Coupling between pressure and temperature amplitudes in waves of second sound in liquid helium

A very sensitive microphone suitable for acoustic measurements in liquid helium is described. With the use of it both, the pressure amplitude of second sound and the amplitude of first sound radiated from the second sound transmitter (carbon layer heater) can be detected. By a special extension of the reciprocity theory the first sound pressure response of the microphone and the second sound transmitter response can be measured. The measured pressure signals of first and second sound are compared with the results of the two-fluid theory.     

Theory of heart sounds

A phenomenological theory of heart sounds is proposed. The left ventricular wall is modelled as an incompressible spherical shell and the heart valves as two-dimensional membranes. The solutions of the appropriate elasticity equations are matched with those of the hydrodynamical equations describing the propagation of the radiated sound through the soft body tissue. The predicted time plots and frequency spectra show significant resemblance with recorded ones, like equidistant peaks, directional dependence, relationship of sound amplitude and rate of pressure change inside the left ventricle, etc. Sets of parameters are singled out which influence the measured sound. The latter is the integral part of a diagnostic procedure.     

Active control of radiated sound power of a smart cylindrical shell based on radiation modes

A new approach is proposed in this paper based on radiation modes to control the radiated sound pressure of a smart cylindrical shell equipped with piezoelectric sensor and actuators. The radiation modes determine the specific distribution of normal velocity of the shell that independently radiates sound to the surrounding space. In this study, the first radiation mode is controlled since it is the most effective mode in terms of the radiated power. The results indicate that most of the sound power is attenuated by controlling only this mode. The extended Hamilton’s principle, the Sanders shell theory and the assumed mode method are used to derive the equations of motion in a state space form that is suitable to design the controller. The radiated sound pressure is calculated using the simplified Kirchhoff-Helmholtz integral along with a Kalman filter to observe the system states, and a modified higher harmonic control (MHHC) is designed to attenuate the sound power. A numerical simulation demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed approach compared to active vibration control (AVC) in attenuating the radiated sound in the low frequency domain.     

Automated measuring system for sound power measurement

It is sometimes important to know the sound power radiated from a sound source so that, for example, the solution noise abatement can be carried out on the basis of the sound power radiated.Measurement of the sound power in general is carried out in a reverberant enclosure. This measuring method is classed as an indirect one in that the sound power is obtained via the sound pressure level. Consequently, in order to determine the sound power radiated as precisely as possible, some measurement procedures for obtaining the space-average sound pressure have been devised. However, the procedure, which involves moving the measuring microphone from point to point, is extremely tedious. Accordingly, if the system from data acquisition to data processing is automated, the work required for obtaining the space-average sound pressure will be considerably reduced, as will the time required for processing the data.The development of an automatic measuring system for sound power is discussed and it is shown that the sound power obtained with the system devised agrees well with that obtained by more familiar means.     

舰船辐射噪声贝叶斯方法反演浅海底层结构及地声参数EI北大核心CSCD

针对以舰船辐射噪声为参考声源的浅海海底分层结构及地声参数反演问题,研究了一种基于贝叶斯理论的浅海多层海底地声参数反演方法。反演中以舰船辐射噪声的线谱成分为研究对象,进而采用非线性贝叶斯反演方法反演浅海底层结构、层中声速、声速衰减和密度,并对反演结果的不确定性进行分析。反演结果的最大后验概率估计值和边缘概率分布分别通过拨正模拟退火算法和Metropolis-Hastings采样法在各参数先验区间内计算获得,并根据贝叶斯信息准则确定最佳海底分层结构。海上实验表明:根据该方法反演获得海底分层结构及地声参数,计算得到的声压场与实测舰船辐射噪声传播损失误差不超过10%,反演结果能够准确表征实验海区海底特征。反演结果不确定性分析表明:海底纵波声速、横波声速以及密度的不确定性更小,对声压场变化更加敏感,反演结果更有效、准确。     

