The spatial coherence of organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) is an important parameter that has gained little attention to date. Here, we present a method for making quantitative measurements of the spatial coherence of OLEDs using a Young's double‐slit experiment. The usefulness of the method is demonstrated by making measurements on a range of OLEDs with different emitters (iridium and europium complexes) and architectures (bottom and top emitting) and the fringe visibility is further manipulated by gratings embedded in external diffractive optical elements. Based on the experiments and simulation of the results, we quantitatively determine the spatial coherence lengths of several OLEDs and find them to be a few micrometers. A 60% increase in the spatial coherence length was observed when using a narrow bandwidth emitter and a metal‐coated grating.
Experiments using a simple X‐ray interferometer to measure the degree of spatial coherence of hard X‐rays are reported. A monolithic Fresnel bimirror is used at small incidence angles to investigate synchrotron radiation in the energy interval 5–50 keV with monochromatic and white beam. The experimental set‐up was equivalent to a Young's double‐slit experiment for hard X‐rays with slit dimensions in the micrometre range. From the high‐contrast interference pattern the degree of coherence was determined. 相似文献
No Heading The idea that in dynamical wave function collapse models the wave function is superfluous is investigated. Evidence is presented
for the conjecture that, in a model of a field theory on a 1+1 lightcone lattice, knowing the field configuration on the lattice
back to some time in the past, allows the wave function or quantum state at the present moment to be calculated, to arbitrary
accuracy so long as enough of the past field configuration is known. 相似文献
This paper is intended to show that a review in the concept of the game theoretical utility, the revised utility to be applied to the definition of the utility of a wave function representing an object subsystem relative to its observer subsystem, both within an isolated system, leads to the emergence of Max Born's rule as a profit under a von Neumann good measure game. 相似文献
In this letter we reconsider the proposal of Ref. [1] about a quantum measurement performed by a DNA molecule in aqueous solution as a tool for illustrating specific difficulties of some approach to quantum measurement problem. Our main result is that, when the interaction of DNA and enzymes with aqueous environment is properly kept into account, no real problem appears for any specific model. 相似文献
The problem of the wave function collapse (a problem of measurement in quantum mechanics) is considered. It is shown that it can be solved based on quantum mechanics and does not require any additional assumptions or new theories. The particle creation and annihilation processes, which are described based on quantum field theory, play a key role in the measurement processes. Superposition principle is not valid for the system of equations of quantum field theory for particles and fields, because this system is a non-linear. As a result of the creation (annihilation) of a particle, an additional uncertainty arises, which \"smears\" the interference pattern. The imposition of such a large number of uncertainties in the repetitive measurements leads to the classical behavior of particles. The decoherence theory also implies the creation and annihilation of particles, and this processes are the consequence of non-linearity of quantum mechanics. In this case, the term \"collapse of the wave function\" becomes a consequence of the other statements of quantum mechanics instead of a separate postulate of quantum mechanics. 相似文献
Einstein became bothered by quantum mechanical action at a distance within two years of Schrödinger’s introduction of his eponymous wave equation. If the wave function represents the “real” physical state of a particle, then the measurement of the particle’s position would result in the instantaneous collapse of the wave function to the single, measured position. Such a process seemingly violates not only the Schrödinger equation but also special relativity. Einstein was not alone in this vexation; however, the dilemma eventually faded as physicists concentrated on using the Schrödinger equation to solve a plethora of pressing problems. For the next 30 years, wave function collapse, while occasionally discussed by physicists, was primarily a topic of interest for philosophers. That is, until 1964, when Bell introduced his famous inequality and maintained that its violation proved that quantum mechanics and, by implication, nature herself are nonlocal. Unfortunately, this brought the topic back to mainstream physics, where it has remained and continues to muddy the waters. To be sure, not all physicists are bothered by the apparent nonlocality of quantum mechanics. So where have those who embrace quantum nonlocality gone wrong? I argue that the answer is a gratuitous belief in the ontic nature of the quantum state. 相似文献
The quantum formalism is a measurement formalism-a phenomenological formalism describing certain macroscopic regularities. We argue that it can be regarded, and best be understood, as arising from Bohmian mechanics, which is what emerges from Schrödinger's equation for a system of particles when we merely insist that particles means particles. While distinctly non-Newtonian, Bohmian mechanics is a fully deterministic theory of particles in motion, a motion choreographed by the wave function. We find that a Bohmian universe, though deterministic, evolves in such a manner that anappearance of randomness emerges, precisely as described by the quantum formalism and given, for example, by = ¦¦2. A crucial ingredient in our analysis of the origin of this randomness is the notion of the effective wave function of a subsystem, a notion of interest in its own right and of relevance to any discussion of quantum theory. When the quantum formalism is regarded as arising in this way, the paradoxes and perplexities so often associated with (nonrelativistic) quantum theory simply evaporate.This paper is dedicated to the memory of J. S. Bell. 相似文献
The standard time-of-arrival distribution cannot reproduce both the temporal and the spatial profile of the modulus squared of the time-evolved wave function for an arbitrary initial state. In particular, the time-of-arrival distribution gives a non-vanishing probability even if the wave function is zero at a given point for all values of time. This poses a problem in the standard formulation of quantum mechanics where one quantizes a classical observable and uses its spectral resolution to calculate the corresponding distribution. In this work, we show that the modulus squared of the time-evolved wave function is in fact contained in one of the degenerate eigenfunctions of the quantized time-of-arrival operator. This generalizes our understanding of quantum arrival phenomenon where particle detection is not a necessary requirement, thereby providing a direct link between time-of-arrival quantization and the outcomes of the two-slit experiment. 相似文献
An extended Jacobi elliptic function method is proposed for constructing the exact double periodic solutions of nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs) in a unified way. It is shown that these solutions exactly degenerate to the many types of soliton solutions in a limited condition. The Wu－Zhang equation (which describes the (2+1)-dimensional dispersive long wave) is investigated by this means and more formal double periodic solutions are obtained. 相似文献
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