x^2＋y^2=N^2正整数解的结构与求法

研究勾股方程给定正整数N时,方程是否有解,有几组解,怎样求解.在证明N的解与N的因数的基本解和本原解三者之间存在着一一对应关系的基础上,利用素数的本原解和两组本原解的勾股积运算,经逐次递推,导出了计算N的各种不同类型因数的本原解的计算方法,得到了计算任意N的所有解的简捷方法,并给出了计算全部解的组数的初等公式.填补了多年来研究勾股数的一个空白.     

Existence of solutions to Hamilton-Jacobi functional differential equations

This paper deals with the Cauchy problem for nonlinear first order partial functional differential equations. The unknown function is the functional variable in the equation and the partial derivatives appear in a classical sense. A theorem on the local existence of a generalized solution is proved. The initial problem is transformed into a system of functional integral equations for an unknown function and for their partial derivatives with respect to spatial variables. The existence of solutions of this system is proved by using a method of successive approximations. A method of bicharacteristics and integral inequalities are applied.     

The character of operational successive approximations

The method of successive approximations in the field of Mikusiński operators is applied for the construction of the approximate solution of a class of nonlinear differential equations. The character of these operational approximations is analyzed, and sufficient conditions for the type I convergence to the exact solution are given. The error of approximation is estimated.     

SYMMETRIES， BāCKLUND TRANSFORMATIONS AND BOUNDARY－INITIAL VALUE PROBLEMS FOR NONLINEAR CHROMATOGRAPH

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Approximate solution for a class of two-dimensional nonlinear singular integral equations by the contraction mapping method

We obtain solutions for a class of two-dimensional nonlinear singular integral equations with Hilbert kernel using the contraction mapping method and find the rate of convergence of successive approximations to the exact solution.     

Automatic solution of optimal-control problems. IV. gradient method

An automatic method for obtaining the numerical solution of first-order nonlinear optimal-control problems is described. The nonlinear two-point boundary-value problem is solved using the gradient method for obtaining successive approximations of the solution. The derivatives required for the solution of the problem are computed automatically using the table method. The user of the program need only input the integrand of the cost functional and the Hamiltonian and specify the initial conditions and the terminal time. None of the derivatives usually associated with Pontryagin's maximum principle and the gradient method need be calculated by hand. Examples are given with numerical results.     

Method of successive approximations in the nonlinear theory of viscoelasticity

A method of successive approximations, a generalization of the Il'yushin method of elastic solutions, is proposed for solving problems of the nonlinear theory of elasticity in which the stress-strain relation is given in the form of a time operator Frechet-differentiable in a neighborhood of zero. The nonlinear relaxation kernels are found from the given nonlinear creep kernels for the principal quadratic theory of elasticity. These relations make it possible to formulate the boundary value problem for this theory. By way of illustration the problem of the pressure exerted on a space by a sphere is examined within the framework of the developed theory. The question of the convergence of the method is discussed in relation to the quadratic theory of visco-elasticity.Presented at the Third All-Union Conference on Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, Moscow (January, 1968).Moscow Lomonosov State University. Translated from Mekhanika Polimerov, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 236–242, March–April, 1969.     

A new modification of the Adomian decomposition method for solving boundary value problems for higher order nonlinear differential equations

In this paper we propose a new modified recursion scheme for the resolution of multi-order and multi-point boundary value problems for nonlinear ordinary and partial differential equations by the Adomian decomposition method (ADM). Our new approach, including Duan’s convergence parameter, provides a significant computational advantage by allowing for the acceleration of convergence and expansion of the interval of convergence during calculations of the solution components for nonlinear boundary value problems, in particular for such cases when one of the boundary points lies outside the interval of convergence of the usual decomposition series. We utilize the boundary conditions to derive an integral equation before establishing the recursion scheme for the solution components. Thus we can derive a modified recursion scheme without any undetermined coefficients when computing successive solution components, whereas several prior recursion schemes have done so. This modification also avoids solving a sequence of nonlinear algebraic equations for the undetermined coefficients fraught with multiple roots, which is required to complete calculation of the solution by several prior modified recursion schemes using the ADM.     

Nonlinear equations for p-adic open, closed, and open-closed strings

We investigate the structure of solutions of boundary value problems for a one-dimensional nonlinear system of pseudodifferential equations describing the dynamics (rolling) of p-adic open, closed, and open-closed strings for a scalar tachyon field using the method of successive approximations. For an open-closed string, we prove that the method converges for odd values of p of the form p = 4n+1 under the condition that the solution for the closed string is known. For p = 2, we discuss the questions of the existence and the nonexistence of solutions of boundary value problems and indicate the possibility of discontinuous solutions appearing. To Anatolii Alekseevich Logunov on his 80th birthday __________ Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Matematicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 149, No. 3, pp. 354–367, December, 2006.     

Automatic solution of optimal-control problems. I. simplest problem in the calculus of variations

An automatic method for obtaining the numerical solution for the simplest problem in the calculus of variations is described. The nonlinear two-point boundary-value Euler-Lagrange equation is solved using the Newton-Raphson method for obtaining successive approximations of the solution. The derivatives required for the solution of the problem are computed automatically using the table method. The user of the program need only input the integrand of the objective function in the calculus-of-variations problem and specify the boundary conditions. None of the derivatives usually associated with the Euler-Lagrange equation and the Newton-Raphson method need be calculated by hand. An example is given with numerical results. The automatic solution of the simplest problem in the calculus of variations in this paper is considered to be the first step in the automatic solution of more general optimal-control problems.     

