锁频锁相的高功率微波器件技术研究

综述了中国工程物理研究院应用电子学研究所锁频锁相的高功率微波器件最新研究成果,主要包括稳频稳相的相对论速调管放大器和注入锁相的相对论返波管振荡器.针对高功率长脉冲相对论速调管研究中遇到的问题,介绍了该放大器的束波互作用特点、杂频振荡抑制、脉冲缩短、高频段高功率运行、高增益等物理、设计与实验中的关键技术研究概况,使其功率、相位稳定性、增益等性能有了显著提高,S波段环形单注相对论速调管实现了高功率稳相输出,重频25 Hz运行时输出功率大于1 GW,脉宽大于150 ns、相位波动18°,高增益运行时在注入微波功率数kW条件下也实现类似功率和相位水平;采用同轴多注器件结构,突破了速调管高频段运行条件下高效率电子束引入和高功率束波转换技术等难题,使X波段相对论速调管在注入功率30 kW条件下实现了功率大于1 GW的放大输出,效率为34%,相位波动为15°.在掌握相对论返波管技术的基础上,利用返波管的高效率和结构紧凑的优点,开展了注入调制电子束锁相的相对论返波管研究,采用百kW级的种子微波实现了对GW量级输出微波的相位锁定.该研究结果对功率合成、粒子加速和多功能雷达等技术具有重要的推动作用.     

过模返波管的正反馈机制

作为一个典型的高功率微波振荡器,过模返波管(backward wave oscillator,BWO)的束波互作用过程复杂,束流负载效应影响明显,但是作为振荡器本身,其本质就是一个正反馈电路,电子从阴极发射后,穿过谐振反射腔和慢波结构(slow-wave structure,SWS),在SWS区电子动能转化为微波能,其中的一部分微波反馈到谐振反射腔,实现对电子束的调制,其他微波通过后面输出端口向外辐射.本文根据这种正反馈机制,建立器件工作模式等效电路和束波互作用的自洽过程,从理论上给出正反馈机制对器件模式控制、起振电流等参数的影响,并模拟研究了这种反馈机制对模式控制的影响,由此设计了一个能够在(1 MV,20 kA)电子束条件下克服模式竞争的过模BWO,其微波输出功率为7.9 GW,频率为8.68 GHz,相应的效率为39.5%.     

Scaling studies and time-resolved microwave measurements on arelativistic backward-wave oscillator

A relativistic backward-wave oscillator (BWO) operating at a frequency near 8 GHz has been built. The parameters of the 60-ns electron beam driving this microwave source are varied over the ranges 0.8-1.5 MV and 2-10 kA. Several different annular cathodes for launching the electron beam are tried, varying the outer radius and shape. The axial magnetic field guiding the beam through the BWO is varied between 0.6 and 3 T. The power transfer downstream to an output waveguide is investigated as a function of the shape of the transition from the BWO to the waveguide. The scaling of the output power and frequency with these variations is discussed. Time-resolved measurements of 2-ns-long segments of the microwave output are shown. In observations of the microwave signal, it is found that the frequency shifts as the output power envelope passes through a sharp dip. It is proposed that this shift corresponds to a change in the longitudinal operating mode of the BWO     

W波段带状注矩形单栅返波振荡器模拟研究

提出并研究了一种带状电子注矩形单栅返波振荡器。首先研究了矩形单栅慢波结构的色散特性和耦合阻抗特性,然后粒子模拟并优化设计了带状注矩形单栅高频结构,预群聚腔及输出一体化结构。研究结果表明:利用电压200kV、电压2kA、截面为24mm×0.5mm的带状电子注,驱动该矩形单栅返波振荡器,能够产生42 MW的输出功率,工作频率86GHz,效率为10.5%。     

