二维粗糙海面的光散射及其红外成像

首先根据JONSWAP海面功率谱模型数值模拟出二维粗糙海面，采用几何光学近拟与基尔霍夫（Kirchhoff）标量近似计算了二维海面的光散射，计算中将每一面元看成一具有微粗糙度的粗糙面而不是近似地当作平面，并利用投影法与射线追踪法数值计算了一定入射角和散射角下的遮挡函数，有效地提高了海面光散射计算的精确性。最后利用太阳光的光谱辐照度数值模拟了海面的3μm-5μm红外散射图像，对于红外探测器抑制海面反射太阳光造成的亮带干扰具有一定的参考价值。     

粗糙海面及其上方导体目标复合电磁散射的混合算法研究

利用基于电流计算的矩量法结合高频算法基尔霍夫近似的混合算法,分析了一维PM谱粗糙海面及其上方二维无限长任意截面导体目标的双站复合电磁散射特性.混合算法将粗糙面和目标分别划分到KA区域和MOM区域,由于无需数值求解粗糙海面区域的表面极化电流,该算法的运算时间和对计算机内存的需求主要取决于粗糙面上方目标的网格划分情况.数值结果以无限长导体圆柱为例计算了其与一维下垫PM谱粗糙海面的复合双站散射截面,并将计算结果与经典MOM结果进行了比对和验证,结果表明混合方法具有较高的计算效率.最后应用混合方法讨论了不同极化状态、海上不同风速以及目标不同尺寸和位置对复合散射截面的影响. 关键词： 粗糙海面 电磁散射 混合算法 矩量法     

Multiple scattering of HF radio waves propagating across the sea surface

A problem that is of considerable importance to the HF communications and radar communities is the calculation of the spatio-temporal modulations imposed on a radio wave as a result of propagating across a rough sea surface. We derive equations, in the form of a multiple-scattering series, describing the spatio-temporal structure of a radio wave at a point on the rough sea surface after propagation from an antenna at another point on the surface. We present calculations illustrating the sensitivity of the resultant Doppler spectra to ocean surface conditions, as described by well known parametric models. The generality of the approach means that it can easily accommodate user-specified antenna patterns, arbitrary coastline geometries, arbitrary sea-wave spectrum models, wave-field inhomogeneity and a wide range of seawater conductivities.     

The surface energy of an electron gas in model crystals

The surface energy of an electron gas in a crystal is considered. The results obtained for a quadratic spectrum are generalized to an arbitrary energy spectrum in certain crystal models. The surface energy of an electron gas with a quadratic spectrum is found for a sample with a rough boundary when the height of irregularities is small compared with the electron wavelength.     

计算海面激光反射特性的几何光学方法研究

研究了计算海面激光反射的几何光学方法。首先根据JONSWAP非稳态海谱模型数值模拟出二维随机粗糙海面,再采用几何光学方法对入射激光光束在海面上的反射光进行建模,最后计算出海面激光光斑反射光强的空间分布。编制了相关的计算机程序,分析了在不同入射角度和不同风速下的激光光束反射特性。计算结果表明该方法对研究二维随机粗糙海表面激光反射特性有一定参考价值。     

浅海涌浪对表面声道声传播的影响

受海面强风和海-气相互作用影响,表面声道普遍存在于冬季海洋环境中,是一种天然有利于声传播的波导.但是海面波浪使得海表形成粗糙界面,会严重破坏这种优良性能.本文利用南海北部海区的一次冬季声传播实验数据,研究表面声道声传播特性.研究表明,海底底质对表面声道内声传播的影响较弱,当海面风较小时,涌浪造成的影响为主要原因.实验数据显示,考虑涌浪后的粗糙海面给70km远处带来了10dB的传播损失增长.因此在考察南海北部海区冬季声场特性时,不仅要考虑海面风浪的影响,更需要考虑周围海域传来的涌浪的影响.研究涌浪存在时的声传播特性对提升声纳设备在海况较差时的使用性能具有重要意义.     

Scattering of Radiation of the Sun and the Sky from Two Dimensional Rough Sea Surfaces

The scattering of optical wave from two dimensional rough sea surfaces is studied first with method of facets. The sea surface is divided into many facets, and each facet is treated as a surface with small roughness instead of a smooth plane, therefore more practical and effective. In addition the shadowing function of sea surfaces for arbitrary incident and scattering angles is numerically calculated with the Z-BUFFER method, which applies to any kinks of rough surfaces compared with the methods available. Finally the spectral irradiance of the sun and the spectral radiance of the sky for different time at sea level with fine weather are obtained with the software of Lowtran7, and the scattering of the radiation of the sun and the sky from two dimensional rough sea surfaces for different time, waveband and wind speed is studied, which is of great reference value for reducing the interference to the infrared detector due to the scattering of the radiation of the sun and the sky from sea surfaces.     

