重离子束用于肿瘤放射治疗的基础理论

通过与低传能线密度辐射治疗对比分析建立了重离子束肿瘤放射治疗的基础理论,提出了一些提高重离子束放射治疗疗效和减少对正常组织损伤的技术措施,旨在为已开展的重离子治癌临床研究提供理论依据． The basic theory of tumor radiotherapy with heavy ion beam was introduced in contrast to low LET irradiation therapy. Some useful methods are also suggested to improve the curative effect of heavy ion therapy and to spare the normal tissue around the tumor.     

美欧专家论述肿瘤放射治疗技术的进展

美国斯坦福大学医学院放射肿瘤学系放射物理部主任Boyer,哈佛医学院荣誉教授Goitein,瑞士Paul Scherrer研究所物理学家Lomax和Pedroni联名发表文章论述肿瘤放射治疗技术的进展.X射线发现后几个月,它就被用于乳腺癌的治疗,以后又利用质子、中子、轻离子(碳等)进行放射治疗.目前使用得较多的是峰值能量在15MeV的X射线和200MeV的质子.放射剂量用人体质量沉积的能量表示,其单位是Gray,1Gy=1J/kg.X射线在路程上以近似指数函数不断衰减,质子则在一定深度内(和质子能量有关)提供剂量.X射线在最初的几个毫米范围内音量较低,因为在这里还没有…     

C离子束放射治疗肿瘤的进展

重离子(C离子)用于肿瘤放射治疗具有物理学和生物学两方面的优势, 被誉为面向21世纪最佳放疗用射线。 综合论述了世界各国重离子束治癌的发展历史, 在日本国立放射医学综合研究所(NIRS)提供的临床试验数据基础上分析了C离子束治疗的适应症以及对正常组织的放射损伤。 此外, 通过分析潜在患者人数和治疗相关硬件与软件设备, 对C离子束治癌的运用前景做了初步评估。Heavy ions (carbon ions) were considered currently as the best radiation in radiotherapy for their two superiorities in the physical and biological properties. This paper firstly put the focus on the history of development of heavy ion radiotherapy in the world, then a comprehensive analysis of the indications and radiation damages of normal tissues in clinical trails of heavy ion therapy was made based on the published data by NIRS. Moreover, the prospect of using carbon ions in radiotherapy was estimated by analyzing the potential patients’ number, its related instruments and etc.     

放疗中二次原发性肿瘤的研究进展

回顾了辐射致癌方面的研究进展和二次原发性肿瘤在放射医学领域中的提出和发展, 总结了辐射致癌的一般特征以及主要医用放射性装置对二次原发性肿瘤发病的影响。重点阐述了年龄、 性别、 组织敏感性和照射剂量等重要影响因素在二次原发性肿瘤发病上造成的差异和原因。讨论了部分潜在的影响因素。展望了二次原发性肿瘤方面研究的前景和在放射治疗领域中的重要意义。 The progress in radiocarcinogenesis research and recent concerns about second primary cancer incidence after radiotherapy are reviewed. Several generalizations about radiation carcinogenesis and a brief look into medical use radiation sources are also summarized. The mostly confirmed dominant risk factors of second primary cancer are elucidated, some potential risk factors are proposed and discussed briefly. At the end of this review we presented our perspective on the future of second primary cancer research and its potential benefit.     

