Low threshold laser cavities of two-dimensional photonic crystal line defect mode

Two-dimensional (2D) rod-type photonic crystal (PC) line defect waveguide (LDW) laser cavities based on three types of line defect modes with zero group velocity are studied by using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. These laser cavities have high quality (Q) factor, better localization of light, non-uniform gain distribution and small overlap between gain medium and light field. Therefore, they have the advantages over conventional and air-bridge PC cavities with uniform gain, such as low threshold, single mode lasing and effectively avoiding thermal effect. From their comparison, one can find the mode at middle Brillouin zones (BZ) is the best one to be used as lasing mode. Its dynamic lasing process and lasing features are demonstrated by the numerical experiment where the FDTD method coupling Maxwell's equations with the rate equations of electronic population is used.     

Improved bends for two-dimensional photonic crystal waveguides

For two-dimensional photonic crystals involving infinitely long dielectric rods or air-holes on square or triangular lattices, a number of high performance 60° and 90° waveguide bends are obtained by solving optimization problems involving the radii of a few rods or air-holes as the degrees of freedom. In particular, the proposed 60° bends significantly outperform previous designs that insert three or five identical air-holes in the bend. The optimization problems are solved using a recently developed method based on the so-called Dirichlet-to-Neumann (DtN) maps of the unit cells.     

A review of photonic crystal fiber sensor applications for different physical quantities

Since the early conceptual and practical demonstrations in the late 1990s, photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) have attracted considerable interest by virtue of their promise to deliver a unique range of optical properties that are simply not possible in standard fiber types. Hollow-core photonic band gap fiber has the potential to overcome some of the fundamental limitations of solid fiber as they also provide a unique medium for a range of light. PCF also be used as a unique optical material to make sensors due to the air-holes that can be filled with different materials (liquid, gas or even solid) to alter the difference of refractive index (RI) in the two modes, has been used in various sensing search fields. The application of PCF on physical quantities is discussed, and the recent results on temperature, magnetic, strain and vibration are reviewed. These developments demonstrate that the enlarged complexity and decreased accuracy of sensors offered by PCF make it useful in a wide range of engineering monitoring applications.     

Polarization maintaining index-guided photonic crystal fiber sensor for slowly varying pressure measurement

The paper presents an experimental investigation of slowly varying pressure measurement using the polarization maintaining photonic crystal fiber (PCF) sensor. Versatility of the sensor has been proved by analyzing its response for various types of time varying pressure profiles viz. exponentially decaying, sinusoidally varying and linearly increasing pressure. Temporal behavior of the sensor has been fully characterised. Dependence on temperature has been explored and it is found that the sensor is an attractive choice for applications in harsh environments.     

Intensity curvature sensor based on photonic crystal fiber with three coupled cores

An intensity curvature sensor using a Photonic Crystal Fiber (PCF) with three coupled cores is proposed. The three cores were aligned and there was an air hole between each two consecutive cores. The fiber had a low air filling fraction, which means that the cores remain coupled in the wavelength region studied. Due to this coupling, interference is obtained in the fiber output even if just a single core is illuminated. A configuration using reflection interrogation, which used a section fiber with 0.13 m as the sensing head, was characterized for curvature sensing. When the fiber is bended along the plane of the cores, one of the lateral cores will be stretched and the other compressed. This changes the coupling coefficient between the three cores, changing the output optical power intensity. The sensitivity of the sensing head was strongly dependent on the direction of bending, having its maximum when the bending direction was along the plane of the cores. A maximum curvature sensitivity of 2.0 dB/m⁻¹ was demonstrated between 0 m and 2.8 m.     

Numerical analysis of a temperature sensor based on the photonic band gap effect in a photonic crystal fiber

In this paper we investigate, by the plane wave expansion method and an analytical model, the temperature effect on the photonic band gap fiber, and we report on a numerical demonstration of a temperature sensor based on the photonic band gap (PBG) shift in a solid core photonic crystal fiber (PCF) infiltrated with a high refractive index oil. The bandwidth and the position of the central wavelength of the band gap are the parameters of interests for our temperature sensing purpose. Simulation results were found to be in excellent agreement with the refractive index scaling law and the highest sensitivity of 3.21?nm/°C was achieved, and it will be even higher than the grating based sensors written in PCFs with similar structure.     

