Plastic flow under multiaxial cyclic loading

An experimental study of the inelastic behavior of annealed aluminum alloy 6061-T6 tubular specimens subjected to combined axial and torsional stress cycles is presented. Particular attention is paid to the question of how plastic strain is developed and how the yield surface moves along the 90-deg out-of-phase stress cycle. Experimental results agree qualitatively with the predictions of the two-surface plasticity theory. Paper was presented at the 1985 SEM Spring Conference on Experimental Mechanics held in Las Vegas, NV on June 9–14, 1985.     

Internal circular crack under normal antisymmetric loading

Summary A complete solution is given for the first time to the title problem. Explicit expressions are derived for the field of stresses and displacements in a transversely isotropic space weakened by a penny-shaped crack and subjected to two antisymmetrically applied normal concentrated forces. The method is based on the new results in potential theory obtained by the author earlier. The presented results may be used as Green's functions for a general case of antisymmetric loading so that the complete solution can be presented in quadratures. Several specific applications to fracture mechanics are considered.

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Antisymmetrische Lasten senkrecht zum kreisförmigen Innenriß

Übersicht Für das Titelproblem wird hier erstmals eine vollständige Lösung mit expliziten Ausdrücken für die Spannungen und Verschiebungen im transversal-isotropen Raum mit zwei Einzellasten senkrecht zu einem Kreisriß angegeben. Die Herleitung beruht auf neueren Ergebnissen des Autors in der Potentialtheorie. Die Ergebnisse können als Greensche Funktionen für den allgemeinen Fall antisymmetrischer Relastung benutzt werden, so daß dessen vollständige Lösung durch Quadraturen darstellbar ist. Schließlich werden verschiedene Anwendungen in der Bruchmechanik betrachtet.

     

Modelling of crack growth under cyclic contact loading

The paper describes a general computational model for modelling of subsurface fatigue crack growth under cyclic contact loading of mechanical elements. The model assumes that the initial fatigue crack develops along the slip line in a single crystal grain at the point of the maximum equivalent stress. The position and magnitude of the maximum equivalent stress are determined with the Finite Element Analysis of the equivalent contact model, which is based on the Hertzian contact conditions with the addition of frictional forces. The Virtual Crack Extension method is then used for simulation of the fatigue crack propagation from the initial to the critical crack length, when the surface material layer breaks away and a pit appears on the surface. The pit shapes and relationships between the stress intensity factor and the crack length are determined for various combinations of contacting surface curvatures and contact loadings. The computational results show that the model reliably simulates the subsurface fatigue crack growth under contact loading and can be used for computational predictions of surface pitting for various contacting mechanical elements.     

Plastic response of orthotropic circular plates under blast loading

The dynamical behaviour of a simply supported, orthotropic, circular plate subjected to strong blast is considered. The blast is assumed to impart an axisymmetric transverse, velocity which has a general Gaussian distribution spatially. It is concluded that the rate of growth of plastic regimes and the final plastic deformation strongly depend upon the initial Gaussian distribution parameter.     

Plastic collapse of a circular plate under cyclic loads

The shakedown kinematic approach is used to analyze the collapse modes for a circular plate subjected to cyclic loads distributed axisymmetrically. Depending upon the loading scheme and parameters, the plate may fail by instantaneous, incremental, or alternating plasticity collapse. For quasistatic processes the nonshakedown load may be smaller than the instantaneous plastic limit load. In the case of periodic dynamic loading, which lies outside the framework of plastic limit analysis, the frequency parameter, besides the load amplitudes, can significantly influence the nonshakedown behavior of the plate.     

Delayed fracture of an isotropic viscoelastic material with a crack under cyclic loading

The delayed fracture of an isotropic viscoelastic plate is examined as a process involving the subcritical propagation of a straight normal-rupture crack during fatigue loading. Calculations are based on the modified {ie165-1} of fracture, it being assumed that the size of the prefracture zone ahead of the moving crack remains constant. This zone is also assumed to be small compared to the size of the crack itself. Solutions for a time-dependent crack length are given both for media which undergo quasi-viscous flow (an integral operator with an Abelian kernel is used) and for media whose creep curves have a horizontal asymptote (an integral operator with a kernel in the form of the fractional-exponential function of Yu. N. Rabotnov is used). S. P. Timoshenko Institute of Mechanics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine. Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika, Vol. 35, No. 2, pp. 60–64, February, 1999.     

