肝素化聚甲基丙烯酸的合成及其抗凝血性研究

讨论一种新的聚甲基丙烯酸共价键到肝素上的方法：在水溶液中，通过四价铈盐产生肝素氧自由基并引发甲基丙烯酸的聚合。为得亲水溶胀性交联聚合物，加入双甲基丙烯酸乙二醇酯作为交联剂。对所得聚合物的抗凝血性能进行了鉴定，复钙化时间试验和凝血酶时间试验表明它具有良好的抗凝血性能。因此，可望在生物学工程方面得到应用。     

三元无规接枝共聚物的合成及其自组装性能的研究

通过甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯(HEMA)引发ε-己内酯(ε-CL)开环聚合得到带有双键的大分子预聚体甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯-聚己内酯(HEMA-PCL), 该预聚体与N-异丙基丙烯酰胺(NIPAAm)及丙烯酸(AAc)自由基聚合得到一系列含有不同比例组分的三元无规接枝共聚物. 研究了该聚合物的自组装性能. 通过1H NMR, FTIR, 凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)对聚合物进行结构和分子量的表征. 通过TEM, DLS与表面张力等方法表征其纳米粒子情况.     

甲基丙烯酸烷基磺酸钠在嵌段聚醚氨酯膜上接枝聚合的研究

本文对两种新合成的亲水性单体,甲基丙烯酸已磺酸钠和甲基丙烯酸辛磺酸钠在聚醚氨酯膜上接枝聚合进行了研究。其反应分两步:首先,在过氧化氢存在下,将膜进行光氧化,引入过氧化氢基团;然后,在还原剂亚铁盐作用下,引发甲基丙烯酸烷基磺酸酯接枝聚合。单体浓度、亚铁盐浓度、反应温度对接枝速率均有影响。接枝膜与基膜相比,吸水率与抗凝血性能均有提高。辛酯接枝膜的抗凝血性能显得更好。用扫描电镜可观察到膜上接枝物的图象。     

表面接枝聚甲基丙烯酸二甲氨乙酯的pH响应型纤维素纸基材料

使用电子转移再生引发剂原子转移自由基聚合(ARGET ATRP)在滤纸表面接枝聚甲基丙烯酸二甲胺乙酯(PDMAEMA),成功制备了具有p H响应性能的新型纤维素纸基材料.分别在苯甲醚和甲醇中进行该接枝聚合反应,发现在甲醇中接枝效率更高.通过游离引发剂生成的均聚物研究了滤纸表面聚合物侧链的分子量及分子量分布.均聚物的GPC曲线表明聚合物分子量随反应时间增加而增加,分子量分布为1.4~1.6.通过FTIR、SEM及接枝率的测量对改性滤纸进行表征,结果表明PDMAEMA在滤纸表面的接枝聚合具有可控性,通过控制反应时间可控制聚合物在滤纸表面的接枝量.在不同p H条件下对改性滤纸进行静态水接触角的测量,发现其疏水性随p H升高而增大,体现出该纸基材料的p H响应特性.     

双亲水性超支化接枝共聚物的pH响应性药物释放

首先利用阳离子开环聚合合成了超支化聚缩水甘油醚（HPG）,然后通过酯化反应制备了低接枝率的大分子引发剂HPG-Br,并进一步引发甲基丙烯酸-2-（N,N-二甲氨基）乙酯（DMAEMA）单体的原子转移自由基聚合,合成了低接枝率的双亲水性超支化接枝共聚物HPG-g-PDMAEMA,用1HNMR和GPC对聚合物结构进行了表征.并采用芘荧光探针法,HNMR和DLS研究了HPG-g-PDMAEMA在不同pH水溶液中的组装行为.以1香豆素102为模型药物研究了HPG-g-PDMAEMA聚合物在不同pH条件下的药物释放行为,发现在pH连续振荡刺激下HPG-g-PDMAEMA聚合物胶束对药物分子能实现部分＂可逆＂的释放和再包载.     

pH响应性表面对蛋白质吸附的调控

通过表面引发原子转移自由基聚合在固定了引发剂的硅表面接枝了聚甲基丙烯酸叔丁酯(PtBMA),而后通过水解得到聚甲基丙烯酸(PMAA)聚合物刷.通过X射线光电子能谱、椭圆偏振仪和水接触角测试证明了接枝改性的成功.研究发现PMAA改性表面的浸润性和对蛋白质的吸附行为都具有一定的pH响应性.在较低pH值时改性表面相对疏水,随...     