复频聚焦超声换能器水中焦区商场特性的研究

本文对新研制的一种复频聚焦超声换能器的辐射声场进行了实验研究,测定了辐射压在轴向上的分布曲线,进而确定了焦区位置,这与理论所得结果符合较好,测定了辐射声压在焦平面上的分布曲线,并对焦区声场进行了定位,最后对换能器在水中焦区辐射声的频谱进行了研究,不仅观测到了两个源波,而且还观测到了和频波,差频波以及倍频波,证实了声散射声效应的存在。     

Modeling of offshore pile driving noise using a semi-analytical variational formulation

Underwater noise radiated from offshore pile driving got much attention in recent years due to its threat to the marine environment. This study develops a three-dimensional semi-analytical method, in which the pile is modeled as an elastic thin cylindrical shell, to predict vibration and underwater acoustic radiation caused by hammer impact. The cylindrical shell, subject to the Reissner–Naghdi’s thin shell theory, is decomposed uniformly into shell segments whose motion is governed by a variational equation. The sound pressures in both exterior and interior fluid fields are expanded as analytical functions in frequency domain. The soil is modeled as uncoupled springs and dashpots distributed in three directions. The sound propagation characteristics are investigated based on the dispersion curves. The case study of a model subject to a non-axisymmetric force demonstrates that the radiated sound pressure has dependence on circumferential angle. The case study including an anvil shows that the presence of the anvil tends to lower the frequencies and the amplitudes of the peaks of sound pressure spectrum. A comparison to the measured data shows that the model is capable of predicting the pile driving noise quantitatively. This mechanical model can be used to predict underwater noise of piling and explore potential noise reduction measures to protect marine animals.     

Experimental investigation of the influence of a posterior gap on glottal flow and sound

The influence of a posterior gap on the airflow through the human glottis was investigated using a driven synthetic model. Instantaneous orifice discharge coefficient of a glottal shaped orifice was obtained from the time-varying orifice area and the velocity distribution of the pulsated jet measured on the axial plane using a single hot-wire probe. Instantaneous orifice discharge coefficient values were found to undergo a cyclic hysteresis loop when plotted versus Reynolds number and time, indicating a pressure head increase and a net energy transfer from the air flow to the orifice wall. The net energy transferred was estimated to be around 10% of the value presumably required to achieve self-sustained oscillation. The radiated sound pressure was measured to characterize the influence of the minimum flow through the posterior gap on the broadband component of the radiated sound. The presence of a posterior gap was found to significantly increase the broadband sound level produced over the frequency range in which human hearing is most sensitive.     

调制气流声源的原理

利用气流调制以产生声音是一个比较有效的方法。人的发声器官、旋笛、电动气流扬声器以及一般哨子等都是根据这个原理。气流声源的特点是效率高,功率可以很大,有实用价值。关于气流声源的发声原理,过去已有一些讨论,但有的是过分简化,有的比较细致,但又过于繁复,不便计算。本文从气体动力学的基本原理出发,求得气流声源的气流-压力特性,并用图解法求得在给定气室压力和气流喷口面积比的条件下声辐射特性的方法,考虑到气流声源的气流特性和辐射关系都是非线性的,但是辐射声功率主要由基频决定,从而用近似理论求得了声功率、气流产额和气流效率的简单表达式,和严格理论的结果相比,误差不到1分贝。文中把结果画成图表以便计算,并讨论了最佳设计的问题。     

Numerical study on reduction of the elevated structure noise by surface absorption on plate girders

With the aim to propose a reasonable and effective countermeasure for the elevated structure noise, the sound field radiated by a steel plate girder, which is the main source of the elevated structure noise, have been theoretically analysed. In the present study, steel plate girders are modelled as infinitely long elastic plate strips placed in parallel and numerical examples on the sound field radiated by the steel plate girders are shown. In the analysis of the radiated sound field, the equivalent source method is employed. Effect of the surface absorption on the sound field radiated by the girders is discussed through numerical examples. The results show that the surface absorption is effective for reduction of the radiated sound field, especially in the area that increase of sound pressure due to reflection by adjacent plate girders is observed. Furthermore, to design for reasonable countermeasure, variation of the noise reduction effect due to changing the pattern of surface absorption area on plate girders is classified.     

