种非正常现象。     

一种求解双曲方程新有有限差分算法

本文提出一种适于求解一阶双曲系统的新的差分格式。它的建立方法是：将所要求解的方程与解的空间导数所满足的微分方程同时离散化，然后再通过插值函数构成封闭的离散变量代数方程。在线性情况下的误差分析表明：该格式的幅值与位相误差均小于常用的一，二阶差分格式，当其应于非线性气动方程求解时，基本上可以消除数值扩散与振荡这两种非正常现象。     

摄动有限差分方法研究进展

振动有限差分（ＰＦＤ）方法,既离散徽商项也离散非微商项（包括微商系数）,在微商用直接差分近似的前提下提高差分格式的精度和分辨率．ＰＦＤ方法包括局部线化微分方程的摄动精确数值解（ＰＥＮＳ）方法和摄动数值解（ＰＮＳ）方法以及考虑非线性近似的摄动高精度差分（ＰＨＤ）方法。论述了这些方法的基本思想、具体技巧、若干方程（对流扩散方程、对流扩散反应方程、双曲方程、抛物方程和ＫｄＶ方程）的ＰＥＮＳ、ＰＮＳ和ＰＨＤ格式,它们的性质及数值实验．并与有关的数值方法作了必要的比较．最后提出值得进一步研究的一些课题．      

二维对流扩散方程的高精度全隐式多重网格方法

提出了数值求解二维非定常变系数对流扩散方程的一种时间二阶、空间四阶精度的三层全隐紧致差分格式。为了加快迭代求解隐格式时在每一个时间步上的收敛速度，采用多重网格加速技术，建立了适用于本文高精度金隐紧致格式的多重网格算法。数值实验结果验证了本文方法的精确性、稳定性和对高网格雷诺数问题的强适应性。     

对流扩散方程的迎风变换及相应有限差分方法

本文提出所谓迎风变换,将对流扩散方程分解为对流迎风函数和扩散方程,并构造相应的有限差分格式。对流迎风函数以简明的指数解析形式反映对流扩散现象的迎风效应,原则上消除了源于不对称对流算子的困难,能够便利对流扩散方程的数值求解。有限差分格式具有二阶精度和无条件稳定性,算例表明其准确性、收敛速度及对边界层效应的适应能力均明显优于中心差分格式和迎风差分格式。     

一种基于微分求积的空间分数阶扩散方程求解方法

通过微分求积建立求解变系数空间分数阶扩散方程的一种有效直接数值方法。基于Reciprocal Multiquadric和Thin-Plate Spline径向基函数推导两种逼近分数阶导数的微分求积公式,将所考虑的模型问题转化成易求解的常微分方程组,并采用Crank-Nicolson格式进行离散。给出5个数值算例,计算结果表明,只要径向基函数的形状参数选择恰当,本文方法在精度和效率上均优于一些现有算法。     

Local and Global Transitions to Chaos and Hysteresis in a Porous Layer Heated from Below

The routes to chaos in a fluid saturated porous layer heated from below are investigated by using the weak nonlinear theory as well as Adomian's decomposition method to solve a system of ordinary differential equations which result from a truncated Galerkin representation of the governing equations. This representation is equivalent to the familiar Lorenz equations with different coefficients which correspond to the porous media convection. While the weak nonlinear method of solution provides significant insight to the problem, to its solution and corresponding bifurcations and other transitions, it is limited because of its local domain of validity, which in the present case is in the neighbourhood of any one of the two steady state convective solutions. On the other hand, the Adomian's decomposition method provides an analytical solution to the problem in terms of infinite power series. The practical need to evaluate numerical values from the infinite power series, the consequent series truncation, and the practical procedure to accomplish this task transform the otherwise analytical results into a computational solution achieved up to a finite accuracy. The transition from the steady solution to chaos is analysed by using both methods and their results are compared, showing a very good agreement in the neighbourhood of the convective steady solutions. The analysis explains previously obtained computational results for low Prandtl number convection in porous media suggesting a transition from steady convection to chaos via a Hopf bifurcation, represented by a solitary limit cycle at a sub-critical value of Rayleigh number. A simple explanation of the well known experimental phenomenon of Hysteresis in the transition from steady convection to chaos and backwards from chaos to steady state is provided in terms of the present analysis results.     

