应用GPC法测定醋酸纤维素的分子量和分子量分布

使用ALC/GPC/244仪测定了醋酸纤维素的分子量和分子量分布。首先对试样CA398—(3)、CA394—(60)、CA_1分别进行GPC测定,并以waters公司的聚苯乙烯为标样,根据普适校准曲线和GPC谱图求出试样的重均分子量_w和数均分子量_n、分子量分布宽度和峰值分子量。     

简易法测定涤纶树脂分子量及分子量分布

凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)是测定高聚物分子量及分子量分布的一种相对方法,因此在测试样前必须对GPC柱子标定。通常采用“普适校正”和窄分布标样直接标定法来确定待测试样的分子量和淋出体积之间的关系,其结果的误差一般为±10～20％。近年来,有人借助电子计算器采用宽分布校正法标定GPC柱,但报道不多。     

从GPC谱图和[η]获得(?)_w的误差分析——正态分布型模型GPC谱图

本文利用正态分布型模型GPC谱图从理论上分析了利用GPC谱图和特性粘数来求样品重均分子量可能引入的误差问题。理论和实验表明,当样品的α在0.6—0.8之间,分子量分散指数(?)_w/(?)_n<10时,利用文献[3]提出的方法计算近正态分布的试样的重均分子量的误差不会大于10％。而且分子量分布越窄,α值越接近0.6185,所得的结果越准确。     

相对时间法计算凝胶渗透色谱测试大分子分子量和分子量分布

在凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)对大分子的分子量和分子量分布的测试中,本研究利用小分子乙二醇在系统中出峰时间恒定的现象,采用乙二醇的出峰时间作为标识物,将GPC的色谱图转化为相对时间,再以相对时间建立校正曲线,作为计算分子量和分子量分布的依据。此方法解决了在测试色谱图的记录、校准曲线的建立和分子量的计算中以实际时间来表示和计算分子量时,由于GPC泵的重复性不稳定、色谱柱柱效的下降、仪器更换过不同的色谱柱等因素造成的使校正曲线出现偏差、分子量计算结果出现误差等问题。     

高聚物分子量分布的表征——对聚碳酸酯的应用

建议一种简单的用GPC曲线上淋出体积V_p;(V_(10)—V_p)及(V_p—V_(90))三参数来表征高聚物分子量分布的方法,其中V_p是GPC微分曲线上高峰的淋出体积值,V_(10)/V_(90)是GPC积分曲线上在累积分数10％及90％处的淋出体积值,V_p与高聚物的平均分子量有关,而(V_(10)—V_p);(V_p—V_(90))则表征分子量分布的高分子量及低分子量尾端所延伸的宽度,分子量分布对于高聚物加工性能及产品力学性能的影响常与高低分子量的尾端部分有着密切关系。 应用此方法比较了几个国内外聚碳酸酯试样的分子量分布变化和性能的关系,说明这种表征方式能够反映不同GPC曲线上的差异(即分子量分布的差异),也能够明确地反映聚碳酸酯的冲击韧性和应力开裂性质的优劣。     

凝胶色谱中宽、窄分子量分布的峰加宽改正问题

本文用宽分布(M_w/M_n=6.3)及窄分布(M_w/M_n=1.22)两种模型函数,改变一系列加宽因子,“合成”了具有不同加宽程度的GPC谱图,然后计算平均分子量并与原模型分子量进行比较,考察分子量分布对峰加宽改正程度的影响.结果表明:分子量分布宽、窄在峰形改正上有着明显差异,窄分布要比宽分布改正得多.但对于分子量平均值来说,宽分布与窄分布的峰加宽改正程度是相同的.因此,通常认为宽分布试样在平均分子量计算时可以忽略峰加宽改正的说法是一种误解。     

用凝胶渗透色谱测定聚乙烯醇肉桂酸酯的分子量及其分布

本文提出用凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)测定聚乙烯酸肉桂酸酯(PC)的分子量和分子量分布。并且,作出了几个国内外PC光致抗蚀剂样品的微分和积分分布曲线。 用国产的GPC仪器,柱的填料是NDG—L多孔硅胶球,用较窄分布的PS标样标定柱子,其分子量范围在1.8×10—3×10~3区间,校正曲线呈线性关系,色谱柱的理论塔板数可达到2000块/米以上。 在这种凝胶中,用PS作为标样,应用流体力     