活性自由基聚合(Iniferter)法制备聚合物包覆硅胶固定相及其色谱性能评价

应用活性自由基聚合法, 在接枝iniferter的硅球表面键合甲基丙烯酸异辛酯-co-乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯聚合层, 制备了聚合物包覆硅胶色谱固定相, 并研究了合成条件对于聚合层及分离效果的影响. 在一定聚合时间中, 接枝聚合物质量与反应时间呈线性关系, 并可以在得到聚合物包覆硅胶的基础上, 利用包覆硅胶中的iniferter再次引发接枝聚合, 体现了活性自由基聚合的特点. 聚合物包覆硅胶对于烷基苯同系物、碱性化合物及羟基苯甲酸酯具有很好的色谱分离能力及柱效, 同时, 由于聚合层能够有效地覆盖硅球表面的硅羟基, 减小了碱性化合物的拖尾. 研究工作提供了新的聚合物包覆硅胶固定相的合成方法.     

甲基丙烯酸磺酸基己酯钠盐的共聚合、聚合及其均聚物的抗凝血性能

研究了甲基丙烯酸6-磺酸基己酯钠盐与甲基丙烯酸甲酯、甲基丙烯酸β-羟乙酯及甲基丙烯酸正己酯的共聚合,并测定了它在水及二甲亚砜中的聚合速度关系式。聚甲基丙烯酸6-磺酸基己酯钠盐的抗凝血性能在一定分子量范围内相差不多。     

在聚合物微球HEMA/NVP表面接枝聚合甲基丙烯酸的研究

采用悬浮聚合法制备了甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯与N-乙烯基吡咯烷酮的交联共聚微球;接着用甲基丙烯酰氯对交联微球进行了表面化学改性,将可聚合双键引入微球表面,制得了改性微球;然后,用"接出"法实施了甲基丙烯酸(MAA)在改性微球表面的接枝聚合,得到了接枝微球.用红外光谱法对几种微球的化学结构进行了表征,使用扫描电镜观察了形貌;考察了对MAA接枝聚合的主要影响因素.结果表明,交联微球在表面改性后,可顺利地实现MAA在微球表面的接枝聚合;在接枝聚合过程中,微球表面所产生的接枝聚合物层会形成动力学位垒,反应12h后接枝度不再变化,且在接枝度-温度与接枝度.引发剂用量曲线上出现最高点;接枝聚合适宜的反应温度为70℃,引发剂用量为单体质量的0.3%.对碱性蛋白的吸附性能的观察表明,在氢键与静电相互作用的协同作用下,接枝微球对溶菌酶具有很强的吸附能力.     

ATRP法合成弹性蛋白接枝共聚物及其性能研究

弹性蛋白经α-溴异丁酰溴化制备了大分子ATRP引发剂溴化弹性蛋白(E-Br), 再以E-Br作为引发剂, 在CuCl/2,2-联吡啶催化体系下, 用原子转移自由基聚合方法合成了弹性蛋白-g-聚甲基丙烯酸-β-羟乙酯接枝聚合物. 用红外光谱(FTIR)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、热重分析(TGA)、扫描电镜(SEM)、离子色谱和动态接触角对接枝聚合物进行了表征. 结果表明, PHEMA键接到了弹性蛋白表面; SEM显示接枝改性后弹性蛋白的表面比未改性前光滑, 但改性后样品的热性能均比未改性样品的低, 起始热分解温度由改性前的307 ℃变为265 ℃; 动态接触角实验结果表明, 接枝改性后的样品具有良好的亲水性, 反应72 h后, 其前进角由接枝前的130.45°下降到29.80°.     