Experimental study of a plasma-filled backward wave oscillator

Experimental studies of a plasma-filled X-band backward-wave oscillator (BWO) are presented. Depending on the background gas pressure, microwave frequency upshifts of up to 1 GHz appeared along with an enhancement by a factor of 7 in the total microwave power emission. The bandwidth of the microwave emission increased from ⩽0.5 GHz to 2 GHz when the BWO was working at the RF power enhancement pressure region. The RF power enhancement appeared over a much wider pressure range in a high beam current case (10-100 mT for 3 kA) than in a lower beam case (80-115 mT for 1.6 kA). The plasma-filled BWO has higher power output than the vacuum BWO over a broader region of magnetic guide field strength. Trivelpiece-Gould modes (T-G modes) are observed with frequencies up to the background plasma frequency in a plasma-filled BWO. Mode competition between the T-G modes and the X-band Tm₀₁ mode prevailed when the background plasma density was below 6×10¹¹ cm^-3 . At a critical background plasma density of ≃8×10¹¹ cm^-3 power enhancement appeared in both X-band and the T-G modes. Power enhancement of the S-band in this mode collaboration region reached up to 8 dB. Electric fields measured by the Stark-effect method were as high as 34 kV/cm while the BWO power level was 80 MW. These electric fields lasted throughout the high-power microwave pulse     

Pulse shortening causes in high power BWO and TWT microwave sources

Pulse shortening, an effect where the microwave output power from a high-power tube terminates or significantly degrades well before the end of the electron beam pulse, severely limits the energy per pulse and average power capability of many high power microwave (HPM) sources. The cause of pulse shortening varies from device to device, and different causes can simultaneously contribute to the observed power reduction behavior which tends to obscure the underlying mechanisms and possible solutions. In this paper, we show a variety of experimental situations that lead to pulse shortening in HPM sources. The mechanisms of the different pulse shortening triggers are examined in detail in high-vacuum traveling wave tubes (TWT) and plasma-filled backward-wave oscillators (BWO). We find that there are many different causes of pulse shortening such as arcing, mode competition, beam instability, etc. However, the most commonly observed situation that leads to pulse shortening is the combination of sufficiently high power electron beams and poor vacuum conditions that lead to plasma generation. The presence of plasma significantly modifies the beam coupling to the circuit, which can affect the microwave production efficiency on very short time scales. The situations lending to pulse shortening and possible solutions are presented     

单电子束双波段同轴相对论返波管粒子模拟

设计了一种能在C波段和X波段实现稳定双频输出的带有非对称谐振反射腔的单电子束同轴相对论返波振荡器。采用耦合阻抗跃变型慢波结构,使用粒子PIC模拟软件进行了粒子模拟研究。模拟结果显示:轴向电场在系统中的分布得到改进,电子束的能散得到改善。在电子束电压511 kV,电流8.95 kA,引导磁场0.73 T的条件下,双频器件实现了8.09 GHz和9.91 GHz的双波段频率稳定输出,平均功率为1.0 GW,波束互作用效率为21.9%, 效率高于空心双波段返波管及其他双波段器件。器件辐射功率的拍频为1.82 GHz,拍波更为明显和稳定。模拟研究中同时发现, 随着慢波结构之间漂移段的变化,双频频率都呈现一种准周期的变化。     

均压环在高功率微波辐射天线窗中的应用

为提高高功率微波（HPM）辐射天线的功率容量,设计了带均压环的HPM微波辐射天线窗。均压环嵌入介质窗表面后介质窗表面电场分布发生改变,电子运动轨迹也随之发生改变,改变电子运动轨迹能有效抑制二次电子倍增造成的介质窗击穿。当均压环与辐射场电场垂直时,CST模拟表明,均压环的加入基本不影响天线的辐射性能。将其应用于返波管振荡器（BWO）实验中（输出微波为TM01模）,结果表明:在束压3 MV、束流10 kA、效率30%时,普通天线窗输出脉宽为45 ns,而加入均压环的天线窗输出脉宽100 ns。     

Studies of relativistic backward-wave oscillator operation in thecross-excitation regime