大分割碳离子放射治疗中相对生物学效应与剂量依赖关系的研究

应用碳离子束进行大分割放射治疗从而缩短治疗周期是碳离子束治疗的优势之一。为研究大分割放疗增加单次照射剂量后,碳离子束相对生物学效应（RBE）的变化,应用细胞存活线性平方（LQ）模型推导出RBE与剂量的依赖关系。基于此关系研究了具有不同辐射敏感性的肿瘤细胞和正常组织细胞RBE随剂量的变化。结果表明,在0~20 Gy范围内,不论肿瘤细胞与正常组织细胞具有怎样的辐射敏感性,肿瘤细胞的RBE值始终大于正常组织细胞。此外,基于理论推导和对相关实验数据的分析,证实了RBE随剂量增加而递增现象的存在。这些结果对应用碳离子束进行大分割放射治疗具有重要的指导作用。Short treatment course due to the suitability of hypofractionated regimen for carbon ion beam is one of the advantages of carbon ion radiotherapy. To study the dependence of relative biological effectiveness (RBE) on dose, the relationship between RBE and dose was deduced through the linear-quadratic (LQ) model. Based on the relationship, the change of RBE of tumor cells and normal tissue cells with different radiosensitivities with dose was studied. The results showed that the RBE value of tumor cells was always greater than that of normal tissue cells in the dose range of 0~20 Gy, regardless of the radiosensitivity of tumor and normal tissue cells. In addition, based on theoretical deduction and analysis of the relevant experimental data, the existence of RBE increase with increasing dose was verified. These results are of great significance for conducting hypofractionated radiotherapy with carbon ion beam.     

基因芯片技术及其在放射治疗中的应用

基因芯片技术是建立在杂交序列基本理论上的分子生物学技术,它以一种全面、综合和系统的思维方式研究生命现象。基因芯片技术可以完整地研究整个细胞或器官全部基因变化,可以通过基因分析发现对电离辐射的基因反应差异,从而建立一种新的分子放射生物学方法。综述了基因芯片技术及应用领域,重点介绍了基因芯片技术在辐射治疗癌症中的应用。概述了重离子治疗肿瘤优于其它射线的原因。展望了利用基因芯片技术的优势探索肿瘤经重离子辐照前、中、后期的生物学效应。     

基因芯片技术及其在放射治疗中的应用

基因芯片技术是建立在杂交序列基本理论上的分子生物学技术, 它以一种全面、 综合和系统的思维方式研究生命现象。 基因芯片技术可以完整地研究整个细胞或器官全部基因变化, 可以通过基因分析发现对电离辐射的基因反应差异, 从而建立一种新的分子放射生物学方法。 综述了基因芯片技术及应用领域, 重点介绍了基因芯片技术在辐射治疗癌症中的应用。 概述了重离子治疗肿瘤优于其它射线的原因。 展望了利用基因芯片技术的优势探索肿瘤经重离子辐照前、 中、 后期的生物学效应。     

基于TPS和蒙特卡罗计算的12C肿瘤放射治疗In-beam PET剂量监测研究

In-beam PET成像是碳离子放射治疗剂量监测的有效手段,可以对碳离子放疗过程的物理剂量分布和生物剂量分布进行实时监测。结合放射治疗计划系统(TPS)和蒙特卡罗(MC)模拟分别对静态均匀水模体和腹部肿瘤CT图像进行治疗计划设计、MC计算和PET成像,比较TPS肿瘤靶区剂量分布、MC模拟剂量分布和PET成像三者之间的一致性。TPS和MC模拟中相对生物学效应(RBE)的计算均采用线性二次模型(LQ)。研究结果显示,TPS和MC计算的静态均匀水模体、单野治疗腹部肿瘤的物理剂量、RBE加权剂量在SOBP区域的平均误差均在0.5%和2%以内。碳离子束流能量为120~400 MeV/u时,束流方向剂量深度分布与PET成像在SOBP区域的位置差异均在8 mm以内。In-beam PET可作为碳离子放射治疗中位置验证和剂量验证的有效手段。     