Intersecting veins effects of a two-dimensional photonic crystal with a large two-dimensional complete bandgap

Optimal design of a two-dimensional photonic crystal with a square lattice of dielectric rods with intersecting veins in GaAs is investigated numerically using plane wave expansion method. It is shown how a maximum complete two-dimensional bandgap is obtained by optimally connecting the dielectric rods with intersecting veins. The complete two-dimensional photonic bandgap (PBG) of our optimal design reaches Δω = 0.10664(2πc/a) (where a is the lattice constant and c is the speed of light in vacuum) when the radius of dielectric rod is 280.1 nm and the half-vein width is 60 nm. Our result shows 40% the width of PBG higher than that obtained from Ref. [M. Qiu, S. He, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 17 (2000) 1027] (Δω = 0.0762(2πc/a)). In addition, we found that the complete bandgap can be obtained in a large range of radius R of dielectric rod when the half width of intersecting veins d is larger than 65 nm.     

Slow light in photonic crystals waveguide constructed with symmetrically perturbed structure

Symmetrically perturbed photonic crystal waveguide can be constructed by inserting perturbative dielectric rods into photonic crystal waveguide structure with whose rods’ radius distributed according to a certain proportion. Slow light properties in this new structure are studied by using the plane wave expansion method (PWM). In this paper, schemes of adjusting radius of perturbative dielectric rods and adjusting the dielectric constant of perturbative dielectric rods are proposed to optimize slow light properties. The result shows that the scheme for adjusting radius of perturbative rods can realize larger average slow light bandwidth and efficiently control the NDBP value of the waveguide, but it contributes little to obtain smaller group velocity. The scheme for adjusting dielectric constant of perturbative rods can realize smaller group velocity, but can only obtain smaller slow light bandwidth and cannot efficiently enlarge NDBP value of waveguide. Both optimization schemes proposed in this paper realize group velocity that is two magnitudes smaller than the vacuum speed of light meanwhile maintaining large NDBP and low GVD region. Our results provide important theoretical basis for the potential application offered by symmetrically perturbed photonic crystal in future optical networks.     

Near-infrared tunable narrow filter properties in a 1D photonic crystal containing semiconductor metamaterial photonic quantum-well defect

The near-infrared (NIR) narrow filter properties in the transmission spectra of a one-dimensional photonic crystal doped with semiconductor metamaterial photonic quantum-well defect (PQW) were theoretically studied. The behavior of the defect mode as a function of the stack number of the PQW defect structure, the filling factor of semiconductor metamaterial layer, the polarization and the angle of incidence were investigated for Al-doped ZnO (AZO) and ZnO as the semiconductor metamaterial layer. It is found that the frequency of the defect mode can be tuned by variation of the period of the defect structure, polarization, incidence angle, and the filling factor of the semiconductor metamaterial layer. It is also shown that the number of the defect mode is independent of the period of the PQW defect structure and is in sharp contrast with the case where a common dielectric or metamaterial defect are used. The results also show that for both polarizations the defect mode is red-shifted as the number of the defect period and filling factor increase. An opposite trend is observed as the angle of incidence increases. The proposed structure could provide useful information for designing new types of tuneable narrowband filters at NIR region.     