从GPC谱图和[η]获得Mw的误差分析——正态分布型模型GPC谱图

 本文利用正态分布型模型GPC谱图从理论上分析了利用GPC谱图和特性粘数来求样品重均分子量可能引入的误差问题。理论和实验表明,当样品的α在0.6—0.8之间,分子量分散指数M_w/M_n<10时,利用文献[3]提出的方法计算近正态分布的试样的重均分子量的误差不会大于10％。而且分子量分布越窄,α值越接近0.6185,所得的结果越准确。     

聚乙酸乙烯酯的溶液性质及长链支化度

用粘度法,GPC和LALLS测定了线型及不同转化率的PVAc分级级份的粘度与分子量。提出了以线型和支化聚合物的K,α计算临界分子量的方法。讨论了表征PVAc长链支化的各种参数与分子量和转化率之间的关系以及不同条件下迭代法计算的支化频率λ的差异。实验结果表明,特性粘数和数均分子量乘积所表示的流体力学体积更适合GPC的普适标定概念。     

凝胶渗透色谱法峰加宽改正问题——Ⅲ.一种GPC谱图峰加宽改正程序

本文提出了一种GPC谱图的峰加宽改正程序。用以计算高聚物的各种分子量平均值与分子量分布。 此程序采用了对窄峰有利的平滑方式,文中还讨论了分辨因子h与计算间隔△V的乘积(h·△V)对精确度R_F与迭代次数L的关系的影响。     

A wavelength selection method based on random decision particle swarm optimization with attractor for near‐infrared spectral quantitative analysis

In this paper, we proposed a wavelength selection method based on random decision particle swarm optimization with attractor for near‐infrared (NIR) spectra quantitative analysis. The proposed method was incorporated with partial least square (PLS) to construct a prediction model. The proposed method chooses the current own optimal or the current global optimal to calculate the attractor. Then the particle updates its flight velocity by the attractor, and the particle state is updated by the random decision with the new velocity. Moreover, the root‐mean‐square error of cross‐validation is adopted as the fitness function for the proposed method. In order to demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed method, PLS with all wavelengths, uninformative variable elimination by PLS, elastic net, genetic algorithm combined with PLS, the discrete particle swarm optimization combined with PLS, the modified particle swarm optimization combined with PLS, the neighboring particle swarm optimization combined with PLS, and the proposed method are used for building the components quantitative analysis models of NIR spectral datasets, and the effectiveness of these models is compared. Two application studies are presented, which involve NIR data obtained from an experiment of meat content determination using NIR and a combustion procedure. Results verify that the proposed method has higher predictive ability for NIR spectral data and the number of selected wavelengths is less. The proposed method has faster convergence speed and could overcome the premature convergence problem. Furthermore, although improving the prediction precision may sacrifice the model complexity under a certain extent, the proposed method is overfitted slightly. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

用实验吸附等温线和计算机分子模拟表征中孔分子筛MCM-41

首先比较了表征MCM-41的两个势模型对吸附等温线的影响。发现在一维势模型 中,低压部分的吸附应与选用的势模型的势阱深度有关,而毛细凝聚发生的位置与 孔壁在离壁面较远处与流体分子的相互作用的强弱有关。然后作者使用了一个“混 合”的势模型,即采用作者提出的势函数表征孔壁中氧原子对MCM-41中流体分子的 作用,而采用Tjatjopoulos等提出的势函数近似地表征MCM-41表面硅醇基团以及一 些未知因子对流体分子的作用。虽然这种势模型仍然是一维的,但这种势模型将孔 壁内氧原子的作用和表面上非均匀性分开考虑,具有较明确的物理意义。通过计算 机模拟与实验数据的比较发现,这种势模型可以较好地拟合氮气在MCM-41中的吸附 等温线。     

Extension of the Wilson-NRF Gibbs Energy Model in Correlating Vapor-Liquid and Liquid-Liquid Phase Behavior of Polymer-Polymer Aqueous Two-Phase Systems

