Dynamic-finite-element and dynamic-photoelastic analyses of two fracturing homalite-100 plates

A dynamic-finite-element code, HONDO, was used to analyze two single-edged-notch fracturing Homalite-100 plates which had been previously studied by dynamic photoelasticity. A single-edged crack in the finite-element model was advanced in incremental jumps such that the time-averaged crack velocity matched the measured crack velocity in the Homalite-100 plate. Dynamic-energy-release rates were computed for a constant-velocity crack and a crack which arrested after a somewhat constant deceleration. These results were compared with the corresponding dynamic-energy-release rates, which were computed from the dynamic-stress-intensity factors determined by dynamic photoelasticity, and with static-strain energyrelease rates. Despite the crude modeling of the running crack, the coarseness of the finite-element-grid breakdown and the differences in the modeled and actual grip conditions, the computed and measured dynamic-energy-release rates, except for occasional large differences, generally agreed within 10 percent of each other.     

A dynamic analysis of modified compact-tension specimens using homalite-100 and polycarbonate plates

The dynamic fracture and crack-arrest responses of a modified compact-tension specimen (M-CT) machined from Homalite-100 and polycarbonate sheets were studied by dynamic photoelasticity, dynamic finite-element analysis and streaking photography. In contrast to some of the published results involving steel M-CT specimens, substantial dynamic effects were observed during rapid crack propagation in the Homalite-100 and polycarbonate M-CT specimens. The dynamic crack-arrest toughnesses.K _1a , were relatively constant and were about 80 percent and 50 percent of the corresponding fracture toughness,K _1c , of Homalite-100 and polycarbonate, respectively.     

Finite element method combined with dynamic photoelastic analysis to determine dynamic stress-intensity factors

The present paper is addressed to the finite element method combined with dynamic photoelastic analysis of propagating cracks, that is, on the basis of [1] by Chien Wei-zang, finite elements which incorporate the propagating crack-tip singularity intrinsic to two-dimensional elasticity are employed. The relation between crack opening length and time step obtained from dynamic photoelastic analysis is used as a definite condition for solving the dynamic equations and simulating the crack propagations as well. As an example, the impact response of dynamic-bending-test specimen is investigated and the dynamic stressintensity factor obtained from the mentioned finite element analysis and dynamic photoelasticity is in reasonable agreement with each other.Finally, my special thanks go to Prof. Chien Wei-zang for his kind guidance and I would like to express my thanks to Mr. Pang Jin-xiang for conducting the successful experiment.     

拱形试件动态断裂的动光弹分析

本文采用动光弹方法,分析了对带边裂纹的拱形三点弯曲试件在抢击加载条件下的瞬态反应。从多火花动光弹仪记录下来的16幅断裂过程的照片和微机输出的电火花光信号图上,得到了各时刻的等差线图形和裂纹长度。使用运动裂纹尖端附近的应力场解,去计算动应力强度因子。对环氧树脂材料,测定了动态应力强度因子与裂纹扩展速度之间的关系,并给出了当裂纹扩展速度达到410m/s时,为裂纹产生分叉的条件。     

地质断层对地下结构震塌影响机理的动光弹试验研究

用动态光弹性试验模拟研究了地质断层对应力波的影响及相互作用,比较分析了冲击荷载作用下水平和30方向的裂缝的动态响应,得到指定点处的条纹级数 时间关系曲线图和应力 时间关系曲线图,研究了结构物顶部震塌的机理,试验结论可为防护结构的改进提供参考。     

数字光弹性法综述

将光弹性法与计算机图像处理技术相结合 ,来自动采集光弹性数据和分析应力的方法 ,称为数字光弹性法 ,与传统光弹性法相比 ,它可以进一步提高实验速度和精度。本文详细讨论了以下两个方面 :一是光弹性条纹的细化和倍增处理技术 ;二是自动确定光弹性参数的技术 ,包括相移法、傅立叶变换法、逐步载荷法、广谱分析法和RGB光弹性法等。通过对近二十年来国内外在这些方面的研究、应用和进展作了综述 ,认为采用白光的彩色域相移技术计算光弹性等倾角 ,结合采用白光源或三色光源的相移法来确定光弹性等色线级数 ,有望成为解决静态二维和三维冻结模型薄切片应力分析的最佳方法 ;另外 ,设计一种能实时和同步采集多幅条纹图的实验装置 ,通过相移法来自动获取动态光弹性数据 ,是数字动态光弹性法很有前景的发展方向     

Numerical analysis for a crack in piezoelectric material under impact

In this paper, a numerical analysis of impact interfacial fracture for a piezoelectric bimaterial is provided. Starting from the basic equilibrium equation, a dynamic electro-mechanical FEM formulation is briefly presented. Then, the path-independent separated dynamic J integral is extended to piezoelectric bimaterials. Based on the relationship of the path-independent dynamic J integral and the stress and electric displacement intensity factors, the component separation method is used to calculate the stress and electric displacement intensity factors for piezoelectric bimaterials in this finite-element analysis. The response curves of the dynamic J integral, the stress and electric displacement intensity factors are obtained for both homogeneous material (PZT-4 and CdSe) and CdSe/PZT-4 bimaterial. The influences of the piezoelectricity and the electro-mechanical coupling factor on these responses are discussed. The effects of an applied electric field are also discussed.     

