Microwave and Millimeter Wave Characteristics and Attenuation of Clouds over some Malaysian Equatorial Stations

Based on radar range height indicator (RHI) measurements, cloud characteristics in relation to radiowave propagation over three locations in different geographical region in western Malaysia have been presented. It is seen that low cloud occurrence over these locations are quite significant. Cloud attenuation and noise temperature can result in serious degradation of telecommunication link performances. This paper presents cloud coverage in different months, 0°C isotherm height and cloud attenuation results at 12 GHz, 20 GHz, 36 GHz, 50 GHz, 70 GHz and 100 GHz over measurement site. The low level cloud over the measurement sites has been found to occur for many days and nights and particularly in the months of April to May and October to December. Such results are useful for satellite communication and remote sensing application in Malaysia.     

基于多角度偏振特性的云相态识别及验证

云相态识别是云参数研究的重要组成部分,为了有效识别水云和冰云,根据水云和冰云微物理性质的差别,研究了水云和冰云的单次散射特性,采用基丁倍加累加法的,人量辐射传输方程模拟了水云和冰云的多角度偏振特件.模拟结果表明,光谱的多角度偏振特件能够体现山水云粒子和冰云粒子微物理性质的差异,云在特定方向反射的偏振辐射强度对云相态非常敏感,可以用米进行云相念的识别,在模拟的基础上进行了云相态识别算法的研究,并利用多角度偏振卫星数据--POLDER 0.865μm通道数据进行了实例分析.识别结果与MODIS云相态产品及其1.38μm卷云榆测结果进行了比较.分析结果表明,基于多角度偏振特性云相态识别算法可以有效地进行云相态识别.     

Dual-Site Lidar Observations and Satellite Data Analysis for Regional Cloud Characterization

Lidar data observed by two continuously operated portable automated lidar (PAL) systems and images from the visible and thermal infrared channels of the advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) sensor on board the noaa16 satellite are employed for the characterization of cloud heights and cloud types. The PAL systems are located in Chiba and Ichihara city areas, separated by approximately 10 km. Measurements from October 2003 to March 2005 reveal that monthly averages of cloud base height and cloud cover ratio show good agreement between the two sites. The characteristics of the vertical (Chiba) and slant (Ichihara) measurements are also discussed. The PAL data are used to adjust threshold values of a cloud-type classification method in split-window data of noaa16-AVHRR. Comparisons between the lidar signals and the cloud classification results from the concurrent AVHRR images show that the classification method can reasonably be applied to this mid-latitude case, although the split-window technique was originally developed for tropical clouds.     

基于单景遥感影像的去云处理研究

去云处理是遥感图像处理以及大气纠正的重要步骤。常规的去云处理算法会随云的覆盖类型的不同而不同,如同态滤波或时间平均法,这些算法在去除云对影像影响的同时,往往会伴随地物信息的丢失。提出了基于单景遥感影像的去云处理算法———基于遥感影像分类结果及云检测结果的去云处理算法,目的是去除影像中云的散射影响,恢复地物的光谱信息。算法是针对局部有云的单景Landsat7 ETM+影像进行的。根据Landsat7 ETM+波段4,5,7对影像进行聚类分析,确定不同地物的覆盖类型;利用波段1,2,3及波段6划分出影像中的无云区以及不同覆盖厚度的云层;按照相同地物覆盖类型对非云区与不同云区进行平均反射率匹配,以达到去云的效果。结果表明,经过去云处理的影像,在分类运算中能够明显地提高分类精度,能够很好地恢复地物的光谱信息。     

Cloud Morphology Over Three Indian Tropical Stations for Earth Space Communication

Microwave and millimeter wave frequency bands are in demand for requirement of larger bandwidth for various applications of radio systems. In future in India too, microwave and millimeter wave frequencies will be in use very extensively for radio communication purposes and remote sensing applications. But, the attenuation due to cloud as well as thermal noise associated with could in millimeter wave and microwave frequency bands are of great concern to system engineers and radio researchers. Both cloud attenuation and cloud noise temperature lead to degradation in the performance of microwave communication and radar propagation. The effects of rain on radio wave are more than cloud but the occurrence of cloud is more than rain. In some parts of India cloud occurs for weeks together. The cloud morphology particularly in relation to radio wave propagation over different geographical region of India is therefore very essential and important. In view of this, systematic studies on cloud occurrence morphology over different geographical locations in India have been undertaken. In recent past some results on cloud occurrences over different stations in India have been reported. In this paper, cloud characteristics and cloud attenuation over three more stations are presented. Based on low level cloud coverage observations, cloud occurrences frequency over Mumbai (19.07°N, 72.50°E), Nagpur (21.06°N, 79.03°E) and Ahmadabad (23.04°N, 72.38°E) situated in Indian tropical west coast, central plain and semi arid region of western India in different months during daytime and nighttime has been deduced. The low-level cloud over Mumbai, Nagpur and Ahamedabad has been found to occur for many days and nights and particularly in the months of June, July, August and September. The attenuation of radio wave due to clouds at various frequencies ∼10, 18, 32, 44 and 70 GHz over the aforesaid three stations also been deduced.     

云计算网络中边界节点识别方法改进研究

目前,云计算网络为人们的生产和生活提供了各种应用和服务,网络边界节点的识别问题一直较难解决。传统的网络中边界节点类型复杂,边界部署成本高,较多感知模型和静态场景难以实现。为此,提出一种改进的云计算网络中边界节点识别方法,通过制定边界部署规则确定边界节点部署数量及要求,对边界节点感知漏洞进行修补,保证边界节点对网络区域内的全覆盖识别,最后设计出云计算网络识别模型,实现了云计算网络中边界节点正确识别。仿真实验表明,提出的边界节点识别方法在稳定性、识别率和识别数量上都比传统方法有优越性,具有应用价值。     

Cloud Characteristics and Cloud Attenuation in Millimeter Wave and Microwave Frequency Bands for Satellite and Remote Sensing Applications over a Northern Indian Tropical Station

Microwave and millimeter wave frequency bands are in demand for requirement of more channels in radio communication systems. It has also been recognized that microwave and millimeterwave frequency radiometers on board satellites as promising tools for remote sensing.The frequency more than 10 GHz is affected by rain and cloud. Though the effects of rain on radiowave is more than cloud but the occurence of cloud is more than rain. Cloud has been found to occur for weeks together over this part of the world. It is therefore essential to study cloud morphology over different geographical region.In this paper, an attempt has been made to the cloud occurrences over an Indian tropical station, Delhi (28.35°N, 77.12°E) observed during different months and daytime and nighttime. It is seen that low clouds occurrence over Delhi is very significant and particularly during July, August and September. The specific attenuation of radiowave due to clouds at various frequencies 10 GHz, 20 GHz, 50 GHz and 100 GHz has been deduced. The specific attenuation of radio wave due to cloud at 10 GHz varies from 0.0608 dB/km to 0.1190 dB/km while at 100 GHz the specific attenuation varies from 6.8460 dB/km to 11.9810 dB/km     

Raman Lidar Measurements of Aerosol and Cloud Optical Properties in the Troposphere

A Raman lidar has been developed with photon counting technique. Aerosol and cloud extinction coefficients are derived by nitrogen (N2) molecular Raman scatter returns in the troposphere. Both backscatter coefficients and extinction-backscatter-ratios of aerosol and cloud are presented by simultaneously combining N2 Raman and Mie-Rayleigh returns of aerosol and molecule. Ratios of extinction to backscatter between 20 sr and 70 sr are usually found for aerosol, but less than 15 sr for mid-high altitude cloud in the troposphere.     

BEPC中电子云导致的束团横向尺寸增长研究

多束团正电子储存环中可能发生电子云不稳定性. 由于电子云导致的束团横向尺寸增长已经成为提高对撞机对撞亮度的主要限制因素之一. 介绍了在BEPC储存环中, 利用条纹相机直接测量由于电子云导致的束团横向尺寸增长结果, 并与模拟计算进行了比较.     

AIRS红外高光谱卫星数据反演卷云光学厚度和云顶高度

基于大气红外探测器L1B红外高光谱辐射观测资料,结合中分辨率成像光谱仪(moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer, MODIS)云产品数据,利用通用大气辐射传输模式(combined atmospheric radiative transfer model,CART),根据模式模拟和AIRS实际观测亮温的亮温差,研究从AIRS红外波段1 070～1 135 cm-1高光谱数据反演卷云的光学厚度和云顶高度。将反演的卷云光学厚度与云顶高度作为输入参数模拟计算650～1 150 cm-1波段卷云大气顶的辐射亮温谱,并将模拟值与AIRS观测亮温谱进行了对比分析。将反演的卷云光学厚度和云顶高度和AIRS的760通道(900.56 cm-1,11.1 μm)的亮温以及MODIS卷云反射率进行了对比分析。最后将反演的卷云云顶高度和MODIS云顶高度进行了对比分析。研究结果表明：反演所使用的650～1 150 cm-1波段模式模拟和观测亮温谱吻合得很好,说明CART可以较好的模拟AIRS亮温谱。反演的卷云参数与AIRS在大气窗口区的760通道(900.56 cm-1,11.1 μm)的亮温的分布满足低亮温对应较大的卷云光学厚度和高云顶高度。反演的卷云参数和MODIS卷云的反射率分布满足高卷云光学厚度和云顶高度对应高卷云反射率。反演的卷云云顶高度和MODIS的卷云云顶高度之间线性相关系数相对较高,且都在8.5～11.5 km的概率较高,两者的概率分布趋势一致。说明CART可以用于反演卷云的性质,反演结果具有一定的可靠性。     

Raman Lidar Measurements of Aerosol and Cloud Optical Properties in the Troposphere

1　Ｉｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ　　Ｔｒｏｐｏｓｐｈｅｒｉｃａｅｒｏｓｏｌａｎｄｃｌｏｕｄａｒｅｔｗｏｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔｆａｃｔｏｒｓａｆｆｅｃｔｉｎｇｅａｒｔｈ ａｔｍｏｓｐｈｅｒｅｒａｄｉａｔｉｏｎｂａｌａｎｃｅａｎｄａｌｓｏｔｗｏｏｆｔｈｅｌａｒｇｅｓｔｕｎｃｅｒｔａｉｎｔｉｅｓｉｎｔｈｅｃｌｉｍａｔｅｅｆｆｅｃｔｓｍｏｄｅｌｉｎｇａｎｄｅｖａｌｕａｔｉｏｎ ,ｓｏｔｈｅｉｒｏｂｓｅｒｖａｔｉｏｎｓｂｅｃｏｍｅｖｅｒｙｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔ.Ｌｉｄａｒ (ＬｉｇｈｔＤｅｔｅｃｔｉｏｎａｎｄＲａｎｇｅ)ｉｓ…     

Rain Height in Relation to 0°C Isotherm Height Over Some Indian Tropical Locations and Rain Attenuation for an Indian South Coastal Station for Microwave and Millimeter Wave Communication Systems

There is a dearth of results on rain height over Indian tropical stations.The results on rain height in relation to 0°C isotherm height over four stations having different latitudes are presented in this paper. Four stations have been chosen in such a way that all have different latitudes and are located in different geographical regions having different local weather conditions. The seaonal variation of rain height in relation to 0°C isotherm height has been found to be appreciable over the station located in Indian east coast and Gujarat region, while seasonal variation is not significant at lower and intermediate probability levels over the stations located in Indian south-east coast and island. The prevailing local weather conditions over different stations also have been discussed. Based on observed rain heights and rain rates, the attenuation of radio wave at different frequencies lying in the range from 10 GHz to 150 GHz for different probability levels over Indian south-east coastal station have been deduced and presented in this paper.     

云计算环境下人脸表情智能识别改进技术研究

随着人脸识别技术的开发,对于如何提高人脸表情智能识别改进技术的研究也越来越多;如何提高人脸识别的准确度和完整度是当前发展的主要需要,而计算机云计算功能在人脸识别中的应用在一定程度上解决了此问题;通过改进细菌觅食算法,再将其应用到主要成分分析算法对图像基本特征进行提取分析;通过以上的算法输入计算机网络云储存当中,实现云计算技术在人脸识别中的应用;文章将通过对于算法部署函数的办法进行图片解析工作,并且利用智能人脸识别软件对图像进行抽丝、分类、匹配等工作进行功能状态进行测试;实验结果表明利用云计算技术通过连接网络云计算系统可以对目前的人脸识别以及分类做到更高的准确性和适应性。     

Lidar Multiple Scattering in Water Droplet Clouds: Toward an Improved Treatment

Although it has long been recognized that the effects of photon multiple scattering generally need to be accounted for in the analysis of lidar cloud returns, this is a difficult problem and current approaches are still rudimentary. The multiple scattering process is controlled by the size of the lidar beamwidth and the distance to the cloud, which jointly determine the lidar footprint, but cloud microphysical content (i.e., particle size, concentration, and shape) exerts a strong influence on the range distribution and depolarization of the returned energy. Since clouds are inherently inhomogeneous with height, it is our premise that vertically homogeneous cloud simulations based on idealized particle size distributions lead to misleading results. We offer a more realistic approach based on the contents of growing water droplet clouds predicted by a sophisticated adiabatic cloud model, which are offered for use as new standard vertically-inhomogeneous cloud models. Lidar returned signal and depolarization profiles derived from our analytical double-scattering method are given for inter-comparison purposes.Presented at the 7th International Workshop on Multiple Scattering Lidar/Light Experiments (MUSCLE7), July 21–23 1994, Chiba, Japan.     