Natural convection in inclined partitioned enclosures

The problem of steady, laminar, natural convective flow of a viscous fluid in an inclined enclosure with partitions is considered. Transverse gradient of temperature is applied on the two opposing regular walls of the inclined enclosure while the other walls are maintained adiabatic. The problem is formulated in terms of the vorticity-stream function procedure. A numerical solution based on the finite volume method is obtained. Representative results illustrating the effects of the enclosure inclination angle and the degree of irregularity on the contour maps of the streamlines and temperature are reported and discussed. In addition, results for the average Nusselt number at the heated wall of the enclosure and the difference of extreme stream-function values are presented and discussed for various Rayleigh numbers, inclination angles and dimensionless partition heights.     

Three-dimensional unsteady flow simulations: Alternative strategies for a volume-averaged calculation

This work builds on a SIMPLE-type code to produce two numerical codes of greatly improved speed and accuracy for solution of the Navier–Stokes equations. Both implicit and explicit codes employ an improved QUICK (quadratic upstream interpolation for convective kinematics) scheme to finite difference convective terms for non-uniform grids. The PRIME (update pressure implicit, momentum explicit) algorithm is used as the computational procedure for the implicit code. Use of both the ICCG (incomplete Cholesky decomposition, conjugate gradient) method and the MG (multigrid) technique to enhance solution execution speed is illustrated. While the implicit code is first-order in time, the explicit is second-order accurate. Two- and three-dimensional forced convection and sidewall-heated natural convection flows in a cavity are chosen as test cases. Predictions with the new schemes show substantial computational savings and very good agreement when compared to previous simulations and experimental data.     

Solution to transient Navier–Stokes equations by the coupling of differential quadrature time integration scheme with dual reciprocity boundary element method

The two‐dimensional time‐dependent Navier–Stokes equations in terms of the vorticity and the stream function are solved numerically by using the coupling of the dual reciprocity boundary element method (DRBEM) in space with the differential quadrature method (DQM) in time. In DRBEM application, the convective and the time derivative terms in the vorticity transport equation are considered as the nonhomogeneity in the equation and are approximated by radial basis functions. The solution to the Poisson equation, which links stream function and vorticity with an initial vorticity guess, produces velocity components in turn for the solution to vorticity transport equation. The DRBEM formulation of the vorticity transport equation results in an initial value problem represented by a system of first‐order ordinary differential equations in time. When the DQM discretizes this system in time direction, we obtain a system of linear algebraic equations, which gives the solution vector for vorticity at any required time level. The procedure outlined here is also applied to solve the problem of two‐dimensional natural convection in a cavity by utilizing an iteration among the stream function, the vorticity transport and the energy equations as well. The test problems include two‐dimensional flow in a cavity when a force is present, the lid‐driven cavity and the natural convection in a square cavity. The numerical results are visualized in terms of stream function, vorticity and temperature contours for several values of Reynolds (Re) and Rayleigh (Ra) numbers. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

LES-based filter-matrix lattice Boltzmann model for simulating turbulent natural convection in a square cavity

In this paper, a novel thermal filter-matrix lattice Boltzmann model based on large eddy simulation (LES) is proposed for simulating turbulent natural convection. In this study, the Vreman subgrid-scale eddy-viscosity model is introduced into the present framework of LES to accurately predict the flow in near-wall region. Two dimensional numerical simulations of natural convection in a square cavity were performed at high Rayleigh number varying from 10⁷ to 10¹⁰ with a fixed Prandtl number of Pr = 0.71. The influences of the higher-order terms upon the present results at high Rayleigh numbers are examined, taking Ra = 10⁷ and 10⁸ as the example, revealing that the proper minimization of the higher-order terms can improve numerical accuracy of present model for high Rayleigh convective flow. For the turbulent convective flow, the time-averaged quantities in the median lines are presented and compared against those available results from previous studies. The general structure of turbulent boundary layers is well predicted. All numerical results exhibit good agreement with the benchmark solutions available in the previous literatures.     

Mixed convection flow in a lid-driven inclined square enclosure filled with a nanofluid

This work is focused on the numerical modeling of steady laminar mixed convection flow in a lid-driven inclined square enclosure filled with water–Al₂O₃ nanofluid. The left and right walls of the enclosure are kept insulated while the bottom and top walls are maintained at constant temperatures with the top surface being the hot wall and moving at a constant speed. The developed equations are given in terms of the stream function–vorticity formulation and are non-dimensionalized and then solved numerically subject to appropriate boundary conditions by a second-order accurate finite-volume method. Comparisons with previously published work are performed and found to be in good agreement. A parametric study is conducted and a set of graphical results is presented and discussed to illustrate the effects of the presence of nanoparticles and enclosure inclination angle on the flow and heat transfer characteristics. It is found that significant heat transfer enhancement can be obtained due to the presence of nanoparticles and that this is accentuated by inclination of the enclosure at moderate and large Richardson numbers.     