Close-field optical analysis of an explosive-loading function

This research program was conducted to study the formation of a stress wave resulting from the detonation of an explosive charge in a circular hole in a large thin plate. Dynamic photoelasticity methods were employed. The isochromatic-fringe patterns were recorded with a Cranz-Schardin multiple-spark camera operating at a framing rate of 500,000 exposures/second. Experimental procedures developed during the course of the investigation eliminated fracturing of the model in the vicinity of the explosive and permitted recording of the dynamic fringe patterns at the boundary of the hole during the entire period of loading. Results of the study provide a realistic pulse shape for use with theoretical solutions to wave-propagation problems when comparisons are made with experimental solutions to the same problems obtained by dynamic photoelasticity means. Propagation and attenuation characteristics of the stress wave in the close field were obtained and compared with previous results obtained by extrapolation from farfield information. An explanation is provided for the high degree of reproducibility of explosive loadings and for the uniformity in amplitude of the stress wave produced in photoelastic models by different amounts of explosive.     

The role of stress analysis in the design of force-standard transducers

The thesis proposed in this lecture is that solutions given by design equations representing the behavior of a structure or body will give the best approximation if an integral use is made of theoretical and experimental stress-analysis methods. To demonstrate the validity of the thesis, an investigation is described concerning a ring-shaped elastic element used to measure a force by relating it to diameter variations or to inner and outer surface strains.To attain this goal, analytical, experimental (strain gages and photoelasticity) and numerical (finite-element) methods were used. The results obtained were investigated through an analysis of the acting nominal force and the influence quantities, namely, force components, parasitic components and interactions of the transducer, testing machine and measurement instrumentation.Other experimental results based on a statistical analysis were found to make the actual behavior of the elastic element clearer, also they approximate closely the solutions given by design equations.Lecture was presented at Fourth SESA International Congress on Experimental Mechanics held in Boston, MA on May 25–30, 1980.     

Experimental determination of the dynamic stress-intensity factor using caustics and photoelasticity

The methods of photoelasticity and caustics were used in conjunction with high-speed photography to determine the dynamic stress field near a moving crack. The photographs were analyzed to extract information on crack speed and the dynamic stress-intensity factor. The stress-intensity-factor histories obtained from both techniques were compared to determine the reliability of the two techniques.     

Plotting isoclinics for hybrid photoelasticity and finite element analysis

Displacement-based finite element method formulations are coupled with stress-based photoelasticity analysis. As the stress field is discontinuous at the interelement boundaries, the introduced smoothing procedure enables the generation of high-quality digital images acceptable for hybird experimental-numerical techniques. The proposed methods are applicable for the analysis of static and dynamic results of experimental photoelasticity.     

New model materials for photoelasticity and photoplasticity

Two new materials are proposed as models for photoelasticity and photoplasticity. One is cast resin fully cured epoxy-phenol alloy which is made by the mutual cross linking of pre-condensed resins of epoxy and phenol. While epoxy-phenol alloy resin is available only for photoelasticity, the other, polycarbonate resin, is useful not only for photoelasticity, but also for photoplasticity. Polycarbonate is very tough and has large values of both photoelastic stress sensitivity and modulus of elasticity. The excellent cold workability of polycarbonate is proved by a deep-drawing test. Hence the photoplastic results obtained from a polycarbonate model can be applied by analogy to the plastic stress analysis in other ductile materials. Both resins are very transparent even in the plastic state.     

On the complete determination of dynamic states of stress

An attempt is made in dynamic photoelasticity to get the principal directions and principal stresses of a time-dependent two-dimensional state by three simultaneous photoelectric signals. The signals are obtained from birefringence and interference of light in the model itself. The described procedure is possible because a laser was used instead of a conventional light source. It applies essentially to the general case where the principal directions vary as a function of time during a transient state of stress and, probably, it may also be used for certain three-dimensional tests. A comparison with theoretical values in an example has proved a rather good accuracy.     

Determination of the complex shear modulus of structural adhesives using a doubly clamped sandwich beam

A method is described for calculating the complex shear modulus of structural adhesives from dynamic test data on a doubly clamped sandwich beam in which the adhesive is contained as a thin layer. The accuracy of the technique is validated by finite-element analysis. Values of modulus obtained using the doubly clamped beam technique are found to be in excellent agreement with values obtained from dynamic tests on bulk specimens of an epoxy adhesive.     