海面干涉对船舶水下辐射噪声测量的影响及其消减方法

针对海面干涉对船舶辐射噪声测量的影响,进而导致声源级测量不准确的问题,文章给出了利用时间平均、深度平均、1/3倍频程谱级3种数据处理方法减弱海面干涉的影响,通过模型仿真验证了以上方法的有效性。根据船舶水下辐射噪声测量的国际标准,在浅海测量了某新型科考船不同航速下的水下辐射噪声,并采用前述方法进行了数据处理与分析。计算了不同航速下被测船舶辐射噪声1/3倍频程频带声压级,并与挪威船级社发布的辐射噪声衡准值进行了对比。结果表明被测船舶噪声低频控制较好,高频控制较差,高航速(13 kn)被测船舶的2 kHz以上辐射噪声大于衡准值。      

微型扬声器摆动模态对其辐射声场的影响*

与传统电动式扬声器单元相比,微型扬声器单元由于缺少定位支片等部件,更容易受到摆动模态的影响。该文利用激光传感器采集微型扬声器单元振膜各点振动位移,通过理论计算,从辐射声压级、辐射指向性等角度探究矩形微型扬声器单元摆动模态对其辐射声场的影响。经过研究发现,摆动模态会造成微型扬声器单元频响凹陷、中低频存在指向性等现象,对其辐射声场产生明显的影响。     

On the sensitivity of sound power radiated by aircraft panels to turbulent boundary layer parameters

The objective of the present study is to investigate and quantify how sensitive the response of an aircraft panel is to the change of the turbulent flow parameters. Several empirical models currently exist that provide the turbulent boundary layer wall pressure cross spectrum. These wall pressure cross spectrum models are usually dependent on four parameters: the reference power spectrum, the flow convective velocity, and the coherence lengths in streamwise and spanwise directions. All the proposed models provide different predictions for the wall pressure cross spectrum. Also, real flow conditions over aircraft do not conform to the ideal behavior of the turbulent boundary layer pressure predicted by the models. In this context, the questions that this work aims to explore are “What is the impact of different wall pressure estimates in the radiated sound power?” and “What is the effect of the range of possible flow conditions on the radiated sound power?”. For that objective, data from flight tests and estimates provided by the empirical models are used to predict radiated sound power, and the results are compared. A sensitivity analysis is performed and the relative contribution of each boundary layer parameter to the radiated sound power is obtained.     

Sound radiation from point sources in circular motion

The moving-source approach used by Morfey and Tanna for broad-band sound radiation from a point force in circular motion is adopted in this paper to evaluate the sound radiated in the far field due to point sources of random time variation rotating uniformly in a circle at subsonic speed. It is shown that the sound pressure results (overall and spectral density) for the volume velocity source can be easily extracted from the corresponding results for a rotating point force. An expression for the sound field of a point volume displacement source in arbitrary motion is derived and this is applied to the special case of uniform circular motion. The effects of acceleration of the sources due to circular motion on the radiated sound are established. Applications include noise from tip jet rotors, compressors and marine propellers.     