二维正方各向异性碲圆柱光子晶体完全禁带中缺陷模的FDTD计算分析和设计

用FDTD方法计算了二维正方晶胞各向异性碲圆柱光子晶体的点缺陷模.为了得到TE,TM模式在完全禁带中具有相同共振频率的缺陷模,对中心点缺陷半径Rd以及中心附近对称位置的点缺陷半径Rn做了一系列微调.计算表明,TM模对于Rn的变化不敏感,而TE模随着Rn的改变出现了明显的规则的移动趋势.通过计算分析,发现对应于f=0.4的背景(R=0.3568a),当Rd=0.55a,Rn=0.26a时在完全禁带中TE和TM的缺陷模具有相同的共振频率ω0=0.2466ωe(其中ωe=2πca,a为晶格常数) 关键词： 时域有限差分法 光子晶体 缺陷模 各向异性     

点缺陷二维光子晶体波导的出射光集束

光子晶体器件在高密度集成光通信中有广泛的应用,为解决光子晶体波导出射光场的空间控制,采用时域有限差分法分析光子晶体波导结构的缺陷传播特性,提出基于点缺陷优化波导结构,通过在波导出射口两侧加上点缺陷,出射光方向性有显著提高,实现三点光源干涉系统的光集束。模拟结果表明缺陷态越靠近能带结构中央,共振腔的耦合效率越高;相反,缺陷态越靠近能带结构边缘位置,则共振腔耦合效率越低,因此,选取禁带区域四分之一处对应的点缺陷,可以有效实现波导出射的光集束。     

点缺陷二维光子晶体波导的出射光集束

光子晶体器件在高密度集成光通信中有广泛的应用,为解决光子晶体波导出射光场的空间控制,采用时域有限差分法分析光子晶体波导结构的缺陷传播特性,提出基于点缺陷优化波导结构,通过在波导出射口两侧加上点缺陷,出射光方向性有显著提高,实现三点光源干涉系统的光集束。模拟结果表明缺陷态越靠近能带结构中央,共振腔的耦合效率越高;相反,缺陷态越靠近能带结构边缘位置,则共振腔耦合效率越低,因此,选取禁带区域四分之一处对应的点缺陷,可以有效实现波导出射的光集束。     

Ternary photonic crystal with left-handed material layer for refractometric application

A ternary photonic crystal with left-handed material (LHM) layer is examined for refractometric applications. One of the layers is assumed to be air and treated as an analyte. The transmittance from the ternary photonic crystal is studied in details and the wavelength shift due to the change in the refractive index of the analyte is investigated. The transmittance is investigated with the parameters of the LHM. It is found that the wavelength shift can be significantly enhanced with the decrease of both real part of the LHM permittivity and thickness.     

Modelling of a two-dimensional photonic crystal as an antireflection coating for optoelectronic applications

In article a two-dimensional photonic crystal (PhC) is considered and modelled as a new generation antireflection coating for optoelectronic devices. Traditional antireflective coatings (ARCs) reduce the reflection of the radiation only – the new generation of antireflective coatings should affect the distribution of the radiation also. Such functionality can be provided by the two-dimensional PhC which reduce the reflection and scatter transmitted light. Prior to the fabrication, the PhCs should be designed and analysed. Results of the analysis should provide quantitative means for choice of materials and design solutions. In work, we analyse the electromagnetic field distribution as Poynting vectors inside the materials of optoelectronic devices, in order to investigate the possibility of improving the construction of future optoelectronic devices. Furthermore, we calculate the reflection and transmission of that ARC. It’s a complex optic analysis of new generation of ARC. The numerical analysis has been performed with the FDTD method in Lumerical Software. In work, we consider the two-dimensional photonic crystal on the top surface of optoelectronic structures. We compared the results with the traditional ARC from these same parameters as PhC: thickness and material. As an example, we presented the application of modelled, photonic crystal, thin-film, GaAs solar cells with PhC on top. The efficiency of this solar cell, using the photonic crystal, was improved by 6.3% over the efficiency of this same solar cell without PhC. Thus, our research strongly suggests that the unique properties of the photonic crystal could be used as a new generation of ARC.     

A cheap and practical FBG temperature sensor utilizing a long-period grating in a photonic crystal fiber

A whole temperature sensor in one package utilizing a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) made in a conventional single-mode fiber and which uses a long-period grating (LPG) made in a photonic crystal fiber is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The function of the interrogation is that the wavelength change of the FBG with environmental temperature is transferred to the intensity of the output via the LPG. Utilizing the temperature-insensitivity of the LPG in the PCF, the interrogation is stable and enables a cheap and practical temperature measurement system with a wide dynamic range.     