We first reported the operation of a relativistic backward-wave oscillator (BWO) in the so-called cross-excitation regime in 1998. This instability, whose general properties were predicted earlier through numerical studies, resulted from the use of a particularly shallow rippled-wall waveguide [slow wave structure (SWS)] that was installed in an experiment to diagnose pulse shortening in a long-pulse electron beam-driven high-power microwave (HPM) source. This SWS was necessary to accommodate laser interferometry measurements along the SWS during the course of microwave generation. Since those early experiments, we have studied this regime in greater detail using two different SWS lengths. We have invoked time-frequency analysis, the smoothed-pseudo Wigner-Ville distribution in particular, to interpret the heterodyned signals of the radiated power measurements. These recent results are consistent with earlier theoretical predictions for the onset and voltage scaling for this instability. This paper presents data for a relativistic BWO operating in the single-frequency regime for two axial modes, operating in the cross-excitation regime, and discusses the interpretation of the data, as well as the methodology used for its analysis. Although operation in the cross-excitation regime is typically avoided due to its poorer efficiency, it may prove useful for future HPM effects studies     

Design of a high-efficiency C-band backward wave oscillator

For practicability of the high power microwave source,a C-band backward wave oscillator(BWO)which has high conversion efficiency is designed.When the axial guiding magnetic field is 0.83 T,the electron energy and the beam current of the diode are respectively 80 keV and 2.1 kA,a microwave output power of100 MW at 7.4 GHz microwave frequency with 65% conversion efficiency is achieved in simulation.     

一种高功率返波管理论

对一种热阴极高功率返波管进行了理论研究,其具有寿命长稳定性好的特点。采用的热阴极发射电流密度为20 A/cm2,发射面积为100 cm2,发射总电流为2 kA。首先对该热阴极单阳极电子枪进行仿真研究,在确保不打火的情况下获得电子枪优化设计参数,再对整管进行粒子模拟研究,仿真结果表明,在工作频率为10.5 GHz时,该热阴极返波管的输出功率可以达到290 MW,换能效率为29%。     

准两腔振荡器的理论和实验研究

根据两腔振荡器和返波管的特点提出了准两腔振荡器，其作用机理是两腔振荡器的机理，结构类似返波管.这种结构主要由调制腔组和换能腔组两部分组成，调制腔组实现电子束速度调制，调制后的电子束在通过一个微波场较弱的区间时实现电子束群聚，然后在换能腔组实现电子能量到微波能量的转化，并通过输出结构输出；同时，调制腔组和换能腔组之间存在微波耦合，换能腔组中的一部分微波能量可以耦合到调制腔组，形成一个正反馈回路，在一定条件下实现微波振荡.根据此理论，根据Sinus-700加速器的参数(800 kV，10 kA)设计了一个X波段的高功率微波器件，2.5维Particle in Cell (PIC)程序模拟的效率为28%，微波频率为9.42GHz，微波输出功率为2.25GW，实验上得到的微波输出为微波频率9.40GHz，微波输出功率2.44GW. 关键词： 两腔振荡器 返波管 多波切仑可夫微波器件     

Experimental results from a tandem BWO-TWT system used to generatehigh-power microwaves

A relativistic backward wave oscillator (BWO) in tandem with a traveling wave tube (TWT) amplifier has been used to generate relatively long pulses of high-power X-band microwaves. In these experiments, a BWO is used to modulate the annular relativistic electron beam, which subsequently drives a TWT producing high-power microwave radiation. A special RF sever located between the two structures cuts off microwaves generated in the BWO from the TWT. Peak powers in excess of 100 MW are observed with overall beam-to-microwave efficiencies as high as 35%. By operating the BWO below saturation levels, pulse-shortening effects are minimized so that microwave pulses of duration comparable to that of the beam (100 ns) are possible. The operating frequency of the tandem system is tuned from 11 to 12 GHz by varying the effective energy of the beam     

Experimental investigation of backward wave oscillator with low magnetic field

A backward wave oscillator (BWO) is introduced in the paper. On the accelerator of Simus-700,it is experimentally investigated. Under the condition that the electron energy is 740 keV, the beam current is 7 kA and the guiding magnetic field is at 0.68 T, the performance of 1.15 GW microwave output power at 9.1 GHz microwave frequency with 22 ns pulse width and 22% conversion efficiency are reached.     