Schauder estimates and complete regularity of the solutions of an elliptic system

We study the complete regularity of the solutions of a nondiagonal elliptic system of nonlinear differential equations of divergent form whose coefficients are sufficiently slowly varying functions of their arguments and whose off-diagonal terms are sufficiently small. To this end, we apply a technique based on successive approximations to the solution and the use of Schauder estimates at each step.     

Iterative method for solving a nonlinear boundary value problem

In this paper, a boundary value problem for a nonlinear second-order ordinary differential equation is studied. By means of the maximum principle we established the existence and the uniqueness of a solution of the problem. Then for finding the solution an iterative method is proposed. It is proved that this method converges much faster than the Picar successive approximations and in a particular case it gives two-sided monotone approximations to the exact solution of the problem. Finally, some illustrative examples are considered to confirm the efficiency of the method.     

On a self-similar solution of a two-dimensional filtration problem in regions with moving boundaries : PMM vol. 38, n 6, 1974, pp. 1136–1139

We determine a family of self-similar solutions of a two-dimensional problem involving the filtration of an incompressible liquid in regions with moving boundaries. Our work is based on a method developed by Galin for solving the problem of settling of water cones in a gravitational field [1 – 3]. Following this method, we reduce the problem to one of finding an analytic function of a complex variable and the time, which effects a conformal mapping of the filtration region onto a strip and satisfies a special nonlinear condition on the boundary. For the solution of a problem of this kind Galin proposed the method of successive approximations.     

Boundary-Value Problems of the Theory of Thin and Nonthin Orthotropic Shells with Account of Nonlinearly Elastic Properties and Low Shear Rigidity of Composite Materials

The basic geometric and physical relations and resolving equations of the theory of thin and nonthin orthotropic composite shells with account of nonlinear properties and low shear rigidity of their materials are presented. They are derived based on two theories, namely the theory of anisotropic shells employing the Timoshenko or Kirchhoff-Love hypothesis and the nonlinear theory of elasticity and plasticity of anisotropic media in combination with the Lagrange variational principle. The procedure and algorithm for the numerical solution of nonlinear (linear) problems are based on the method of successive approximations, the difference-variational method, and the Lagrange multiplier method. Calculations of the stress-strain state for a spherical shell with a circular opening loaded with internal pressure are presented. The effect of transverse shear strains and physical nonlinearity of the material on the distribution of maximum deflections and circumferential stresses in the shell, obtained according to two variants of the shell theories, is studied. A comparison of the results of the problem solution in linear and nonlinear statements with and without account of the shell shear strains is given. The numerical data obtained for thin and nonthin (medium thick) composite shells are analyzed.     

Iterative methods for nonlinear complementarity problems on isotone projection cones

In this paper we present a recursion related to a nonlinear complementarity problem defined by a closed convex cone in a Hilbert space and a continuous mapping defined on the cone. If the recursion is convergent, then its limit is a solution of the nonlinear complementarity problem. In the case of isotone projection cones sufficient conditions are given for the mapping so that the recursion to be convergent.     

Probability methods and nonlinear analysis

The concepts of accretive and differentiable operator in a Banach space B are used to show that certain approximations to a solution of a nonlinear evolution equation converge. When B is a space of continuous functions it is shown that the approximations and the solution be represented as integrals with respect to a signed measure on a function space. As an example, a new proof is given for the existence and uniqueness of solutions to a nonlinear parabolic differential equations with coefficients dependent upon solutions. Integral representations of these solutions follow.     

The Describing Function Matrix

The Describing Function method (or method of harmonic balance)is a means of finding approximations to periodic solutions ofnon-linear O.D.E.'s by replacing the nonlinear terms by a pseudo-linearrepresentation of their effect on a single harmonic. This papergeneralizes that representation to a matrix which gives theeffect of the nonlinear terms on any desired finite number ofharmonics; contrary to what has been the case in previous generalizationsof this kind, there is an algorithm for calculation of the matrix.Bounds on the error of a solution of given order are obtainedusing a contraction mapping theorem, and the paper also studiesthe problem of when such a finite order approximation methodis capable of predicting a specific periodic solution of a particularsystem of O.D.E.'s. A number of examples show how the methodis applied to autonomous systems, both critical and non-critical,and demonstrate that discontinuities and memory in the nonlinearterms do not preclude either the finding of solutions or thetesting of their validity.     

Factorised Preconditionings of Successive Approximations in Finite Precision

This paper examines the possibility of using the method of successive approximations for the approximate solution of a large system of linear equations with a dense, noncontraction, and ill-conditioned matrix. Using Krasnosel'skii's method of transformation of linear operator equations and functional calculi, the procedure of factorised preconditionings of successive approximations is developed and analysed in the finite precision arithmetic. Numerical results of computational experiments are presented to demonstrate the practicability of the proposed approach.This revised version was published online in October 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Legendre wavelets approach for numerical solutions of distributed order fractional differential equations

In this study, a new numerical method for the solution of the linear and nonlinear distributed fractional differential equations is introduced. The fractional derivative is described in the Caputo sense. The suggested framework is based upon Legendre wavelets approximations. For the first time, an exact formula for the Riemann–Liouville fractional integral operator for the Legendre wavelets is derived. We then use this formula and the properties of Legendre wavelets to reduce the given problem into a system of algebraic equations. Several illustrative examples are included to observe the validity, effectiveness and accuracy of the present numerical method.     

A method of successive approximations for solving the quasi-variational Signorini inequality

We solve the semicoercive quasi-variational Signorini inequality that corresponds to the contact problem with friction known in the elasticity theory by a method of successive approximations. For solving auxiliary problems with a given friction occurring on each outer step of the iterative process we use the Uzawa method based on iterative proximal regularization of a modified Lagrangian functional. We study the stabilization of the sequence of auxiliary finite-element solutions obtained on outer steps of the method of successive approximations and present results of numerical calculations.