Steady state ensembles of thermal radiation in a layered media with a constant heat flux

This paper describes steady‐state ensembles of thermally excited electromagnetic radiation in nano‐scale layered media with a constant non‐vanishing heat flux across the layers. It is shown that Planck's law of thermal radiation, the principle of equivalence, and the laws of wave propagation in layered media, imply that in order for the ensemble of thermally excited electromagnetic fields to exist in a medium consisting of a stack of layers between two half‐space, the net heat flux across the layers must exceed a certain threshold that is determined by the temperatures of the half spaces and by the reflective properties of the entire structure. The obtained results provide a way for estimating the radiative heat transfer coefficient of nano‐scale layered structures.     

Extension of Planck's law of thermal radiation to systems with a steady heat flux

Planck's law of thermal radiation is limited to equilibrium systems that have a definite temperature and do not carry any heat flux. Here we extend it to steady‐state systems with a constant heat flux. The obtained formulas explicitly describe the spectrum of thermal radiation in every direction and provide a sound basis for the self‐consistent analysis of radiative heat transport across interfaces, gaps, layered and other important structures.     

热辐射研究综合实验平台的设计

设计了一个测量热辐射多个基本特性的综合实验平台,定量研究了辐射反平方定律、斯特藩-玻尔兹曼辐射定律、兰贝特余弦定律,且得到的数据与理论符合得较好,同时利用该平台还定性研究了基尔霍夫定律,揭示了物体的辐射能力与吸收能力的正相关性.该平台具有功能多、成本低、操作简便等优点,可引入大学物理实验教学中.     

Solution of near-field thermal radiation in one-dimensional layered media using dyadic Green's functions and the scattering matrix method

A general algorithm is introduced for the analysis of near-field radiative heat transfer in one-dimensional multi-layered structures. The method is based on the solution of dyadic Green's functions, where the amplitude of the fields in each layer is calculated via a scattering matrix approach. Several tests are presented where cubic boron nitride is used in the simulations. It is shown that a film emitter thicker than 1 μm provides the same spectral distribution of near-field radiative flux as obtained from a bulk emitter. Further simulations have pointed out that the presence of a body in close proximity to an emitter can alter the near-field spectrum emitted. This algorithm can be employed to study thermal one-dimensional layered media and photonic crystals in the near-field in order to design radiators optimizing the performances of nanoscale-gap thermophotovoltaic power generators.     

Size effect of two-dimensional thermal radiation

Properties of two-dimensional thermal radiation are investigated as a function of sample size and temperature. The two-dimensional thermal radiation is different from two-dimensional blackbody radiation when the size of the sample becomes small due to the uncertainty principle, which shows the allowed minimum energy can?t be neglected. The energy density is shown as a function of sample size at a constant temperature. The energy density is also shown as a function of temperature at a constant size. It is shown that our prediction can be measured from the thermal radiation of graphene.     

热辐射基础实验

利用PASCO热辐射实验装置，进行了辐射体辐射出射度、反平方定律、斯特藩-玻尔兹曼辐射定律等基本实验的研究，并对测量结果进行了数据拟合，实验结果和理论模拟符合得很好。     

Searching for evidences of the surface plasmon nature of the thermal radiation emitted from the facet edge of a metal bar

Thermal radiation emitted from flat facet edges of an aluminum bar has been experimentally investigated. It is established that the radiation is predominantly p-polarized and has the pattern with a pronounced maximum oriented at an angle of a few degrees to the plane of the facet. In addition, the magnitude of this maximum increases with the facet length size and tends to saturation as the length increases. The facts suggest that this phenomenon occurs due to diffraction of infrared surface plasmon-polaritons (SPPs) generated by phonons of the sample. This assumption is supported by a cubic dependence of the radiation intensity on temperature, which is typical for thermally generated SPPs (TSPPs). The analytical model for computing the spectrum and the integral intensity of the entire set of TSPPs arriving to the edge of their sources line has been developed as well.     