Sound radiation from inflow turbulence in axial flow fans

The sound radiated when inflow turbulence is present in axial flow fans has been investigated. Theoretically, two noise radiating mechanisms can be identified: (i) interaction of turbulence with the rotor potential field results in a quadrupole-type volume source distribution, producing “flow-interaction” noise; (ii) impingement of turbulence on the blades results in a dipole-type (fluctuating force) surface source distribution, producing “fluctuating lift” noise. A theoretical expression for the flow interaction sound power in the upstream radiation field has been developed, in terms of parameters that can be experimentally determined by near field flow measurements involving spatial cross-correlations of the fluctuating axial velocity, with respect to both radial and circumferential position. Both these measurements and radiated sound pressure measurements have been made for eight- and ten-bladed rotors of relatively low tip Mach number (< 0·3). The sound pressure measurements revealed the occurrence of band-spreading of discrete tones at the blade passing frequency and its harmonics, as would be theoretically predicted for quadrupole-type sources here. The theoretical predictions and the measurements, respectively, of the sound power radiated upstream were compared. The results indicated that, for the fans tested, the “fluctuating lift” noise strongly predominated over the “flow-interaction” noise. The observed sound power levels were consistent with levels estimated from the theory.     

A Sound Field Separation and Reconstruction Technique Based on Reciprocity Theorem and Fourier Transform

We show a method to separate the sound field radiated by a signal source from the sound field radiated by noise sources and to reconstruct the sound field radiated by the signal source. The proposed method is based on reciprocity theorem and the Fourier transform. Both the sound field and its gradient on a measurement surface are needed in the method. Evanescent waves are considered in the method, which ensures a high resolution reconstruction in the near field region of the signal source when evanescent waves can be measured. A simulation is given to verify the method and the influence of measurement noise on the method is discussed.     

Measuring surface pressure with far field acoustics

This paper presents measurements of the wavenumber frequency spectrum of wall pressure fluctuations under a turbulent boundary layer made using sound radiated from hydrodynamically smooth ridges in the surface. The measurements also serve as a test of the scattering theory of roughness noise. The radiated sound reveals a cut through the full three-dimensional wavenumber frequency spectrum of the wall pressure at the wavenumber of the surface. Since ridges can be made with very small wavelengths, this technique can be used to probe the structure of the wall pressure spectrum on scales far smaller than those that can be reached using conventional wall-mounted transducers. Furthermore, the method reveals the wavenumber frequency spectrum directly, without the need for multi-point measurements or the spatial Fourier transforming of data. Measured spectra bear a close similarity to Corcos’ and Chase's model forms, and confirm the applicability of the theory of roughness noise and its prediction of roughness noise directivity.     

Indirect measurement of acoustic power into a small room at low frequencies

An essential step towards improving sound insulation is a reliable means of quantifying the performance. However, for various reasons sound insulation measurements at low frequencies are associated with relatively high uncertainty and wide variance values. The objective of this research is to develop a method of sound insulation measurement which complements the standard ISO 140 measurement methods by providing improved accuracy at low frequencies. In this paper part of the problem is considered, namely the measurement of power radiated into the receiver room. The ‘peak envelope method’ is based on mode theory and the measurement employs a pair of microphones in the receiver room and a calibrated volume velocity source. No reverberation time measurements are required. The theory is outlined and computer simulations and trial measurements are carried out in order to validate the theory. Good agreement in numerical and experimental validation is demonstrated. We conclude that the peak envelope method is suitable for the measurement of radiated sound power at modal frequencies where ISO 140 methods are poorly adapted. In order to obtain transmission loss, a measure of incident power in the source room will also be required, which will be the subject of future works.     

Relationship between volute pressure fluctuation pattern and tonal noise generation in a squirrel-cage fan

In this work, the pressure fluctuation pattern in the volute of a squirrel-cage fan is analyzed. Also studied is how this pattern is modified when a slight geometry change is introduced in the volute tongue. The study has been carried out on a commercial machine, used in automotive air conditioning units. A three-dimensional and unsteady numerical simulation of the flow in the complete machine has been carried out using the commercial code FLUENT. In this way, the pressure fluctuations in some locations near the volute wall have been obtained. The results of this numerical simulation have been compared to the sound pressure level spectra radiated by the fan, measured in a ducted test installation at the laboratory. The tendencies of the sound pressure levels measured at the blade passing frequency show a good correlation with the amplitudes of pressure fluctuations obtained numerically near the volute wall.