Centrality dependence of pi(+/-), K(+/-), p,and (-)p production from sqrt[s(NN)] = 130 GeV Au + Au collisions at RHIC

Identified pi(+/-), K(+/-), p, and (-)p transverse momentum spectra at midrapidity in sqrt[s(NN)] = 130 GeV Au+Au collisions were measured by the PHENIX experiment at RHIC as a function of collision centrality. Average transverse momenta increase with the number of participating nucleons in a similar way for all particle species. Within errors, all midrapidity particle yields per participant are found to be increasing with the number of participating nucleons. There is an indication that K(+/-), p, and (-)p yields per participant increase faster than the pi(+/-) yields. In central collisions at high transverse momenta (p(T) > or =2 GeV/c), (-)p and p yields are comparable to the pi(+/-) yields.     

Neutron yields upon irradiation of thick targets by ions with energies below 1.75 MeV/Nucleon

The yields of neutrons produced in thick LiF, Be, C, Al, Al₂O₃, and Cu targets irradiated by Li, C, and N ions with energies below 1.75 MeV/nucleon are measured on the DC-60 cyclotron at the Institute of Nuclear Physics, Astana Branch, Kazakhstan. The experimental angular distributions of the neutron yields from the targets are measured and an empirical equation to describe the distributions is proposed. The measured neutron yields are compared with the figures calculated by the LISE++ program. The measured and predicted neutron yields in the reactions coincide to within a factor of 2.     

Zur Reaktion von Galliumarsenid,Kupfer und Eisen mit Tetrachlormethan unter der Wirkung von Co-60 Gammastrahlung

Stimulation of the reaction between GaAs, copper or iron and telrachloromethane with Co-60 radiation was found under experimental conditions commonly used in corrosion studies. The yields of chlorides are connected with the ease of oxidation of these materials and the solubility of the halides. In the presence of water the yields are modified, according to the formation of hydrates or hydrolysis. Addition of oxygen enlarges the yields which are hitherto not evaluable in a quantitative manner under the experimental conditions chosen.     

Synthesis of alpha-oximinoketones under ultrasound irradiation

The reaction of 6-acylmethylphenanthridines with isoamyl nitrite results alpha-oximino-6-acylmethylphenanthridines in 73-95% yields in DMF under ultrasound irradiation. Compared with conventional methods, the main advantages of the present procedure are milder conditions, shorter reaction time and higher yields.     

Synthesis of N-alkoxyphthalimides under ultrasound irradiation

The alkylation of N-hydroxyphthalimide with alkyl halides in the presence of potassium carbonate results N-alkoxyphthalimides in 64-99% yields in DMSO under ultrasound irradiation. Compared with conventional methods, the main advantages of the present procedure are milder conditions, shorter reaction time and higher yields.     

快中子引起的背向溅射

描述了用实验方法测量快中子引起的背向溅射,测量了Mg、Al、Sc、V、Fe、CO、Cu、Zr、Au和316型不锈钢等10种材料的背向溅射产额,并与正向产额进行了比较,发现背向和正向溅射产额的比值与核反应的类型有关.本实验的结果同其它小组的结果进行了比较,并用溅射理论对实验结果进行了解释.     

Sputtering of compound semiconductor surfaces. I. Ion-solid interactions and sputtering yields

Several phenomena occur on the surface of a solid when being bombarded by energetic ions. A short general review is given of the major ion-solid interactions on compound semiconductor surfaces. An in-depth discussion is presented of the total sputtering yields of component semiconductors. For this discussion, GaAs is assumed to be the prototype compound semiconductor because most experimental measurements exist for GaAs. To exclude any chemical effects in the sputter yields, only the total sputtering yield data for argon ion bombardment of GaAs are compared with the predictions of the major sputtering theories, with particular attention to the Sigmund theory for linear cascade sputtering. Different proposals of each of the parameters in this theory are presented and compared with the GaAs data. These parameters are the surface binding energy, the nuclear stopping power, and the factor α, which represents the fraction of energy available for sputtering. Use of the different parameters results in a large variation in the predictions. Topics also considered are the angle dependence of the sputtering yields, sputter threshold energy, and channeling effects in the sputter yields of compound semiconductors. Spike sputtering effects are evident in the sputtering yields of GaAs by krypton and xenon ions.     