An elastic–plastic crack bridging model for brittle-matrix fibrous composite beams under cyclic loading

A fibrous composite beam with an edge crack is submitted to a cyclic bending moment and the crack bridging actions due to the fibers. Assuming a general elastic-linearly hardening crack bridging model for the fibers and a linear-elastic law for the matrix, the statically indeterminate bridging actions are obtained from compatibility conditions. The elastic and plastic shake-down phenomena are examined in terms of generalised cross-sectional quantities and, by employing a fatigue crack growth law, the mechanical behaviour up to failure is captured. Within the framework of the proposed fracture mechanics-based model, the cyclic crack bridging due to debonding at fiber–matrix interface of short fibers is analysed in depth. By means of some simplifying assumptions, such a phenomenon can be described by a linear isotropic tensile softening/compressive hardening law. Finally, numerical examples are presented for fibrous composite beams with randomly distributed short fibers.     

Simulation of failure under cyclic plastic loading by damage models

The purpose of this work is to simulate the evolution of ductile damage and failure involved by plastic strain reversals using damage models based on either continuum damage mechanics (CDM) or porosity evolution. A low alloy steel for pressure vessels (20MnMoNi55) was chosen as reference material. The work includes both experimental and simulation phases. The experimental campaign involves different kinds of specimens and testing conditions. First, monotonic tensile tests have been performed in order to evaluate tensile and ductile damage behaviour. Then, the cyclic yielding behaviour has been characterized performing cyclic plasticity tests on cylindrical bars. Finally, cyclic loading tests in the plastic regime have been made on different round notched bars (RNBs) to study the evolution of plastic deformation and damage under multiaxial stress conditions. The predictions of the different models were compared in terms of both, the specimens macroscopic response and local damage. Special emphasis was laid on predictions of the number of cycles prior to final failure and the crack initiation loci.     

Plasticity model for metals under cyclic large-strain loading

This paper deals with mathematical modeling of one of the effective technologies of plastic metal forming — multistep cold metal forging. Experimental results are given on the plastic behavior of metals under cyclic loading at large strains accumulated for one cycle. Based on the experimental data obtained, a plasticity model is developed and shown to be effective in testing and improving the technology of forging a nut blank by using a computer-aided engineering analysis system.     

Transverse isotropic poroelastic osteon model under cyclic loading

The poroelastic problem associated with a hollow cylinder under cyclic loading is solved. This cylinder models an osteon, basic unit of cortical bone. Both fluid and solid phases are supposed compressible. Solid matrix is modeled as an elastic transverse isotropic material. An explicit close-form solution for the steady state is obtained. Fluid flow distribution as a function of poroelastic properties and cyclic loading is discussed as it could influence bone remodeling. Strain rate of loading is shown to play a significant role in mass flux in the porous material.     

反复荷载下圆钢管型钢再生混凝土组合柱恢复力模型研究

为建立圆钢管型钢再生混凝土组合柱的恢复力模型,对11根圆钢管型钢再生混凝土组合柱试件进行了低周反复荷载试验研究,考虑了再生骨料取代率、配钢率及钢管径厚比等不同设计参数的影响,分析了组合柱的地震破坏形态及滞回性能。基于组合柱的力学特征及曲线形状,提出了圆钢管型钢再生混凝土组合柱骨架曲线的三折线参数模型,采用理论推导与数据拟合的方法确定了组合柱骨架曲线的模型参数。在此基础上,给出了组合柱的滞回规则和卸载规律,构建了组合柱的恢复力模型,计算滞回曲线与试验滞回曲线吻合良好,表明该恢复力模型较好地反映了反复荷载下组合柱的受力特征点及滞回性能,可为此类组合柱的推广提供技术参考。     

Fatigue crack propagation life analysis of solder joints under thermal cyclic loading

Fatigue crack propagation life analysis of solder joints under thermal cyclic loadings was investigated by the strain energy release rate method using finite element analysis. A relationship between the crack-growth rate and the strain energy release rate was derived. Finite element simulations were carried out to investigate the effect of crack growth along the interface of solder and lead in a solder joint assembly. The crack propagation life of the solder joint with an interface crack was predicted from the derived relationship between crack growth rate and values of the strain energy release rate. It was found that crack propagation life is much higher than the crack initiation life.     