FDTD investigation on the electromagnetic scattering from a target above a randomly rough sea surface

A finite-difference time-domain approach for electromagnetic scattering characteristic from a two-dimensional (2-D) infinitely long target with arbitrary cross-section above the one-dimensional (1-D) randomly rough sea surface is presented. Taking the composite scattering of rough sea surface and infinitely long cylinder as an example, the angular distribution of the scattering cross-section with different incident angles is calculated and it shows good agreement with the numerical result by the conventional Method of Moments (MOM). Finally, the influence of the windspeed on the sea surface, the incident angle, as well as the size and location of the target on the composite radar cross-section (RCS) with different polarisations is investigated in detail.     

海面与其上方双矩形截面柱复合散射的混合算法研究

采用Pierson-Moscowitz(PM)海谱和Monte Carlo方法模拟实际的粗糙海面, 基于矩量法和基尔霍夫近似的混合算法研究了海面与其上方双矩形截面导体柱的复合电磁散射特性, 得出了复合散射系数的角分布曲线, 计算了复合散射系数随海面参数、矩形截面柱参数以及入射波参数的变化情况, 并做了详细分析与讨论, 得到了PM谱海面与其上方双矩形截面柱复合散射特性. 结果表明, 与单纯的矩量法相比较, 采用基于矩量法和基尔霍夫近似的混合算法, 既可获得较高的准确性, 同时又可减少计算时间和内存占用量, 而且粗糙面尺度越大该优势越明显.     

有限元/边界积分方法在海面及其上方弹体目标电磁散射中的应用

本文将有限元/边界积分方法(FE/BIM)结合区域分解方法引入到粗糙海面及其上方目标 的电磁散射问题的研究中. 由于积分边界可以以任意形状设置在距模型表面任意远的距离处, 故本文采用共形人工边界结合区域分解建模方法截断模型的开放计算区域以减少求解未知量, 在截断区域内部采用有限元方法求解, 而计算区域的边界条件通过边界积分方程方法得到. 通过与矩量法获得的数值计算结果进行比较, 证明了该混合算法及模型处理方法的正确性, 进而研究了海面上方弹体目标的电磁散射特性, 并讨论了其双站散射系数随电磁波入射角度、目标高度、海面风速以及弹体尺寸的电磁散射特性变化情况. 本文结果可用于反演复杂背景下的目标信息及目标探测等领域. 关键词： 电磁散射 粗糙海面 目标 有限元/边界积分方法     

由小斜率近似计算空气声经粗糙海面透射至深海中的声场

采用一级小斜率近似方法处理空气声经粗糙海面透射至深海中的声场问题,导出了透射场及其相干分量的表达式。假定海面高度一维变化且频谱满足PM谱,采用小斜率近似方法计算了相应的透射场。对于空气中的线源,小斜率近似与积分方程方法结果一致。当水下测量点距离较远且深度较浅时,平均声强随海面均方根高度增加而增加至一极限值,相干声强则随海面均方根高度增加而一致减小。对于空气中的点源,小斜率近似计算表明,水下平均声强还依赖于测量点相对于声源的方位,而相干声强则与测量点的方位无关。      

Sound transmission from air into shallow water through rough sea surfaces by small slope approximation

The first-order small slope approximation is applied to the problem of the sound transmission from an airborne source into shallow water through a rough sea surface.By assuming a three-layer homogeneous fluid model and decomposing the sound field in water layer into up-going and down-going waves,the expressions for the down-going wave and thus the total field are derived.The expressions can be calculated by the FFT,but the alias problem will arise.To mitigate the alias effect,additional medium absorption is introduced and afterwards compensated.Monte Carlo calculations are performed.The sea surface is assumed to be random rough with a Pierson-Moskowitz spectrum and to have height variations in only one dimension.The results show that the mean field intensity decreases as the root-mean-square surface height increases,while the mean-square field intensity increases slightly.     

由小斜率近似计算粗糙海面对空气声源激发的浅海声场的影响

采用一级小斜率近似方法处理空气声经粗糙海面透射至浅海中的声场问题。假定空气、海水和海底为三层均匀介质,将海水层中声场分解为下行波和上行波,导出了粗糙海面条件下下行波和总声场的小斜率近似表达式。导出的声场表达式可由快速傅里叶变换计算,但会出现混叠问题。为了减轻混叠影响,提出了引入额外介质吸收的计算方法。针对高度一维变化且频谱满足PM谱的起伏海面,采用蒙特卡洛仿真计算了相应的水下声场。结果表明,随着海面起伏均方根高度的增加,水下相干场强度减小而均方声压则略有增大。      