非平衡辐射烧蚀对内爆中子产额的影响

 利用1维多群非平衡辐射输运RDMG程序,对不同能谱分布的辐射场驱动的靶丸的辐射烧蚀过程及中子产额进行了模拟计算,并与实验测量结果进行了初步比较。结果发现,辐射驱动源的能谱平衡性,特别是高能金M带成分对内爆靶丸产生预热效应,降低核燃料区压缩度,电子及离子温度,从而显著降低了中子产额。计算结果表明：中子产额随CH壳厚增加而下降,该变化规律与实验结果基本符合。     

CHARGE DISTRIBUTION IN THE 14.7MeV-NEUTRON-INDUCED FISSION OF 232Th: INDEPENDENT YIELDS OF ISOTOPES OF Rh,Ag, In AND Sb

The 12 cumulative yields and 7 independent yields in the symmetric region were determined in the fission of ²³²Th induced by 14.7MeV neutrons with nuclear chemistry techniques. The independent yields of the present work, along with the independent yields obtained in our previous work, were used to calculate the empirical Z_p values on the basis of a Gaussian charge distribution function with a σ of 0.56. A mean value of 0.49±0.25 for ΔZ(=Z_p—Z_UCD) is obtained from all Z_p values in the asymmetric region. Abnormal ΔZ values in the symmetric region seem to suggest that the width of charge distribution for symmetric splits is larger than the value of 0.56. The results show strongly in favor of the Two-Mode-Fission-Hypothesis.     

Scission neutrons in the general systematics of the yields of light particles from ternary nuclear fission

An interpolation formula that was previously obtained on the basis of a statistical approach is applied to experimental data quoted in the literature over the past few years for light-particle yields from the ternary fission of nuclei. Arguments are adduced in favor of this approach, and an analysis of errors inherent in it is given. Tables are presented in which experimental light-particle yields for eight cases of fission are given along with those that were obtained from the interpolation formula. The applicability of this formula to estimating the yields of so-called scission neutrons is analyzed.     

基于Bayesian神经网络评价核裂变产额分布

核裂变碎片的产额是核能和核应用领域中的关键基础数据。在实验和理论上,获得精确且完整的能量依赖的裂变产额到目前为止都是一个挑战。贝叶斯神经网络(Bayesian Neural Networks,BNN)可以描述需要量化不确定性的逆向回归问题。基于BNN学习已有的裂变产额,可以给出未知的裂变产额及其不确定度。特别是当裂变产物产额的实验数据不完整时,BNN可以推断出完整的裂变产额。在裂变产额的质量分布和能量依赖关系上,BNN的评价结果比较合理。研究结果表明BNN在核数据评价领域有广泛的应用前景。     

Ar的类氦和类锂离子与Mo表面相互作用过程中的x射线发射

在兰州重离子加速器国家实验室电子回旋共振离子源上用Si(Li)探测器观测到了不同动能的Ar¹⁵⁺和Ar¹⁶⁺离子与Mo表面相互作用过程产生的x射线.在不同动能 的Ar¹⁶⁺与Mo表面作用过程中不仅能观测到Ar的K层x射线而且能观测到Mo的L层x 射线.在不同动能的Ar¹⁵⁺入射下只能观测到Mo的L层x射线.实验结果表明，Ar的 K层x 射线的产额与入射离子的动能、作用过程中形成的空心原子携带的势能以及入射离子和靶原 子x射线的竞争等有关，Mo的L层x射线随入射离子动能的增加而增加. 关键词： x射线发射 高电荷态离子 Mo表面     

Photonuclear reactions on mercury isotopes in the region of the giant-dipole-resonance energy

The induced-activity method is used to measure yields of photonuclear reactions induced in stable mercury isotopes by beams of bremsstrahlung photons whose spectra have the endpoint energies of 19.5 and 29.1 MeV. On the basis of a collective model, the partial cross sections and yields are calculated for photoproton and photoneutron reactions on these isotopes. The yields calculated theoretically are compared with their measured counterparts. The possibility for the production in photonuclear reactions of the bypassed nucleus ¹⁹⁶Hg, which cannot be formed in astrophysical r and s processes, is analyzed.     

The effects of pre-equilibrium emission and secondary decay on the determination of freeze-out volume at intermediate energies

The effects of pre-equilibrium emission and secondary decay on the determination of the freeze-out volume are investigated using the isospin-dependent quantum molecular dynamics model accompanied by the statistical decay model GEMINI. Small-mass projectiles and large-mass targets with central collisions are studied at intermediate energies. It is revealed that the proton yields of pre-equilibrium emission are smaller than those of secondary decay. However, the determination of the freeze-out volume from the proton yields is more easily affected by pre-equilibrium emission. Moreover, the percentage of proton yields in the freeze-out stage is found to be approximately 50%.     