Design of a highly sensitive photonic crystal refractive index sensor incorporating ring-shaped GaAs cavity

Two highly sensitive optical sensor topologies are proposed and simulated in this paper. The proposed structures are optimized to provide better performance characteristics such as sensitivity, detection limit, and quality factor. They are based on two-dimensional photonic crystals consisting of rectangular arrays of GaAs rods in SiO₂ substrates. Such lattices have bandgaps for transverse magnetic modes. Two-dimensional finite difference time domain and plane wave expansion methods are used for the simulation and analysis of the refractive index sensors and particle swarm optimization method is used to optimize the structural parameters. The designed structures show a high sensitivity to refractive index variations. They are able to detect refractive indices from 1.33 to 1.5. An excellent figure of merit equal to 737 RIU^?1 is observed for the proposed structure and a significant improvement is observed compared to the structures reported in the literature.     

Fabrication and demonstration of square lattice two-dimensional rod-type photonic bandgap crystal optical intersections

This paper reports fabrication and demonstration of optical intersections in two-dimensional (2D) rod-type photonic crystal (PhC) structures. High resolution and aspect ratio 2D square lattice PhC waveguide intersections were designed and fabricated for application at the optical communication wavelengths centered at 1550 nm. In the silicon processing front, challenges resolved to overcome issues of drastically reduced process windows caused by the dense PhC rods arrays with critical dimensions (CDs) reduced to only a few hundred nanometers were addressed not only in terms of critical process flow design but also in the development of each processing module. In the lithographic process of deep ultraviolet laser system working at 248 nm, PhC rods of sub-lithographic wavelength CDs (115 nm in radii) were realized in high resolution, even near periphery regions where proximity errors were prone. In the deep etching module, stringent requirements on etch angle control and low sidewall scallops (undulations arising from time multiplexed etch and passivation actions) were satisfied, to prevent catastrophic etch failures, and enable optical quality facets. The successfully fabricated PhCs were also monolithically integrated with large scale optical testing fiber grooves that enabled macro optical fiber assisted coupling to the micro scale PhC devices. In the optical experiments, the transmission and crosstalk properties for the PhC intersection devices with different rod radii at the center of the PhC optical waveguides crossings were measured with repeatability. The properties of the PhC intersections were therefore optimized and verified to correspond well with first principle finite difference time domain simulations.     

带有KTP缺陷的2维光子晶体设计与能带特性

设计了一种通过改变缺陷介质折射率实现能带特性改变的可调谐2维光子晶体激光器微腔,在光子晶体中引入点缺陷磷酸氧钛钾(KTP),在KTP两端施加交流电场控制KTP晶体折射率变化。实验过程中观察到了正方排列的光子晶体随着KTP 晶体折射率逐渐增大,晶体禁带数量减少,且向归一化频率小的方向移动,禁带宽度基本不变;而三角排列的晶格能带随着KTP折射率增大,禁带逐渐变窄,且有向低频方向移动的趋势。用平面波展开法分析了晶体的能带结构,得到理上的描述。     

带有KTP缺陷的2维光子晶体设计与能带特性

 设计了一种通过改变缺陷介质折射率实现能带特性改变的可调谐2维光子晶体激光器微腔,在光子晶体中引入点缺陷磷酸氧钛钾(KTP),在KTP两端施加交流电场控制KTP晶体折射率变化。实验过程中观察到了正方排列的光子晶体随着KTP 晶体折射率逐渐增大,晶体禁带数量减少,且向归一化频率小的方向移动,禁带宽度基本不变;而三角排列的晶格能带随着KTP折射率增大,禁带逐渐变窄,且有向低频方向移动的趋势。用平面波展开法分析了晶体的能带结构,得到理上的描述。