紧凑型L波段同轴相对论返波振荡器的粒子模拟

 设计了紧凑型L波段同轴相对论返波振荡器，通过粒子模拟研究了L波段同轴相对论返波振荡器相互作用的物理过程，并对器件的电磁结构进行了优化和改进。分析表明，采用同轴慢波结构可以在较低的外加磁场下实现L波段返波振荡器的微波输出，同时可以大大减小微波器件的径向尺寸。这是因为同轴慢波结构的TM01模式有类似于TEM模的性质，没有截止频率，但纵向电场不为零，电子束能够与它发生强相互作用过程。粒子模拟优化结果表明，在器件半径仅为4.0 cm，电子束能量240 keV，电子束流1.8 kA，导引磁场仅为0.75 T时，返波振荡器可以在频率1.60 GHz处获得较大功率的微波输出， 平均峰值功率达140 MW，平均峰值功率效率约为32%。     

X波段永磁包装相对论返波管研制

设计了一个X波段相对论返波管,通过对器件结构的特殊设计,提高了器件的Q值,同时增大了电子束与慢波结构之间的耦合阻抗,从而实现器件的低磁场运行以便对其进行永磁包装;当引导磁场强度0.46 T、电子束束压750 kV、束流约5.5 kA时,得到频率9.1 GHz、功率1.24 GW的微波输出。根据模拟结果设计加工了一个磁场强度为0.46 T的小型化永磁磁体,该磁体长48 cm,最大外半径15 cm,总重量约116 kg。开展了永磁包装返波管的实验研究,得到以20 Hz的频率运行1 s时功率900 MW、单次运行时功率940 MW的X波段微波输出。     

X波段多频相对论返波振荡器的粒子模拟

采用过模同轴波纹型返波管,其互作用区由2段周期不同的波纹慢波结构组成,利用粒子模拟软件MAGIC进行数值模拟,得到了X波段稳定的3个频率微波输出。粒子模拟的结果为:在强流电子束电压为570 kV,电流为11.4 kA,引导磁场为0.72 T的条件下,获得的3个频率分别为9.575,10.025和10.475GHz,总微波功率为1.0 GW,效率为15.4%。通过对电压的调节,进一步获得了4个频率的微波输出。     

Simulations of a two-stream backward-wave oscillator with a slot-hole structure

We study a two-stream backward-wave oscillator with a slot-hole structure at short millimeter waves with the help of a three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulation. In order to increase the interaction region of the electron beam, the efficiency and the output power, a slot-hole loaded rectangular waveguide structure used as the high-frequency system is proposed. Based on the mechanism of the backward-wave oscillator, a slow-wave oscillator with a frequency of 0.14 THz is designed. The simulations show that the output power and the efficiency of the oscillator can be enhanced due to the coupling between the two beams through the slot holes. The interaction efficiency is 5.18%, and the starting current density is below 5 A·cm^-2 for the two beams. These attractive results indicate that, based on the two-stream backward-wave oscillator, we can get short millimeter wave sources with high power and low current density.     

L波段相对论返波振荡器初步实验研究

设计了一个紧凑型L波段相对论返波振荡器(RBWO),利用Karat 2.5维全电磁粒子模拟程序研究了器件内部束-波作用的物理过程。模拟结果表明:在二极管电压700 kV、电子束流10 kA、导引磁场为1.0 T时,能实现L波段2.23 GW高功率微波输出,平均效率约为31.8%。为验证模拟结果,在高阻加速器平台上进行了初步实验:当二极管电压为703 kV、电流10.6 kA、导引磁场为0.8 T时,实验获得了峰值功率1.05 GW、频率1.61 GHz、脉宽38 ns的高功率微波输出,其功率效率为14.4%。     

Simulation of the relativistic backward wave oscillator with a sinusoidal guiding magnetic field

A simulation is carried out to investigate a relativistic backward wave oscillator （RBWO） with a sinusoidal guiding magnetic field. In the numerical simulation, a microwave output power of 1.33 GW at 9.57 GHz microwave frequency with 33% conversion efficiency is achieved. It is a significant attempt which is helpful for developing a practical high power microwave （HPM） source guided by a permanent magnetic field.