Constitutive and damage model for 63Sn37Pb solder under uniaxial and torsional cyclic loading

A constitutive model with Ohno–Wang kinematic hardening rule is developed and employed to simulate the isothermal cyclic behavior of Sn–Pb solder under uniaxial and torsional loading. An implicit constitutive integration scheme is presented for inelastic flow of solder. Then a modified low cycle fatigue life prediction model is put forward in which the sum of maximum shear strain range and normal strain range based on the critical plane concept is adopted to replace the uniaxial strain range used by Stolkarts et al. [Stolkarts, V., Keer, L.M., Fine, M.E., 1999. Damage evolution governed by microcrack nucleation with application to the fatigue of 63Sn–37Pb solder. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 47, 2451–2468]. Comparison of the experimental results and simulation verifies that the stress strain hysteresis loops and peak stress decline curve of solder can be reasonably modeled over a wide range of loading conditions with implement of damage coupled constitutive model, and the lifetime estimations of 63Sn37Pb solder based on the assumption of microcrack nucleation governed damage is effective to provide a conservative prediction.     

Damage accumulation in specimens with edge crack in the prefracture region under nonstationary few-cycle loading

We present the results of experimental studies of strain and fracture of the aluminum alloy D16-T and titanium alloy VT5-1 under nonstationary few-cycle loading by a symmetric three-point bending and consider several loading conditions under which the load is gradually increased or decreased. The parameter determining the damage accumulation process is found. Special attention is paid to the distinction between the damage accumulation mechanisms in titanium and aluminum alloys. It is shown that, as a rule, the damage accumulation is of nonlinear character and significantly depends on the type of the stepwise variation in the load (increase or decrease). In experiments, we also succeeded in relating the characteristic point on the “deflection-force” graph in the case of single loading to a similar point on the graph constructed for a few-cycle loading, which permits predicting the structure survivability in a few-cycle loading from a single loading.     

A finite crack in a semi-infinite strip of a graded piezoelectric material under electric loading

In this paper, the mixed-mode crack problem for a functionally graded piezoelectric material (FGPM) strip is considered. It is assumed that the electroelastic properties of the strip vary continuously along the thickness of the strip, and that the strip is under in-plane electric loading. The problem is formulated in terms of a system of singular integral equations. The stress and electric displacement intensity factors are presented for various values of dimensionless parameters representing the crack size, the crack location, and the material nonhomogeneity.     

Plastic strip model of cracked weld joint with residual stresses

The effect of residual stresses on the fracture behavior of a cracked weld joint is studied by making use of the continuous dislocation formulation. Considered are the plastic zone length of the strip model zone and the opening displacement of a crack that is normal to both weld line and base metal boundary; they depend on the character of the yield stresses for the base metal (BM), weld material (WM), and heat affected zone (HAZ). The crack driving force is found to increase with the tensile residual stress while crack initiation and growth are suppressed if the residual stress is compressive. Moreover, the plastic zone and crack opening displacement are found to decrease linearly with the HAZ yield strength as the HAZ width is increased for HAZ yield strength greater than that of BM.     

Plastic extension of a shear crack at a circular inclusion

The plastic relaxation of a shear crack situated normal to the interface of a second phase particle of circular cross-section is quantitatively analyzed. The ratio of applied stress to yield stress and the relative displacement of the crack faces at the tips of the crack in the matrix and the interface in the second phase are related to the crack parameters namely the length of the crack, the width of the plastic zone in the matrix and the second phase. The effect of the shear modulus and size of the second phase particle on the behaviour of the plastic zones is determined. A critical value of the relative displacement of the crack faces at the tip of the crack is used as the criterion to determine the tendency to brittle crack extension into the matrix and the second phase.     

A constitutive model and elastoplastic analysis of structures under cyclic loading

A constitutive model for cyclic plasticity is briefly outlined. Then the model is implemented in a finite element code to predict the response of cyclic loaded structural components such as a double-edge-notched plate, a grove bar and a nozzle in spherical shell. Comparision with results from other theories and experiments shows that the results obtained by using the present model are very satisfactory.The Project Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China.