界面混响的耦合简正波理论研究

利用耦合简正波理论分析了粗糙界面散射引起的混响。引入了粗糙海底以及海面引起的各个模态间的耦合系数表述粗糙界面对声场的散射过程。结合风浪谱Pierson模型,仿真了不同海况下的海面混响,重点在于分析不同海况下海面起伏对海底混响的影响。利用耦合系数的求解从粗糙海面引起模态间能量耦合的角度对这种影响进行了机理性的探究。结果表明,尽管在浅海中海底混响占支配性地位,但随着海况等级的增加,海面散射对海底混响是有影响的,而这种影响可以从粗糙界面对声波模态间的耦合进行机理分析。      

Extension of the local curvature approximation to third order and improved tilt invariance

The second-order local curvature approximation (LCA2) is a theory of rough surface scattering that reproduces fundamental low and high frequency limits in a tilted frame of reference. Although the existing LCA2 model provides agreement with the first order small perturbation method up to the first order in surface tilt, results reported in this paper produce a new formulation of the model that achieves consistency with perturbation theory to first order in surface height and arbitrary order in surface tilt. In addition, extension of the modified LCA to third order is presented, and allows the theory to match the second-order small perturbation method to arbitrary order in surface tilt. Crucial to the development of the theory are a set of identities involving relationships among the small perturbation method (i.e. low frequency) and Kirchhoff approximation (i.e. high frequency) kernels; a set of new identities obtained in our derivations is also presented. Sample results involving 3D electromagnetic scattering from penetrable rough surfaces, as well as 2D scattering from Dirichlet sinusoidal gratings, are provided to compare the new results with the existing LCA2 model and with other rough surface scattering theories.     

由小斜率近似计算空气声经粗糙海面透射至深海中的声场（英文）

The first-order small slope approximation is applied to the problem of the sound transmission from an airborne source into deep ocean through a rough sea surface,and expressions are derived for the transmitted sound field and its coherent component.Numerical calculations are performed.The sea surface is assumed to be random rough with a PiersonMoskowitz spectrum and to have height variations in only one dimension.For the case of the airborne line source,the small slope approximation results are in good agreement with those from integral equations,and show that the mean of sound intensity at observation direction with shallow depression angle increases and approaches a limit as the root-mean-square surface height increases,while the coherent field intensity consistently decreases.For the case of the point source,the small slope approximation results show that the mean of sound intensity depends significantly on the source-receiver bearing angle,but the coherent field intensity is independent of this angle.     

Theory of radio wave scattering at a rough sea surface

The problem of the reflection of a plane single-frequency electromagnetic wave from a statistically rough dielectric boundary with arbitrary is solved in the perturbation approximation. The statistical characteristics (scattering cross section, change of polarization, and frequency spectrum) of a radar signal reflected from a rough sea surface are investigated. The model used for the surface—a small ripple superimposed on large waves—enables the perturbation theory approach to be extended to the decimeter and centimeter wave band.Izvestiya VUZ. Radiofizika, Vol. 9, No. 5, pp. 876–887, 1966     

油膜覆盖的非线性海面电磁散射多普勒谱特性研究

当海面上方漂浮油膜时,海面的毛细波成分将因油膜的阻尼作用而被破坏.本文采用PM谱,基于Marangoni阻尼效应,建立油膜覆盖的一维Creamer非线性海面模型,并简单分析了油膜的阻尼作用对海面轮廓的影响.在此基础上,利用迭代物理光学方法研究了L波段下该模型的后向散射回波的多普勒谱特性,通过与基于线性模型的海面散射回波多普勒谱对比发现,在大中入射角下,非线性海面散射回波与线性海面多普勒谱的差异不可忽略,说明采用Creamer非线性理论建立海面几何模型的必要性.研究发现,油膜覆盖海面的散射回波的多普勒频移及展宽与干净海面雷达回波的多普勒特性具有明显差异,这表明海面上漂浮的油膜对雷达散射回波的多普勒特性具有显著的影响.数值结果重点分析了入射角、油膜参数以及风速对油膜覆盖海面散射回波多普勒谱展宽和频移的影响规律.     

Extension of the local curvature approximation to third order and improved tilt invariance

The second-order local curvature approximation (LCA2) is a theory of rough surface scattering that reproduces fundamental low and high frequency limits in a tilted frame of reference. Although the existing LCA2 model provides agreement with the first order small perturbation method up to the first order in surface tilt, results reported in this paper produce a new formulation of the model that achieves consistency with perturbation theory to first order in surface height and arbitrary order in surface tilt. In addition, extension of the modified LCA to third order is presented, and allows the theory to match the second-order small perturbation method to arbitrary order in surface tilt. Crucial to the development of the theory are a set of identities involving relationships among the small perturbation method (i.e. low frequency) and Kirchhoff approximation (i.e. high frequency) kernels; a set of new identities obtained in our derivations is also presented. Sample results involving 3D electromagnetic scattering from penetrable rough surfaces, as well as 2D scattering from Dirichlet sinusoidal gratings, are provided to compare the new results with the existing LCA2 model and with other rough surface scattering theories.