基于光谱发射率函数基形式不变的辐射测温技术

近年来,随着国防、工业、科技等领域飞速发展,无论是对于军用动力发射系统还是对于民用钢铁冶炼以及高科技新兴产业,辐射温度测量都具有重要意义。尤其在温度极高且伴随着瞬态测温(小于1 μs)需求的场合,多光谱辐射测温法被广泛运用。多光谱辐射测温法是通过选取被测目标多个特征波长,测量特征波长的辐射信息,再假设发射率与波长相关的数学模型,最终求解得到辐射温度。目前,利用该方法实际测温时,光谱发射率都采用固定的假设数学模型,而针对目标在不同温度状态下,该固定模型则无法进行自适应变化。同样,在不同温度下,如何解算最终的发射率和辐射温度也没有普适性的方法。基于普朗克黑体辐射定律,提出一种被测目标在不同温度下光谱发射率函数基形式不变的思想,简称发射率函数基形式不变法。通过该方法,发射率模型可以根据物体在不同温度状态下,函数系数动态改变来进行自适应变化。同时对于如何解算最终的发射率和辐射温度也相应提出了普适性的方法。通过大量仿真验证以及实际测量光谱辐射照度标准灯和溴钨灯温度实验,证明本文提出的方法比现有的光谱发射率处理方法更加简单实用并且能够有效地提高光谱发射率的计算精度,从而提高辐射温度测量精度。同时具有实用性好、应用广泛等特点。     

CFETR杜瓦冷屏初步设计与热分析

选择304LN 不锈钢作为冷屏的制作材料,将杜瓦冷屏分为16 个扇区,每个扇区由20 个子部分组成,在每一个子部分上布置相应的冷却管。选择液氦作为冷却剂。为检验杜瓦冷屏结构是否符合设计要求,分析了杜瓦冷屏的传热方式以及冷却原理,利用FLUENT 软件对设计的冷屏结构进行了热分析,得到了杜瓦冷屏面板的温度分布情况以及冷却管道进出口压力差。结果表明,杜瓦冷屏面板温度和冷却管道进出口压力差在合理范围内,验证了冷却管道布局的合理性,为后续杜瓦冷屏的设计提供了重要参考。     

Nonuniform ensembles of diverse resonances in one-dimensional layered media

The transmission spectra perform huge fluctuations even in the mostly suitable one-dimensional localized multilayer system. Fluctuations of layer thicknesses will cause random resonances between light waves and layers. We reveal that the nonuniform ensembles of the resonances are the key for the fluctuations of transmission spectra. The transmission spectra of each stack of layers are numerically calculated through the transfer-matrix method.     

Perturbation theories behind thermal mode spectroscopy for high-accuracy measurement of thermal diffusivity of solids

Thermal mode spectroscopy (TMS) has been recently proposed for accurately measuring thermal diffusivity of solids from a temperature decay rate of a specific thermal mode selected by three-dimensional (anti)nodal information [Phys. Rev. Lett., 117, 195901 (2016)]. In this paper, we find out the following advantages of TMS by use of perturbation analyses. First, TMS is applicable to the measurement of high-thermal diffusivity with a small-size specimen. Second, it is less affected by thermally resistive films on a specimen in the sense that the resistance at the interface does not affect the first-order correction of thermal diffusivity. Third, it can perform doubly accurate measurement of the thermal diffusivity specified at a thermal equilibrium state even if the diffusivity depends on temperature in the sense that the measurement can be performed within tiny temperature difference from the given state and that the decay rate of the slowest decaying mode is not affected by the dependence.     

Finite element analysis of concurrent radiation and conduction in participating media

A method is proposed to calculate temperature, conductive and radiative heat flux distributions in a participating medium. The method is based on the simultaneous solution of two non-linear and mutually conjugated equations describing distribution of both temperature and the so-called radiation function in the medium. In the case of isotropic scattering, the latter quantity, is proportional to the local energy density of radiation. The solution of the coupled non-linear equations is based on the finite element spatial discretization combined with the iterative technique.     

Absorption of external thermal radiation in asymmetrically illuminated droplets

A theoretical model of thermal radiation absorption in semi-transparent droplets at the surface and inside a fuel spray is presented. Asymmetry of droplet illumination is taken into account. Results of Mie calculations of thermal radiation absorption inside large spherical droplets illuminated from a hemisphere are presented. Simple approximations for the angular and radial dependencies of the absorbed radiation power are suggested. These approximations are generalisations of the approximations suggested earlier by the authors for the case of symmetric illumination of droplets. They predict the results close to those which follow from the Mie calculations. Results of approximate calculations for a typical diesel fuel droplet at the periphery of the spray are presented. As in the case of symmetrical droplet illumination, an increased absorption of thermal radiation in the central area of the droplet is predicted. Also, at the illuminated side of the droplet, the absorption of radiation in a thin layer near the surface of the droplet is predicted, as in the case of symmetrical droplet illumination. Absorption of radiation in the central area of the droplet is related to the contribution of radiation in the spectral ranges of semi-transparency. The maximum of radiation absorption near the droplet surface is linked to the contribution of radiation in the vicinity of the diesel fuel absorption peak .     