In this work, the proposed model by Pazuki et al. based on the Local Composition Concept (LCC), has been used in correlating the vapor-liquid phase behavior of polymer solutions and the liquid-liquid phase behavior of aqueous two-phase systems. The Flory-Huggins model has been used as the combinatorial part of the proposed model, as well as the model proposed by Pazuki et al. was considered as the residual term. The proposed model has been used in correlating the vapor-liquid phase behavior for a number of PEG-Water systems at constant temperature. The results obtained from the proposed model have been compared with those obtained from the Poly-NRTL and the Poly-Wilson models. The results showed that the proposed model can accurately correlate the VLE data for PEG-Water systems. Also, the proposed model has been used to obtain phase behavior of aqueous two-phase systems for PEG-DEX-Water systems. The results obtained from the proposed model have been compared with those obtained from the UNIQUAC and the UNIQUAC-NRF models. The results showed that the proposed model can accurately correlate liquid-liquid phase behavior of aqueous two-phase systems than the UNIQUAC and the UNIQUAC-NRF models.     

吡啶类碳离子液体电极对酚磺乙胺的电化学行为及其分析应用

用离子液体1-丁基吡啶六氟磷酸盐(BuPyPF6)作为粘合剂构置了碳离子液体修饰电极(BuPyPF6-CILE).在0.05 mol/L H2SO4溶液中,用循环伏安法研究了在BuPyPF6-CILE和传统碳糊电极(TCPE)上酚磺乙胺(ESL)的电化学行为,建立了测定尿样和血清样品中ESL含量的新方法.ESL在BuPyPF6-CILE上的氧化峰电流响应是其在TCPE上的8.7倍,峰电位差降低到0.101 V,电子转移速率常数Ks=0.544 s-1,电极表面平均吸附量为1.66×10-9 mol·cm2.ESL的氧化电流与其浓度在8.0×10-8～2.0×10-6mol/L和5.0×10-6～1.0×10-4mol/L范围内呈线性关系,检出限为3×10-8mol/L(S/N=3).连续5次测定2.0×10-6mol/L ESL溶液的RSD为1.5%.     

Determination of dieldrin in wool products by gas chromatography with microwave-assisted extraction

Dieldrin is a moth-proofing agent that was banned by the Stockholm Convention in 2001. The amount of dieldrin in wool products was measured by a microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) method. The optimal conditions were as follows: extraction solvent, acetone/n-hexane (1:1 v/v); extraction temperature, 110 degrees C; extraction time, 10 min; solvent volume, 25 mL. When six samples were used, dieldrin contents determined by GC with the proposed MAE agreed closely with those by the Japanese official method using GC with solvent extraction and cleanup by column chromatography. The proposed MAE has two merits. First, the pretreatment of the MAE needs only 4 h for 11 samples, while that using the Japanese official method needs 2 days for six samples. Second, the volume of organic solvents used for the proposed method was only about one-tenth of that used in the Japanese official method. Our proposed method seems to be easy and useful for daily (routine) tests. Dieldrin contents of 28 used wool products, which were obtained from local clothing shops and ordinary homes, were determined by GC with the proposed MAE, and six products contained dieldrin (0.310-175 ppm). The dry cleaning of the woolen yarn containing 175 ppm dieldrin did not remove a significant amount of dieldrin. Therefore, it seems likely that dieldrin is still distributed slightly but widely throughout the world.     

Apache Spark based kernelized fuzzy clustering framework for single nucleotide polymorphism sequence analysis

This paper introduces a kernel based fuzzy clustering approach to deal with the non-linear separable problems by applying kernel Radial Basis Functions (RBF) which maps the input data space non-linearly into a high-dimensional feature space. Discovering clusters in the high-dimensional genomics data is extremely challenging for the bioinformatics researchers for genome analysis. To support the investigations in bioinformatics, explicitly on genomic clustering, we proposed high-dimensional kernelized fuzzy clustering algorithms based on Apache Spark framework for clustering of Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) sequences. The paper proposes the Kernelized Scalable Random Sampling with Iterative Optimization Fuzzy c-Means (KSRSIO-FCM) which inherently uses another proposed Kernelized Scalable Literal Fuzzy c-Means (KSLFCM) clustering algorithm. Both the approaches completely adapt the Apache Spark cluster framework by localized sub-clustering Resilient Distributed Dataset (RDD) method. Additionally, we are also proposing a preprocessing approach for generating numeric feature vectors for huge SNP sequences and making it a scalable preprocessing approach by executing it on an Apache Spark cluster, which is applied to real-world SNP datasets taken from open-internet repositories of two different plant species, i.e., soybean and rice. The comparison of the proposed scalable kernelized fuzzy clustering results with similar works shows the significant improvement of the proposed algorithm in terms of time and space complexity, Silhouette index, and Davies-Bouldin index. Exhaustive experiments are performed on various SNP datasets to show the effectiveness of proposed KSRSIO-FCM in comparison with proposed KSLFCM and other scalable clustering algorithms, i.e., SRSIO-FCM, and SLFCM.     