遥感植被指数和CASA模型估算山东省冬小麦单产

准确估算区域尺度冬小麦单产对明确区域农业生产现状与保证国家粮食安全有重要意义。光能利用率模型是作物单产估算的常用模型之一,模型中最大光能利用率（ξ_max）是准确估算作物单产的关键参数,作物的ξ_max是否随时间发生变化需要深入探讨。首先使用Savitzky-Golay（S-G）对中分辨率成像光谱仪（MODIS）时序植被指数数据进行滤波,采用差分法结合光谱突变法提取了山东省2000年-2015年冬小麦种植面积,并使用市级尺度年鉴统计面积对提取面积进行验证,然后使用固定ξ_max和变化ξ_max分别驱动光能利用率模型（CASA）,结合作物收获指数与冬小麦种植面积获取山东省2000年-2016年冬小麦单产时空分布特征,探讨最大光能利用率对作物单产模拟的影响。结果表明,滤波后的时序植被指数数据能够反映冬小麦生长的光谱特征,差分法与光谱突变法结合提取冬小麦面积具有较好的普适性,提取的多年冬小麦种植面积与年鉴统计冬小麦播种面积之间的决定系数（R2）达0.71;变化ξ_max情景下模拟的多年冬小麦单产与统计单产之间的决定系数更高,说明冬小麦ξ_max是随时间变化的,可能与冬小麦品种更替有关。基于统计与模拟的结果均显示山东省冬小麦单产在2000年-2016年间呈现增加趋势,两者表现出来的增加速率分别为93.12和149.79 kg·hm-2·a-1。在空间上,山东省冬小麦单产呈现西部高于东部的分布特征。     

2-(2-苯基丙烯基)苯并唑类化合物的合成与光谱研究

本文讨论了2－2（－苯基丙烯基）苯并恶唑类化合物的合成方法以及取代基对产率的影响,并用IR,NMR,MS,FL等光谱方法对它们进行了结构表征。初步探讨了取代基对各种光谱的影响。结果表明,取代基对苯并恶唑环的特征红外吸收有影响但没有明显的线性规律,吸电子取代基对分子中丙烯氢和甲基的化学位移影响明显,取代的标题化合物的质谱易出现较强的双正离子碎片。同时讨论了有关紫外光谱和荧光光谱的一些实验现象。     

Radiation from 20 MeV electrons in piezoelectric single crystals in the presence of external acoustic fields

The radiation from electrons interacting with piezoelectric single crystals and the influence of acoustic fields on the frequency-temporal parameters of characteristic energy yields have been investigated experimentally. The experiments were carried out on the extracted 20 MeV electron beam of the linear accelerator LEA-50 of the Alikhanian National Scientific Laboratory. The energy distributions of specific yields of the electron radiation in quartz single crystal were obtained. The amplification of intensity and the shift of energy yields under the influence of hypersonic vibrations were observed.     

Spike effects in heavy-ion sputtering of Ag,Au and Pt thin films

Sputtering yields of Ag, Au and Pt have been measured for monatomic and polyatomic ions of P, As, Sb and Bi over the energy range 10–250 keV. Large enhancements of the measured sputtering yields over those predicted by cascade theory occur for the very heavy ion bombardments. These enhancements become much larger for polyatomic ion bombardment and are strongly non-linear with the number of atoms comprising the molecule. The high sputtering yields are consistent with a major contribution due to a highly disrupted surface region and an associated reduction in the surface binding energy. They cannot be explained using a thermal spike model in which the enhancement results from a localized evaporation.     

Investigation of relative sputtering yields during ionoluminescence of Si

Atomic line emissions resulting from sputtered atoms and ions are investigated on Si(100) bombarded by 60 keV Ne⁺, 300 keV Xe⁺ and 300 keV SF₅⁺ ions. It has been observed that the presence of oxygen enhances light emission due to radiative de-excitation. Relative sputtering yields of Si for 60 keV Ne⁺, 300 keV Xe⁺ and 300 keV SF₅⁺ are estimated from the photon yields. The estimates of sputtering yields of adsorbed oxygen on Si for the above projectiles are also made from the transients of Si I 251.6 nm line. A non-linearity in the sputtering yield for SF₅⁺ ions was observed in comparison with the yields for Ne⁺ and Xe⁺ ions. The results are discussed with the model of overlapping of individual collision cascades.     

Predicting experimental yields as an index to rank synthesis routes II: application to the Curtius rearrangement

Synthesis yields of organic reactions are one of the most important factors in ranking synthesis routes created by synthesis route design systems such as Transform‐Oriented Synthesis Planning and Knowledge base‐Oriented Synthesis Planning. If it is possible to predict the yields of synthesis reactions before starting experiments, one can easily determine an order of synthesis routes for experimental works. In the present study, the reaction profiles of the Curtius rearrangement with different substituents were calculated to generate an equation predicting experimental yields of this reaction. Reactions followed by the formation of isocyanates were also analyzed to consider the relationship between reaction times and experimental yields. A partial least squares (PLS) regression was used to correlate the experimental yields with the calculated activation energies, E_a(calc), together with experimental conditions such as dielectric constants of solvents, reaction times, and reaction temperatures as explanatory variables. Although the PLS regression using all the data gave very poor results, we succeeded in making a model equation with R² = 0.887 using a modified data set. However, there is a conflict between the predictability and the interpretability on the reaction time. This discrepancy mainly comes from unnecessarily long reaction times in the experiments for azides with calculated E_a values of less than 33 kcal mol^–1. To construct a good model equation for the experimental yields of the Curtius reaction, we have to use data sets obtained from within 90 min of the reaction for the PLS regression. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.