Design and Synthesis of Biocompatible Polymeric Materials

For one of the approaches to antithrombogenic materials, the combination of synthetic polymers with physiologically active substances seems to be promising. One of these ways involves crosslinked urokinase (HM-UK), in which urokinases are linked with side chains of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) by 4,4′-diisocyanatodiphenyl-methane, and encapsulated urokinase (HMe-UK), in which urokinases are encapsulated in the network of crosslinked PHEMA. The HMe-UK with a low degree of crosslinking was found to be highly antithrombogenic. For another way, Val-Pro-Arg-immobilized polyetherurethaneurea (PEUU) was synthesized. The tripeptide, Val-Pro-Arg, is a substrate of thrombin. The tripeptide-immobilized PEUU was found to complex specifically with thrombin and inactivate it, and hence to prolong the thrombin time and the active partial thromboplastin time. For a further approach to antithrombogenic materials, the design of materials which are covered with a living tissue formed by cell proliferation seems to be promising. For one of the ways in this approach, Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser-immobilized silicone films were synthesized. The tetrapeptide constitutes the active site of cell-adhesion proteins. A number of fibroblast cells were found to grow on the tetrapeptide-immobilized silicone film more resistant to changes of temperature and pH than proteins. Third, novel functions such as cell separation are expected, according to the nature of the carrier macromolecule.     

Preparation and characterization of a novel Si-containing crosslinkable<Emphasis Type="Italic"> O</Emphasis>-butyrylchitosan

O-Butyrylchitosan is a water-soluble chitosan derivative which is not sufficiently durable for use as an antithrombogenic coating. A crosslinkable O-butyrylchitosan was studied to improve its stability and durability. The process included preparation of methoxysilyl-terminated butyrylchitosan (MOS-OCS) by Michael addition of (3-acryloxypropyl)trimethoxymethylsilane to the amino groups of O-butyrylchitosan and Si-containing crosslinkable butyrylchitosan was obtained by hydrolysis and condensation of methoxysilyl groups in the MOS-OCS. The mechanical properties of crosslinkable butyrylchitosan films were investigated by mechanical testing. The film with 20 mol% (3-acryloxypropyl)trimethoxymethylsilane as crosslinking agent had good mechanical characteristics. All the samples made were colorless, flexible films, with hydrogel structure. Blood-clotting and platelet adhesion assay confirmed that Si-containing crosslinkable butyrylchitosan had good antithrombogenic properties.     

抗凝血高分子

本文就便于短期应用的高分子负栽型抗凝血材料、具有良好发展前景的亲水—疏水型材料及杭凝血高分子材料中的微观相分离结构问题的研究进展,进行了扼要综述。     

抗凝血聚氨酯材料的研究进展

聚氨酯由于其优良的抗凝血性能和良好的物理机械性能而成为目前研究和应用最广的一种生物医用高分子材料。本文就嵌段型聚氨酯、拦枝型聚氨酯、离子型聚氨酯及其它具有良好发展前景的聚氨酯抗凝血材料的研究进展作扼要综述。     

Correlation of the Surface Charge Characteristics of Polymers with Their Antithrombogenic Characteristics

A knowledge of the structure of the double layer is essential in the investigation of reactions at an inierface between two dissimilar media. This aspect is briefly presented in respect to charge separation and potential distribution in the interfacial region. The types of reactions that can occur at solid-solution interfaces (electron transfer, electrosorption, and electro-phoretic deposition) are discussed. The electrokinetic methods for determination of surface charge characteristics of insulator materials in electrodes are reviewed. Thrombosis on the blood vessel wall and on prosthetic materials is an interfacial chemical reaction. The evidence for an electrochemical mechanism of thrombosis on conducting materials is outlined. Under normal conditions, the blood vessel wall is negatively charged. Injury or atherosclerosis makes it less negatively or even positively charged. With decrease of pH, there is an increase in the surface charge density of the blood vessel wall with an isoelectric point at a pH of about 4.5. Materials treated chemically so as to introduce negatively charged groups (sulfonate, carboxylate, heparinized, anionic ioplex) tend to be antithrombogenic while positively charged surfaces (cationic Ioplex, quarternary ammonium group) are thrombogenic. A useful criterion for antithrombogenic polymer materials is that their surfaces must have a uniform negative charge.     