Direct calculation of energy streamlines in near-field thermal radiation

Accurate prediction of the energy propagation direction and the associated lateral shift is very important for the design of efficient energy conversion devices and sensors based on nanoscale thermal radiation. This paper concerns the direction of energy flow during near-field radiative transfer between two parallel plates separated by a vacuum gap. An improved formulation, fully consistent with fluctuational electrodynamics, is developed to correctly trace the energy streamlines inside the emitter, receiver, and the vacuum gap. The influence of surface waves on the direction of energy propagation as well as on the lateral shift of energy streamlines is elucidated. An important finding with the improved formulation is that the lateral shift in the emitter may exceed that in the vacuum gap. The method can be extended for tracing the energy streamlines in multilayered structures.     

Interference effects in negative luminescence and thermal radiation of planar semiconductor structures

We investigated the spectral and angular characteristics of negative luminescence of planar structures with an optically thin semiconductor layer. Sharp spectral peaks and lobe-like directivity diagrams at fixed wavelengths due to the resonator effect were observed. For such structures, it is shown that negative luminescence efficiency in the spectral peaks may be close to unity.     

空腔"黑体"辐射的简单模型及推论

建立了一个简单的模型来描绘空腔辐射中腔壁与辐射场的能量交换,由此可以得到空腔辐射平衡场能谱的性质,基尔霍夫定律,以及空腔与黑体的关系．     

气动光学头罩热辐射效应数值仿真研究

气动热环境下高速飞行器的光学头罩由于受气动热效应作用,其温度急剧升高,产生严重的气动热辐射效应。为评估气动热环境下高速飞行器光学头罩热辐射对探测系统性能的影响,采用有限光线代表连续辐射的方法,并引入热瞳概念建立了气动光学头罩热辐射传输计算模型并对气动光学头罩自身干扰辐射光线在光学系统内的传输进行了数值仿真,考察了光学头罩温度场为非均匀分布时其自身干扰辐射在探测器接收面的辐照度分布。研究结果表明:由头罩顶点求得的热瞳是光学头罩热辐射能的公共入口,它可将光线追迹的时间减小至追迹全部光线所需时间的十几分之一;根据探测器接受面干扰辐射随时间的变化趋势可知在飞行数秒后头罩干扰辐射将淹没目标信号,气动光学头罩热辐射效应不容忽视。     

Monte-Carlo algorithm for line-by-line calculations of thermal radiation in multiple scattering layered atmospheres

An algorithm for calculations of the longwave radiation in cloudy and aerosol slab atmospheres is described. It is based on the line-by-line and Monte-Carlo methods and is suitable for accurate treatment of both the gaseous absorption and the particulate multiple scattering in any spectral regions; other published algorithms as accurate as this can only make calculations in narrow spectral regions. It is recommended that this algorithm is well suited for radiation code validations as well as for theoretical investigations of radiative transfer in clouds and aerosols and satellite signal simulations.     

反射率测量中的热辐射影响及其消除方法

 反射率测量过程中,被激光加热的材料发出热辐射光,对探测器测量存在明显干扰,给测量结果带来了较大误差,该现象普遍存在于以往的测试工作中。通过深入分析热辐射特性,在反射率测量装置中加入透过波长不同于加载激光波长的探测器,探测热辐射在该透过波长下的光强信号,并利用比对法消除了反射率测量过程中的热辐射干扰,使高温段的反射率测量精度得到较大提高。     

Generalized thermal radiation from arbitrary fractional dimension

Properties of the thermal radiation from arbitrary fractional dimension are investigated. Generalized blackbody radiation for arbitrary dimension can be obtained and the energy density is shown as a function of arbitrary dimension as well as temperature. Maximum frequency factor representing the relation between most probable photon energy and thermal energy is shown as a function of arbitrary fractional dimension. It is also shown how to measure the arbitrary fractional dimension of the body with thermal radiation.