Natural Convection Induced by a Centrifugal Force Field in a Horizontal Annular Porous Layer Saturated with a Binary Fluid

The Darcy Model with the Boussinesq approximation is used to study natural convection in a horizontal annular porous layer filled with a binary fluid, under the influence of a centrifugal force field. Neumann boundary conditions for temperature and concentration are applied on the inner and outer boundary of the enclosure. The governing parameters for the problem are the Rayleigh number, Ra, the Lewis number, Le, the buoyancy ratio, j{\varphi } , the radius ratio of the cavity, R, the normalized porosity, e{\varepsilon } , and parameter a defining double-diffusive convection (a = 0) or Soret induced convection (a = 1). For convection in a thin annular layer (R → 1), analytical solutions for the stream function, temperature and concentration fields are obtained using a concentric flow approximation and an integral form of the energy equation. The critical Rayleigh number for the onset of supercritical convection is predicted explicitly by the present model. Also, results are obtained from the analytical model for finite amplitude convection for which the flow and heat and mass transfer are presented in terms of the governing parameters of the problem. Numerical solutions of the full governing equations are obtained for a wide range of the governing parameters. A good agreement is observed between the analytical model and the numerical simulations.     

Laminar natural convection in a fully partitioned enclosure containing fluid with nonlinear thermophysical properties

The effects of a heat conducting partition on the laminar natural convection heat transfer and fluid flow were obtained by comparing the numerical and experimental results for a cubic enclosure without and with a partition. The two opposite vertical walls of the enclosure were isothermal at different temperatures. The working fluid was glycerol. The complete vertical partition, made of Plexiglass, was positioned in the middle of the enclosure. The visualizations of the velocity and temperature fields were obtained by using respectively, Plexiglass and liquid crystal particles as tracers. A middle plane perpendicular to the partition was numerically modeled. The steady two-dimensional model accounted for the variable thermophysical properties of the fluid. The finite volume method based on the finite difference approach was applied. The convective terms were approximated using a deferred correction central difference scheme. The velocity and temperature fields and the distribution of the local and average Nusselt numbers were found as a function of the Rayleigh (38 000 <Ra <369 000) and Prandtl (2700 < Pr < 7000) numbers.     

Route to Chaos for Moderate Prandtl Number Convection in a Porous Layer Heated from Below

The route to chaos for moderate Prandtl number gravity driven convection in porous media is analysed by using Adomian's decomposition method which provides an accurate analytical solution in terms of infinite power series. The practical need to evaluate numerical values from the infinite power series, the consequent series truncation, and the practical procedure to accomplish this task, transform the otherwise analytical results into a computational solution achieved up to a desired but finite accuracy. The solution shows a transition to chaos via a period doubling sequence of bifurcations at a Rayleigh number value far beyond the critical value associated with the loss of stability of the convection steady solution. This result is extremely distinct from the sequence of events leading to chaos in low Prandtl number convection in porous media, where a sudden transition from steady convection to chaos associated with an homoclinic explosion occurs in the neighbourhood of the critical Rayleigh number (unless mentioned otherwise by 'the critical Rayleigh number' we mean the value associated with the loss of stability of the convection steady solution). In the present case of moderate Prandtl number convection the homoclinic explosion leads to a transition from steady convection to a period-2 periodic solution in the neighbourhood of the critical Rayleigh number. This occurs at a slightly sub-critical value of Rayleigh number via a transition associated with a period-1 limit cycle which seem to belong to the sub-critical Hopf bifurcation around the point where the convection steady solution looses its stability. The different regimes are analysed and periodic windows within the chaotic regime are identified. The significance of including a time derivative term in Darcy's equation when wave phenomena are being investigated becomes evident from the results.     

Stability of Steady Flow in a Vertical Layer in the Microconvection Model

The stability of steady flow in a vertical gap is analyzed using the perturbation method within the framework of the microconvection model. The resulting spectral problem is not self-conjugate. The stability of the flow to long-wave perturbations is established. It is shown that if the Boussinesq parameter is small, the spectrum of this problem approximates the spectra of the corresponding problems for a viscous heat-conducting fluid and thermogravitational convection with a finite Rayleigh number. The numerical calculations indicate that in the microconvection model the instability develops at smaller wave numbers.