Primes represented by quadratic polynomials via exceptional characters

Archiv der Mathematik - We estimate the number of primes represented by a general quadratic polynomial with discriminant $$Delta $$ , assuming that the corresponding real character is exceptional.     

Composition of binary quadratic forms

Composition of binary quadratic forms over an arbitrary commutative base ring is shown to be closely related to homomorphisms (and in particular isomorphisms) of the corresponding even Clifford algebras.     

Representation of large numbers by binary quadratic forms

Sufficient conditions of representability of a given integer by a fixed binary quadratic form are presented. It is shown that almost all integers satisfy these conditions. Bibliography: 2 titles. Translated fromZapiski Nauchnykh Seminarov POMI, Vol. 226, 1996, pp. 60–64.     

Cubic residues and binary quadratic forms

Let p>3 be a prime, u,v,d∈Z, gcd(u,v)=1, p?u²−dv² and , where is the Legendre symbol. In the paper we mainly determine the value of by expressing p in terms of appropriate binary quadratic forms. As applications, for we obtain a general criterion for and a criterion for εd to be a cubic residue of p, where εd is the fundamental unit of the quadratic field . We also give a general criterion for , where {Un} is the Lucas sequence defined by U₀=0, U₁=1 and Un+1=PUn−QUn−1 (n?1). Furthermore, we establish a general result to illustrate the connections between cubic congruences and binary quadratic forms.     

Quartic residues and binary quadratic forms

Let be a prime, m∈Z and . In this paper we obtain a general criterion for m to be a quartic residue in terms of appropriate binary quadratic forms. Let d>1 be a squarefree integer such that , where is the Legendre symbol, and let ε_d be the fundamental unit of the quadratic field . Since 1942 many mathematicians tried to characterize those primes p so that ε_d is a quadratic or quartic residue . In this paper we will completely solve these open problems by determining the value of , where p is an odd prime, and . As an application we also obtain a general criterion for , where {u_n(a,b)} is the Lucas sequence defined by and .     

Spinor genera of binary quadratic forms

Spinor genera are defined for binary quadratic forms with integer coefficients in such a way that the theory fits in with the Gaussian theory of genera. It is shown that spinor generic characters exist which distinguish the various spinor genera in the principal genus, and how they can be determined. It is known that each ambiguous class contains exactly two forms of the type [a, 0, c] or [a, a, c], each with its associate [c, 0, a], [4c ? a, 4c ? a, c]. Since the principal class contains such a form with a = 1, it is an interesting question whether one can predict the second form (not counting associates). This question includes that of Dirichlet about the representability of ?1 by the principal class. Methods are given for evaluating the spinor-generic characters of ambiguous forms in the principal genus for variable discriminants d, and are carried through in the eleven cases where d is fundamental, there are two or four genera, and two spinor genera in the principal genus. The problem of determining the “second form” is thus completely solved except when there is more than one ambiguous class in the principal spinor genus.     

On simultaneous representations of primes by binary quadratic forms

Let p ≡ ± 1 (mod 8) be a prime which is a quadratic residue modulo 7. Then p = M² + 7N², and knowing M and N makes it possible to “predict” whether p = A² + 14B² is solvable or p = 7C² + 2D² is solvable. More generally, let q and r be distinct primes, and let an integral solution of H²p = M² + qN² be known. Under appropriate assumptions, this information can be used to restrict the possible values of K for which K²q = A² + qrB² is solvable and the possible values of K′ for which K′²p = qC² + rD² is solvable. These restrictions exclude some of the binary quadratic forms in the principal genus of discriminant ?4qr from representing p.     

Binary quadratic forms represented by sums of squares in an essentially unique way

The Ramanujan Journal - In this article, we determine all positive definite integral binary quadratic forms that are represented by the sum of k integer squares in an essentially unique way for...     

Class numbers of indefinite binary quadratic forms

We determine the asymptotic average sizes of the class numbers of indefinite binary quadratic forms when ordered by the sizes of their corresponding fundamental units. The proofs make use of the Selberg trace formula.     

Arithmetic-analytic properties of binary positive-definite quadratic forms

One considers the arithmetic and analytic properties of positive-definite binary quadratic forms of discriminant –Dn². The arithmetic structure of the set of these forms is described by forms of discriminant –D and by the Hecke operators T(n). One gives some arithmetic and analytic consequences.Translated from Zapiski Nauchnykh Seminarov Leningradskogo Otdeleniya Matematicheskogo Instituta im. V. A. Steklova AN SSSR, Vol. 144, pp. 5–20, 1985.     

On character sums of binary quadratic forms

We establish character sum bounds of the form

     

The minima of indefinite binary quadratic forms

The study of the minima of indefinite binary quadratic forms has a long history and the classical results concerning the determination of such minima are stated in terms of the continued fraction expansion of the roots. These results are recast in geometric terms. Using this, and well-known geometric properties of the modular group, some necessary and sufficient conditions for a certain class of quadratic forms to have positive unattained minima are obtained.