ENHANCED WATER SORPTION OF A SEMI-INTERPENETRATING POLYMER NETWORK (IPN) OF POLY(2-HYDROXYETHYL METHACRYLATE) (PHEMA) AND POLY(ETHYLENE GLYCOL) (PEG)

ABSTRACT

An attempt was made to enhance the water-sorption capacity of polymers of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) by preparing its semi-interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) with a hydrophilic polymer such as poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). The effects of various factors, such as history of the polymer sample, chemical architecture of the IPN, presence of salt ions in the swelling medium, and temperature of the swelling medium, were investigated on the water sorption kinetics of the IPNs. The IPN was characterized by IR spectral analysis and various structural parameters, such as molecular weight between crosslinks (M_c), crosslink density (q) and number of elastically effective chains (V_e), were evaluated. The IPNs were also assessed for their antithrombogenic potential.     

Anticoagulant activity of immobilized thrombomodulin

Bovine lung thrombomodulin was partially purified, and immobilized on agarose gel (Sepharose 4B). Immobilized thrombomodulin inhibited the procoagulant activity of thrombin, and enhanced the thrombin-catalyzed protein C activation. The plasma recalcification time test showed that immobilized thrombomodulin prolonged plasma clotting time. It is suggested that the immobilization of thrombomodulin will provide an antithrombogenic biomaterial able to convert thrombin from a procoagulant to an anticoagulant enzyme.     

肝素化聚甲基硅氧烷-聚氧乙烯接枝物的合成及其体外抗凝血性能评价

以二甲基硅油接枝端羟基聚氧乙烯（ＰＤＭＳ ｇ ＰＥＯ ＯＨ）为基材，用二环己基碳二亚胺（ＤＣＣＩ）作脱剂，研究了羟基（ＯＨ）与肝素上的羧基（—ＣＯＯＨ）之间的脱水缩合反应，制备出肝素化的抗血栓材料ＰＤＭＳ ｇ ＰＥＯ Ｈｅｐ，并对其涂覆表面的肝素含量和体外抗凝血性能进行了初步评价．实验结果表明，肝素接枝的共聚物具有优良的抗凝血性能和一定的应用前景．     

Correlation of antithrombogenicity and heat treatment for layer-by-layer self-assembled polyelectrolyte films

Antithrombogenic films with high durability were fabricated in a wet process. Antithrombogenicity was achieved with polyelectrolyte multilayer thin film prepared from poly(vinyl alcohol)-poly(acrylic acid) (PVA-PAA) blends, deposited in alternate layers with poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH). Film durability, assessed by abrasion resistance and water resistance, was enhanced by forming cross-links via amide bonds induced by heat treatment of the film. The film was found to be resistant to protein adsorption, as measured by the amount of fibrinogen adsorbed from an aqueous solution. The antithrombogenic efficacy was assessed in ex vivo experiments by the ability of stainless steel mesh, coated with the polyelectrolyte and inserted into a pig blood vessel, to inhibit thrombus formation. Mesh coated with the polyelectrolyte did not reduce blood flow over a period of 15 min, whereas with uncoated mesh blood flow stopped within 6 min because of blood vessel blockage by thrombus formation.     

Surface modification using photocrosslinkable chitosan for improving hemocompatibility

Immobilization of the anticoagulative or antithrombogenic biomolecule has been considered as one of the important methods to improve the blood compatibility of artificial biomaterials. In this study, a novel immobilization reaction scheme was utilized to incorporate O-butyrylchitosan (OBCS) onto the activated glass surface with an aim to develop an anticoagulative substrate. Activation of the glass surface was carried out by silanization and then OBCS was grafted to the silanized surface via a radiation grafting technique. The OBCS-grafted glass surfaces were characterized by electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The blood compatibility of the OBCS-grafted glass was evaluated by platelet rich plasma (PRP) contacting experiments and protein adsorption experiments in vitro. These results have demonstrated that the surface with immobilized OBCS shows much less platelet adhesive and fibrinogen adsorption compared to the control surface. Therefore, the novel reaction scheme proposed here is very promising for future development of an anticoagulative glass substrate.