Computational study on the partial dechlorination of the pesticide chloropicrin by sulfur species

Density functional and MP2 calculations with extended basis sets were performed on the species participating in both the previously suggested and a newly proposed mechanisms of partial dechlorination of chloropicrin by simple sulfur species, both in gas phase and in a simulated water environment. Thermochemistry of both mechanisms in the gas phase was also studied using the chemical models G3 and G4. It is shown that the previously proposed reductive dehalogenation is not thermodynamically feasible at room temperature, as it should be according to the experimental evidence. Although inclusion of the solvent improves the results with respect to gas phase, the thermodynamics of the proposed mechanism by Zheng et al. is still unfavorable for obtaining the experimental products. An alternative mechanism is then proposed, involving the formation of HSCl, which is the intermediate that then undergoes redox reactions. Such a mechanism is exothermic and spontaneous, according to the computational results, and produces elementary sulfur in agreement with the experimental facts.     

Synthesis and study of novel polyol‐bound photosensitizers for cationic UV‐curable systems

Novel cationic intramolecular hydrogen abstraction photosensitizers (IHA‐PSs) based on a proposed intramolecular hydrogen abstraction photosensitization (IHAP) mechanism were synthesized and found to have a pronounced photosensitization effect in cycloaliphatic epoxide based cationic UV‐curable systems using sulfonium salt photoinitiators. A series of polyol‐based photosensitizers were synthesized with naphthalene attached. One photosensitizer, P‐Na, was found to have a more pronounced photosensitization effect in three different formulation systems, as revealed by real‐time Fourier transform infrared and differential photocalorimetry experiments. Such a phenomenon can be explained by a proposed facile IHAP mechanism, which is possible only with the unique molecular structure of P‐Na. The effect of P‐Na was further confirmed by comparison with two non‐polyol‐type photosensitizers. A designed IHA‐PS molecule was synthesized with the proposed principles ofthe IHAP mechanism, and it achieved a photosensitization effect similar to that of P‐Na with a much lower molecular weight and fewer hydroxyl groups per molecule. This further validated the proposed IHAP mechanism. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 4435–4449, 2006     

A novel baseline-correction method for standard addition based derivative spectra and its application to quantitative analysis of benzo(a)pyrene in vegetable oil samples

In the present work, a baseline-correction method based on peak-to-derivative baseline measurement was proposed for the elimination of complex matrix interference that was mainly caused by unknown components and/or background in the analysis of derivative spectra. This novel method was applicable particularly when the matrix interfering components showed a broad spectral band, which was common in practical analysis. The derivative baseline was established by connecting two crossing points of the spectral curves obtained with a standard addition method (SAM). The applicability and reliability of the proposed method was demonstrated through both theoretical simulation and practical application. Firstly, Gaussian bands were used to simulate 'interfering' and 'analyte' bands to investigate the effect of different parameters of interfering band on the derivative baseline. This simulation analysis verified that the accuracy of the proposed method was remarkably better than other conventional methods such as peak-to-zero, tangent, and peak-to-peak measurements. Then the above proposed baseline-correction method was applied to the determination of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) in vegetable oil samples by second-derivative synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy. The satisfactory results were obtained by using this new method to analyze a certified reference material (coconut oil, BCR(?)-458) with a relative error of -3.2% from the certified BaP concentration. Potentially, the proposed method can be applied to various types of derivative spectra in different fields such as UV-visible absorption spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy.