An extended stress-based method for orientation angle optimization of laminated composite structures

Orientation optimization plays an important role in the lay-up design of composite structures.Earlier orientation optimization methods face the main problem of huge number of design variables.Recently,a patch concept is proposed to reduce the number of design variables.However,the traditional stress-based method can not deal with patch orientation optimization of composite structures.In this paper,we propose an extended stress-based method to deal with such problems.The considered problems are to minimize the mean compliance under multiple load cases or to maximize the eigenvalues of a composite structure.Four numerical examples are solved to demonstrate the efficiency of the new method.It is shown that the new method has the ability to deal with constraints on orientation angle,such as symmetric,antisymmetric and discrete orientation angle constraints.The iteration is less time-consuming because no sensitivity analysis is needed and a quick convergence rate can be achieved.     

STUDY ON PARAMETERS FOR TOPOLOGICAL VARIABLES FIELD INTERPOLATED BY MOVING LEAST SQUARE APPROXIMATION

This paper presents a new approach to the structural topology optimization of continuum structures. Material-point independent variables are presented to illustrate the existence condition,or inexistence of the material points and their vicinity instead of elements or nodes in popular topology optimization methods. Topological variables field is constructed by moving least square approximation which is used as a shape function in the meshless method. Combined with finite element analyses,not only checkerboard patterns and mesh-dependence phenomena are overcome by this continuous and smooth topological variables field,but also the locations and numbers of topological variables can be arbitrary. Parameters including the number of quadrature points,scaling parameter,weight function and so on upon optimum topological configurations are discussed. Two classic topology optimization problems are solved successfully by the proposed method. The method is found robust and no numerical instabilities are found with proper parameters.     

Homotopy solution of the inverse generalized eigenvalue problems in structural dynamics

The structural dynamics problems, such as structural design, parameter identification and model correction, are considered as a kind of the inverse generalized eigenvalue problems mathematically. The inverse eigenvalue problems are nonlinear. In general, they could be transformed into nonlinear equations to solve. The structural dynamics inverse problems were treated as quasi multiplicative inverse eigenalue problems which were solved by homotopy method for nonlinear equations. This method had no requirements for initial value essentially because of the homotopy path to solution. Numerical examples were presented to illustrate the homotopy method.     

A novel robust design method for improving stability of optimized structures

It is known that structural optimization may lead to designs of structures having low stability and sometimes even kinematically unstable designs. This paper presents a robust design method for improving the stability of optimized structures. A new approach is proposed, in which certain perturbation loads are introduced and the corresponding compliance is added to the objective function as a penalization. The stability of the optimized structures can thus be improved substantially by considering structural responses to the original and the introduced loads. Numerical examples show the simplicity and effectiveness of the proposed method.     

Optimal placement of piezoelectric active bars in vibration control by topological optimization

A continuous variable optimization method and a topological optimization method are proposed for the vibration control of piezoelectric truss structures by means of the optimal placements of active bars. In this optimization model, a zero-one discrete variable is defined in order to solve the optimal placement of piezoelectric active bars. At the same time, the feedback gains are also optimized as continuous design variables. A two-phase procedure is proposed to solve the optimization problem. The sequential linear programming algorithm is used to solve optimization problem and the sensitivity analysis is carried out for objective and constraint functions to make linear approximations. On the basis of the Newmark time integration of structural transient dynamic responses, a new sensitivity analysis method is developed in this paper for the vibration control problem of piezoelectric truss structures with respect to various kinds of design variables. Numerical examples are given in the paper to demonstrate the effectiveness of the methods.     

Topology optimization of 3D structures with design-dependent loads

Topology optimization of continuum structures with design-dependent loads has long been a challenge. In this paper, the topology optimization of 3D structures subjected to design-dependent loads is investigated. A boundary search scheme is proposed for 3D problems, by means of which the load surface can be identified effectively and efficiently, and the difficulties arising in other approaches can be overcome. The load surfaces are made up of the boundaries of finite elements and the loads can be directly applied to corresponding element nodes, which leads to great convenience in the application of this method. Finally, the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed method is validated by several numerical examples.     

METHOD BASED ON DUAL-QUADRATIC PROGRAMMING FOR FRAME STRUCTURAL OPTIMIZATION WITH LARGE SCALE

The optimality criteria (OC) method and mathematical programming (MP) were combined to found the sectional optimization model of frame structures. Different methods were adopted to deal with the different constraints. The stress constraints as local constraints were approached by zero-order approximation and transformed into movable sectional lower limits with the full stress criterion. The displacement constraints as global constraints were transformed into explicit expressions with the unit virtual load method. Thus an approximate explicit model for the sectional optimization of frame structures was built with stress and displacement constraints. To improve the resolution efficiency, the dual-quadratic programming was adopted to transform the original optimization model into a dual problem according to the dual theory and solved iteratively in its dual space. A method called approximate scaling step was adopted to reduce computations and smooth the iterative process. Negative constraints were deleted to reduce the size of the optimization model. With MSC/Nastran software as structural solver and MSC/Patran software as developing platform, the sectional optimization software of frame structures was accomplished, considering stress and displacement constraints. The examples show that the efficiency and accuracy are improved.     

DESIGN OPTIMIZATION FOR TRUSS STRUCTURES UNDER ELASTO-PLASTIC LOADING CONDITION

In this paper, a method for the design optimization of elasto-plastic truss structures is proposed based on parametric variational principles (PVPs). The optimization aims to find the minimum weight/volume solution under the constraints of allowable node displacements. The design optimization is a formulation of mathematical programming with equilibrium constraints (MPECs). To overcome the numerical difficulties of the complementary constraints in optimization, an iteration process, comprising a quadratic programming (QP) and an updating process, is employed as the optimization method. Furthermore, the elasto-plastic buckling of truss members is considered as a constraint in design optimization. A combinational optimization strategy is proposed for the displacement constraints and the buckling constraint, which comprises the method mentioned above and an optimal criterion. Three numerical examples are presented to show the validity of the methods proposed.     

An adaptive reanalysis method for genetic algorithm with application to fast truss optimization

Although the genetic algorithm （GA） for structural optimization is very robust, it is very computationally intensive and hence slower than optimality criteria and mathematical programming methods. To speed up the design process, the authors present an adaptive reanalysis method for GA and its applications in the optimal design of trusses. This reanalysis technique is primarily derived from the Kirsch＇s combined approximations method. An iteration scheme is adopted to adaptively determine the number of basis vectors at every generation. In order to illustrate this method, three classical examples of optimal truss design are used to validate the proposed reanalysis-based design procedure. The presented numerical results demonstrate that the adaptive reanalysis technique affects very slightly the accuracy of the optimal solutions and does accelerate the design process, especially for large-scale structures.     

THE SATELLITE STRUCTURE TOPOLOGY OPTIMIZATION BASED ON HOMOGENIZATION METHOD AND ITS SIZE SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS

With the development of satellite structure technology, more and more design parameters will affect its structural performance. It is desirable to obtain an optimal structure design with a minimum weight, including optimal configuration and sizes. The present paper aims to describe an optimization analysis for a satellite structure, including topology optimization and size optimization. Based on the homogenization method, the topology optimization is carried out for the main supporting frame of service module under given constraints and load conditions, and then the sensitivity analysis is made of 15 structural size parameters of the whole satellite and the optimal sizes are obtained. The numerical result shows that the present optimization design method is very effective.     

三环减速器的结构参数优化

介绍了三环减速器的结构组成及研究概况,对偏置式三环减速器的内齿行星齿板,高速偏心轴,低速输出轴的受力情况进行了研究,分析了建立该类过约束传动系统补充方程的位移协调原理．以SHQ40型三环减速器为例,分析介绍了优化结构参数的原理和方法,并按其实际参数进行了优化．优化后的三环减速器各动载荷幅值均有明显下降,且载荷分布曲线比优化前平缓得多、     

基于实测挠度、转角和曲率的细长梁分段抗弯刚度识别研究

静载试验是获得结构真卖特性的重要方法和途径，具有直观、可靠的特点。本文基于静载试验实测的挠度、转角和曲率，建立目标函数，通过优化的方法，实现结构分段截面抗弯刚度参数的识别。研究了优化目标函数的建立、优化算法的选取与实现；通过数值算例和一片简支梁静载试验实例分析，对方法的正确性与可行性进行了验证，所得结果可用于结构损伤识别和安全性能评估。     

结构形状优化设计数值方法的研究和应用

本文论述了连续体结构形状优化设计数值方法的研究和应用进展,讨论了结构模型化、灵敏度分析、优化方法改进、优化实用软件开发以及同CAD技术相结合等问题,介绍了在结构优化设计软件MCADS中采用的方法,并通过工程实例说明了结构形状优化设计的应用及其价值。     

多工况下结构拓扑优化设计

考虑单元删除和增加对结构应力约束的影响，提出了一种新的多工况下结构的双方向渐进优化方法．首先，基于在结构孔洞或边界周围附加人工材料的思路，建立了结构优化模型和应力灵敏度公式．然后，结合结构应力和应力灵敏度，给出了多工况静力载荷下考虑静应力约束的结构优化准则和算法．开展了结构仿真设计，结果表明给出的方法是正确和有效的，并具有较好的工程应用价值．     

An sequential optimization and aeroelastic constraint transformation method for strength-aeroelastic comprehensive design

With the development of modern aircraft technology, aeroelasticity plays a more and more crucial role in aircraft structural design. However, low efficiency of present aeroelastic analysis and optimization methods makes it difficult to apply in engineering practice. This paper presents a sequential optimization and aeroelastic constraint transformation method (SOACTM) for comprehensive design of airplane wings with strength and aeroelastic constraints. Optimization with structural strength constraint and aeroelastic constraint is transformed into a serial of cycles of decoupled structural strength sub-optimizations and aeroelastic sub-optimizations based on sequential optimization strategy. In structural strength sub-optimization, structural strength constraint is translated along its normal direction to make optimal design point satisfying aeroelastic constraint. And the goal of aeroelastic sub-optimization is to find the translational distance of structural strength constraint. Aeroelastic constraint is transformed to equivalent structural strength constraint via above approach. In this way, number of aeroelastic analyses in SOACTM is less than that in traditional optimization method and total computational time decreases. SOACTM is verified based on two examples. Traditional optimization method is applied for the sake of validation. The results demonstrated the accuracy and efficiency of SOACTM for wing comprehensive optimization considering both structural strength and aeroelastic constraints.     

随机激励下的结构尺寸优化设计

将结构优化设计中的位移约束拓展为位移可靠度约束。基于首超破坏准则,采用概率密度演化方法分析了结构在随机激励下的位移可靠度。将遗传算法与概率密度演化方法相结合,对一个具有位移可靠度约束的十杆桁架进行了尺寸优化设计,实现了概率密度演化方法在结构优化设计中的成功运用。这一研究对于随机激励下的结构优化设计提供了新的途径,也为概率密度演化方法在结构优化设计中的运用进行了新的尝试。     

工程结构优化的神经网络方法

本文阐述了神经网络优化计算的基本原理，构造了工程结构优化的神经网络模型。采用模拟退火技术进行模型求解，且巧妙地将退火温度Ｔ的倒数作为Ｌａｇｒａｎｇｅ乘子，以改善增广目标函数的收敛性。实例计算表明，由非线性模拟神经元组成的大规模并行、互连的网络在工程结构的优化设计中是可行且有效的。     

一种三维结构拓扑优化设计方法

采用传统的渐进结构优化方法进行复杂三维结构拓扑优化设计的迭代过程中,常在一些迭代步,结构上会出现少量小的孤立体,从而使得结构奇异,以致结构拓扑优化迭代无法进行,为了解决这个问题,首先,采用沿结构边界和孔洞周围附加人工材料单元的措施,将结构拓扑优化模型近似等效地转变为一个非奇异结构拓扑优化模型,然后,针对各向同性和拉、压特性不同的所有材料结构,提出了一种三维结构拓扑渐进优化方法和相应的算法,最后,给出了几个典型和复杂的三维结构的拓扑优化设计算例．算例表明该方法是正确和有效的,且具有广泛的工程应用前景．     

轻型飞机机翼气动/结构协同优化研究

探讨用协同优化方法能否有效地解决机翼气动／结构一体化设计优化问题。首先对基本的协同优化和基于响应面协同优化两种方法的特点进行了探讨,然后以轻型飞机机翼气动／结构一体化设计为例,着重研究如何用协同优化方法建立机翼气动／结构一体化设计的优化模型。研究结果表明,基本的协同优化算法不能有效地解决该机翼气动／结构一体化优化问题,而基于响应面的协同优化方法在求解这一问题时具有较好的鲁棒性。     

基于等几何分析的结构优化设计研究进展

结构等几何分析是计算固体力学领域一种新兴的数值方法,致力于将CAD（计算机辅助设计）和CAE（计算机辅助工程）纳入到统一的数学表达框架。等几何分析紧密联系几何信息,采用相同的数学表达将几何精确建模、结构分析和设计过程结合,为结构优化设计提供了新的选择和机会。相比基于有限元的结构优化方法,等几何优化设计方法可在一定程度上提高结构优化的精度、效率和便利性。本文针对具有代表性的结构等几何优化设计,包括形状优化、尺寸优化和拓扑优化等问题,系统梳理和综述了主要的等几何优化方法及其在结构优化设计中的应用。比较分析和评述了结构等几何优化设计方法的算法特点及计算优势与劣势,探讨了基于等几何分析的结构优化研究的前沿问题,并展望了未来的发展方向,包括：基于复杂剪裁CAD几何的高效等几何分析与优化设计、基于实体几何构造的结构等几何分析和优化设计、等几何分析与其他力学分析方法结合的结构优化、基于等几何分析的壳体优化设计、基于等几何分析的材料和结构一体化优化设计以及考虑不确定性的结构等几何优化设计等。