弧形调强放射治疗对剂量计算方法的要求

在弧形调强放射治疗的治疗计划设计中, 由于包含有很多照射方向, 调强最优化的射束元矩阵计算需要很大的计算量和存储量, 为提高计算效率常使用简化剂量计算模型计算射束元矩阵, 因此有必要研究简化模型对治疗计划质量产生影响。 对一个模拟例子和一个临床实例, 使用没考虑散射效应的原射线剂量计算模型计算射束元矩阵, 由此进行最优化计算。 在得到最优化强度分布后, 通过比较原射线剂量计算模型和微分卷积剂量计算模型得到的剂量分布, 研究了不同射束数目条件下, 使用简化剂量计算模型计算射束元剂量矩阵对最终的剂量分布质量的影响。 结果表明, 在射线束很多的情况下(对应弧形调强照射）, 用简化的剂量计算模型, 即不考虑散射来计算射束元剂量矩阵, 会导致靶区剂量分布的质量大大低于预期的剂量分布质量, 因此, 弧形调强放射治疗的最优化计算中, 有效考虑散射的影响是必要的。 In the treatment planning for arc intensity modulated radiation therapy, because many irradiation directions are involved, the computing time and storage space needed for calculating beamlet dose matrices in optimization is quite heavy. In order to improve the computation efficiency, the simplified dose calculation is often used for the calculation of the dose matrices. Thus, it is deserved to study how this simplification could influence the quality of the treatment plan. In this paper, a simulation and a clinical case are adopted. Using the primary dose calculation model without taking into account the scattering effect to generate the dose matrices of beamlets, the optimization for beam intensity profile are firstly carried out. Then, based on the obtained intensity profile, the dose distributions are recalculated by using the primary dose calculation model and the differential convolution superposition dose calculation model which is more accurate but more time consuming. By comparing dose distributions obtained by this two models, the influence of using simplified model for dose matrix calculation on beam profile optimization is studied. The results demonstrate that when the beam number is large(corresponding to the arc modulated radiation), using the simplified model for the calculation of dose matrix of beamlets will reduce the quality of dose distribution greatly comparing with the expected dose distribution quality. Thus it is very necessary to correctly take into account the scattering effect in beam profile optimization for the arc intensity modulated radiation therapy.     

MRI引导放射治疗中电子回转效应的蒙特卡罗研究

为了研究磁共振引导放射治疗对剂量分布的影响,采用蒙特卡罗方法研究了横向均匀磁场对6 MV光子束在4种不同人体组织材料与空气界面处因电子回转效应导致剂量分布的改变。模拟显示,对于电离能相近的几种材料,磁场对剂量分布扰动的差别较小,而且电离能较大的材料,这种扰动明显变小。结果表明,磁场的引入会影响光子束原有的剂量分布,且这种影响与材料的电离能有关。这意味着虽然磁共振引导放射治疗可以增强靶向精度,提高治疗效果,但磁场会导致光子束剂量分布的改变,且不同的组织这种改变也不相同,这将为相应的剂量算法研究带来了新的挑战。A Monte Carlo code was used to study the discrepancy resulted from the emergence of magnetic field in MRI guided radiotherapy. In this work, four different tissue phantoms with magnetic field and 6 MV photon were studied, and the dose distributions at the interface of phantom-air were evaluated. It is found that the differences of the dose perturbation are small between the materials with similar ionization energy. However, the dose perturbation decreased significantly for the material with high ionization energy. The results of this study demonstrate that magnetic field will change the dose distribution of photon beam and the dose perturbation associated with ionization energy of materials. It means that magnetic resonance imaging guided radiotherapy can enhance the target accuracy, but the magnetic field will change the dose distribution of photon beam, and the perturbation was not the same for the different materials of human tissue, it has brought new challenges for the research of dose algorithm.     

p73变异体研究现状及其在肿瘤放疗中的应用前景

p73基因是p53抑癌基因家族的新成员。 p73有两组蛋白异构体: TAp73和DNp73。 TAp73具有诱导细胞周期停滞和细胞凋亡的能力, 而DNp73却有与之相反的能力, 具有肿瘤促进作用。 对p73基因两面性的特点及研究进展作一综述。 最后结合重离子治疗肿瘤, 探讨了p73联合重离子治疗的新思路。 p73 was the first identified homologue of the tumor suppressor gene, p53. p73 has two groups of protein isoforms: TAp73 and DNp73. TAp73 can induce cell cycle arrest, resulting in the ability of apoptosis, however DNp73 has antagonistic property of a tumor promoting effect. In this paper, the dual roles of p73 gene and its research progress was reviewed. Finally, combined with heavy ion treatment of tumor, we explored some new ideas of p73 heavy ion joint therapy.     