Particle Velocimetry and Photoelasticity Applied to the Study of Dynamic Sliding Along Frictionally-Held Bimaterial Interfaces: Techniques and Feasibility

A laser interferometry-based technique was developed to locally measure the in-plane components of particle velocity in dynamic experiments. This technique was applied in the experimental investigation of dynamic sliding along the incoherent (frictional) interface of a Homalite–steel bimaterial structure. The bimaterial specimen was subjected to uniform compressive stress and impact-induced shear loading. The evolution of the dynamic stress field was recorded by high-speed photography in conjunction with dynamic photoelasticity. The combination of the full-field technique of photoelasticity with the local technique of velocimetry was proven to be a very powerful tool in the investigation of dynamic sliding. A relatively broad loading wave with an eye-like structure emanated from the interface. The particle velocity measurements established that sliding started behind the eye-like fringe pattern. It propagated with supershear speed with respect to Homalite. A shear Mach line originating from the sliding tip is visible in the photoelastic images. A vertical particle velocity measurement revealed the existence of a wrinkle-like pulse traveling along the bimaterial interface. The wrinkle-like pulse followed the initial shear rupture tip and propagated at a specific subshear speed.     

混合光载波法分离动静态主应力

本文将等差载波位相调制原理与夹层全息术结合形成的混合光载波法,可同时获得等差载波条纹图与混合载波条纹图.对混合载波纹图进行光学付里叶变换,利用空间滤波技术可将等和载波条纹从中分离出来.利用图象处理技术实现了对两种载波条纹图从预处理到应力计算的自动化处理.将混合光载波法应用于动态全息光弹性,分离了动态主应力. 文中还提出了一个经济实用的大尺寸载波片制作技术.     

飞机主起落架收放摇臂的动力学分析

本地运七飞机主起薄架系统，在接近收上位置到碰锁的过程建立了简化的流固耦合的有限元总体模型。利用动态增量非线性有限元程序（ＡＤＩＮＡ８４年版），对主起落架系统收上碰锁过程进行了动力学流固耦合的有限元分析，在此基础上对摇臂建立了更为精细的有限元地其进行了静力分析，无论总体模型还是精细模型均能够起初地反映实际情况，且模型中的有关参数的选取也是合理的，计算结果与试验结果也是吻合的，这说明本文关于飞机主起落     

A novel instrument for transient photoelasticity

A new instrument has been developed for the photoelastic analysis of transient events. The instrument is based on the Phase-Stepped Images Obtained Simultaneously (PSIOS) system developed by Patterson and Wang, which enables four phase-stepped photoelastic images to be collected simultaneously. Where the new instrument differs is that the original instrument requires four cameras to collect the four images, whereas the new instrument requires only one camera. This makes the use of phase-stepping viable for events, in which the fringe order varies with time. Three examples are given of the use of the instrument in static and dynamic photoelasticity to generate full field maps of isochromatic fringes. The instrument has been found to work well and significantly increases the potential for the use of photoelasticity to study transient and possibly dynamic events. J.W. Hobbs was a Research Associate, R.J. Greene was a Research Associate     

Characterization of piezo-film sensors for direct vibration and impact measurements

Piezo-film sensors were employed in determining the dynamic response of [(0 deg/90 deg)₄]_s s-glass/epoxy laminates and 2024 aluminum specimens. Simple beam- and plate-type sensor equations were derived based on classical plate theory incorporating the linear piezoelastic constitutive relationship. A series of vibration and impact tests were conducted for the determination of structural dynamic response. Piezo-film sensors, with a thickness and area of 110 μm and 1×1 cm², respectively, were connected directly to a voltage measurement device in these tests. The first three bending frequencies of the glass-fiber-reinforced plastic (GFRP) cantilever specimen were examined. Experimental results and those simulated by the MARC finite-element code were found to be in good agreement, with the difference between the two being less than five percent. At frequencies above 3 kHz, piezo-film transducers are capable of closely detecting structural dynamic response in the absence of charge amplification. At frequencies lower than approximately 3 kHz, however, the voltage measured directly from a piezo-film sensor underestimates structural response. A modified piezo-film sensor equation is thus proposed for lower frequency measurements. Effect of frequency and piezo-film's size on lower frequency attenuation is explicitly formulated based on a simple RC circuit analogy. Drop tests were also performed on clamped [(0 deg/90 deg)₄]_s GFRP laminates and aluminum targets, with nine piezo-film sensors being glued to the specimen's distal surface in order to determine the low-speed impact response. Specimen transient central deflection subjected to impact loading was identified based on test findings and the plate-type piezo-film sensor equation. The results were found to be in good agreement with the numerical solution obtained from the MARC finite-element code.