星载激光雷达云和气溶胶分类反演算法研究

激光探测对于获取云和气溶胶的垂直廓线,研究大气中云和气溶胶的垂直分布特征以及对全球气候变化的影响意义重大。而星载大气激光雷达云气溶胶分类算法的研究,对于激光雷达数据的参数反演及应用极为重要。针对激光条件下探测的云和气溶胶特有的光学信息和空间分布,结合概率统计与机器学习算法,提出了一种对于云/气溶胶、云相态及气溶胶子类型识别的分类算法,实现了星载激光雷达的大气特征层快速、有效分类。算法采用中国地区2016年CALIOP的观测数据作为样本数据,主要由三部分组成：（1）基于激光探测的云和气溶胶层不同的光学特性以及地理空间分布特征,分别构建了云和气溶胶的γ₅₃₂,χ,δ,Z和lat的五维概率密度函数,以此为基础构建云气溶胶的分类置信函数,并基于此实现了云和气溶胶类型的反演;（2）选取支持向量机(SVM)作为随机朝向冰晶粒子(ROI)和水云分类的算法模型基础,结合云层的γ₅₃₂,χ,δ Z和云顶温度T的概率密度函数构建ROI,水平朝向冰晶粒子(HOI)和水云的分类置信函数以修正SVM误分的特征层以及筛选出水云中少部分的HOI冰云,获得云相态的分类结果;（3）以各气溶胶子类型的光学以及空间分布特性为基础,采用决策树策略的气溶胶子类型识别算法实现了对气溶胶子类型的区分,完成气溶胶子类型的识别。利用现有CALIOP观测结果作为样本数据构建分类数据库,避免了对于地面以及航测数据的依赖,而机器学习则大大简化了算法的实现过程,使得云气溶胶分类更加高效。算法结果与正交极化云气溶胶激光雷达垂直特征层分布数据(CALIPSO VFM)产品对比分析：云层有98.51%一致性,气溶胶有88.43%的一致性,且白天比夜间一致性高。对于云相态分类,可以有效区分出水云和冰云,其中二者水云一致性高达93.44%。在气溶胶子类型反演结果中,可以准确识别出大多数气溶胶特征层子类型。霾、沙尘以及晴空三种典型情况下的反演结果均与CALIOP VFM产品数据具有较好的一致性。其中,霾天的大部分煤烟型以及污染型（污染沙尘以及污染大陆）气溶胶反演结果与VFM具有较好的一致性。沙尘天也能够获得较好的沙尘以及污染沙尘的结果。晴空为数不多的气溶胶层也取得了较为一致的结果。对于实现的星载大气激光雷达特征层分类算法,针对CALIOP激光测量的云气溶胶层的分类进行了重要的改进,在保证一定精度的基础上,简化了算法,提高了数据处理的效率,在下一步工作中,将分别构建不同时段和季节的分类模型以及提高两种不同偏振特性的冰云和气溶胶子类型的分类精度。     

三波长激光雷达拟合卷云的粒子形状

卷云在全球出现的概率可达30%,其散射特性在气候模式、光辐射传输和遥感领域都具有非常重要的意义。卷云的散射特性主要由冰晶粒子形状、尺度谱、折射率等因素所决定。利用355, 532和1 064 nm三个波长激光雷达数据反演卷云的后向散射系数颜色比,利用模拟计算获得不同形状冰晶粒子的卷云在上述三个波长上的后向散射系数颜色比,通过拟合得出被测卷云的冰晶粒子形状。拟合结果表明,合肥上空卷云中冰晶粒子大部分可能呈聚合物状。     

Two-Color Dual-Polarization Pulsed Bistatic Lidar for Measuring Water Cloud Droplet Size

The concept of a pulsed bistatic lidar for measuring water cloud particle size is presented. The method uses a two-color laser and a receiver with a polarization analyzer located at a suitable scattering angle. The dependence of Mie scattering on scattering angle, wavelength, and polarization is used to derive water cloud droplet size. The measurement was simulated for the C₁ and C₂ clouds, and the technique for determining mode radius was studied. The result shows the lidar system with a two-wavelength laser (1064 nm and 532 nm) and a dual-polarization receiver fixed at a scattering angle of around 178 deg can be used to measure a cloud particle size (mode radius) of 4 to 12 μm. Evaluation of the effect of multiple scattering showed that the method can be applied not only for the measurement at the cloud base but also in the cloud where multiple scattering is not negligible.     

云计算环境下资源调度系统设计与实现

在云计算环境下,对开放的网络大数据库信息系统中的数据进行优化调度,提高数据资源的利用效率和配置优化能力。传统的资源调度算法采用资源信息的自相关匹配方法进行资源调度,当数据传输信道中的干扰较大及资源信息流的先验数据缺乏时,资源调度的均衡性不好,准确配准度不高。提出一种基于云计算资源负载均衡控制和信道自适应均衡的资源调度算法,并进行调度系统的软件开发和设计。首先构建了云计算环境下开放网络大数据库信息资源流的时间序列分析模型,采用自适应级联滤波算法对拟合的资源信息流进行滤波降噪预处理,提取滤波输出的资源信息流的关联维特征,通过资源负载均衡控制和信道自适应均衡算法实现资源调度改进。仿真结果表明,采用资源调度算法进行资源调度系统的软件设计,提高了资源调度的信息配准能力和抗干扰能力,计算开销较小,技术指标具有优越性。