空间辐射生物学研究进展

空间电离辐射尤其是高能带电粒子辐射可造成生物机体的严重损伤, 是载人航天飞行的关键性限制因素之一。 研究表明, 带电粒子的生物学效应与其性质、 剂量以及不同生物学终点有关; 此外, 微重力环境可能会影响空间辐射生物学效应。 从多年来的空间搭载实验研究和地基模拟实验研究两个方面, 综述了空间辐射的生物损伤效应及其与微重力环境复合作用的生物效应。Space radiation, particularly induced by the high energy charged particles, may cause serious injury on living organisms. So it is one critical restriction factor in Manned Spaceflight. Studies have shown that the biological effects of charged particles were associated with their quality, the dose and the different biological end points. In addition, the microgravity conditions may affect the biological effects of space radiation. In this paper we give a review on the biological damage effects of space radiation and the combined biological effects of the space radiation coupled with the microgravity from the results of space flight and ground simulation experiments.     

抗辐照纳米多层膜研究进展

大量研究表明,晶界和界面可以作为吸收缺陷(如空位、间隙原子) 的“陷阱”,因此含有大量晶界、界面的纳米晶、金属和氮化物纳米多层膜,具备良好的自愈合抗辐照能力,从而成为近年来的研究热点。综述了抗辐照纳米多层膜的研究进展,内容包括:材料的设计与制备,各种辐照模拟手段(如中子辐照、离子辐照和多束离子辐照)。重点介绍了离子束辐照模拟反应堆辐照,多层膜在离子束辐照下的行为(如微观结构和机械性能的演变) 及纳米多层膜抗辐照机理。通过对CrN/AlTiN 多层膜的离子辐照,验证了纳米多层膜中界面对缺陷的吸收作用。对纳米多层膜未来研究方向做了展望。Numerous studies show that interface can serve as effective sinks for radiation-induced defects such as interstitials and vacancies. Owning a large number of interfaces, multilayer nanofilms attract a great research interest. In this paper, we review recent research progress on the development of the multilayer nanofilms for the purpose of radiation tolerance. The paper includes following parts: how to design and prepare multilayer nanofilms materials; evaluation with radiation simulation, such as neutron irradiation, ion irradiation and multi-beam ion irradiation; behaviors of multilayer nanofilms under ion beam irradiation, such as microstructure evolution and changes in mechanical properties; theoretical study on the mechanism of radiation tolerance of multilayer nanofilms. Finally, the challenge and future research directions are briefly discussed.     

利用超分次技术进行肿瘤治疗的探讨

以人类肝癌细胞SMMC-7721和正常肝细胞L02为研究对象，以这两种细胞0．3Gy时超敏感性的存活数据为基础，从理论上探讨了γ射线照射时，用超分次技术治疗肝癌的可能性。经过计算发现:如果目标肿瘤和周围的正常组织超敏感性的存活差异提高到3％，即可利用超分次技术对肿瘤进行治疗。应用超分次进行分次照射时，照射的结果与分次的间隔时间有关。对这一现象的机理进行了一定的探讨，发现时间间隔与细胞G2期的长短可能存在一定的相关性。Based on the survival data of human hepatoma SMMC-7721 and normal liver L02 cells irradiated with γ-rays at 0.3 Gy and 2 Gy, the possibility of uhra-fractionated radiotherapy is discussed in this paper. According to calculations, it is found that if the difference in cell survival between target tumor and adjacent normal tissue is up to 3%, radiotherapy using HRS would be realized through uhra-fractionation. Furthermore, the low-dose response is time-dependent. After analyzing this phenomenon, it was pointed that there would be a correlation between fractionation interval and the duration of cell G2 phase.     

稀土发光和光谱理论的研究进展

简述了近20多年以来我们在稀土发光和光谱理论方面所做的主要工作、取得的进展和成果。包括:(1)关于(4f)^N组态内单光子跃迁强度:推广Judd-Ofelt三参量公式,在其中计入"J混合"(偶宇称晶场成分造成的)导致的修正;澄清了国际上关于Judd-Ofelt全参量公式中"静力学项"和"动力学项"相对正负号的争论(仍为负号)。(2)关于(4f)^N组态内双光子过程强度:提出直接计算强度方法(放弃缔合近似,利用Ce³⁺的5d和左邻RE³⁺的(4f)^N能级-波函资料,近似模拟出最重要的虚中间组态(4f)^N-15d的能级-波函结构)来讨论和改进Judd-Ofelt缔合近似。(3)固体中声子辅助的稀土离子间能量传输理论:发现HLO理论关于单声子过程中的"干涉相消"实际只适合于对角过程,而非对角过程则是"干涉相加",因而,后者首要的是单声子而非双声子过程;同时,用"晶体格波模"取代"Debye模"描述能量传输中的声子,给出了新模型下计算对角和非对角过程速率等物理量的整套公式。并由之看出:波矢q=0和对应色散曲线扁平段的光学声子对单声子非对角过程速率有完全不能忽略的贡献,这些都不同于或超出于HLO理论。(4)提出和发展了分析指认4f-5d跃迁光谱的简单理论模型,用能量和跃迁强度同时进行近似拟合,成功地分析指认了从(4f)³到(4f)¹³离子在几种基质中的4f→5d吸收(激发)谱,也成功用于若干5d→4f辐射谱。(5)对跃迁的初末晶场态同时引用有效自旋哈密顿描述稀土离子间超交换作用,成功地解释了低温10 K时立方结构的纯稀土冰晶石晶体Cs₂NaLnCl₆(Ln=Er,Yb)等的吸收谱中0声子线(量级为几个cm^-1)的精细分裂。     

基于透明陶瓷材料的激光研究进展

陶瓷激光器是一种以透明陶瓷材料作为增益介质的激光器.与单晶相比,透明陶瓷具有制备周期短和烧结温度低等优势,在激活离子高掺杂浓度下能保证良好的光学均匀性,且容易制备成各种大尺寸复合结构.近年在高功率和超短超强激光输出方面得到广泛应用,产生了一系列研究成果.回顾了陶瓷激光器的发展历程,总结了透明陶瓷在高功率、超短超强脉冲激...     

MODIS土地覆盖产品研究进展

遥感技术在近几十年来发展迅速,在生态和环境等领域得到了广泛的应用。MODIS是一个比较新的数据源,它的一系列产品中,土地覆盖产品是一个比较重要的产品,在全球和区域模型中经常应用。文章比较全面地介绍了MODIS土地覆盖产品的生成过程,探讨了基于神经网络和基于决策树的土地覆盖分类方法的特点,强调了土地覆盖分类中方向信息的重要性,比较详细地介绍了变化矢量分析方法和基于人工神经网络的土地覆盖变化侦察方法,分析了IGBP定义的全球17种土地覆盖类型,并且与另外的3种分类系统进行了比较。     

天然气水合物拉曼光谱研究进展

介绍了常见的几种类型气体水合物的拉曼光谱特征,从水合物晶体结构、生成和分解动力学过程、自然界水合物的分析鉴定及激光拉曼光谱原位探测等几方面对天然气水合物拉曼光谱研究的最新进展进行了综述,探讨了激光拉曼光谱技术目前存在的问题与挑战,指出了其在天然气水合物研究方面的发展趋势与工作重点。