Antioxidant and antifungal activity of different extracts obtained from aerial parts of Inula crithmoides L.

The total phenolic content, antioxidant and antifungal activities of three Inula crithmoides extracts (n-hexane, methylene chloride and MeOH) were investigated. The methanolic extract showed the highest total phenolic content. In the DPPH assay, the methanolic and hexane extracts exhibited the highest DPPH-radical scavenging activity; in the 5-lipoxygenase assay, the hexane extract showed greater inhibitory effect with an IC₅₀ similar to that of Trolox and ascorbic acid. The antifungal activity of the methanolic extract revealed a higher activity against Phytophtora cryptogea and Alternaria solani.     

Chemical diversity and anti-acne inducing bacterial potentials of essential oils from selected Elsholtzia species

Essential oils from the aerial parts of four Elsholtzia species; Elsholtzia stachyodes, Elsholtzia communis, Elsholtzia griffithii and Elsholtzia beddomei were obtained by steam distillation and their chemical components were analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Principle Component Analysis was used to identify the chemical variations in the essential oils from these plants, which could be categorised into two groups according to their main chemical components which are acylfuran derivatives and oxygenated monoterpenes. Additionally, the anti-acne inducing bacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis were evaluated. The oil from E. stachyodes was the most efficacious against the growth of S. aureus and S. epidermidis having MIC values of 0.78 and 1.56 μL/mL, respectively, and exhibited five times more effective than erythromycin (standard antibiotic).     

Comparison of the components of the essential oils from leaves and fruits of Grammosciadium platycarpum

The composition of the hydrodistilled essential oils obtained from dried leaves and fruits of Grammosciadium platycarpum Boiss. & Hausskn. were determined by GC and GC/MS. Twenty-five compounds (87.0%) and sixteen constituents (96.2%) were identified in the leaf and fruit oils, respectively. Linalool (26.1 and 53.9%), (E,E)-α-farnesene (24.1 and 20.4% ) and (Z)-β-santalol (10.6 and 10.9%) were the major components in the leaf and fruit oils. Published in Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 559–560, November–December, 2006.     

Antifungal and phytotoxic activity of essential oil from root of Senecio amplexicaulis Kunth. (Asteraceae) growing wild in high altitude-Himalayan region

This work was aimed to evaluate the essential oil from root of medicinally important plant Senecio amplexicaulis for chemical composition, antifungal and phytotoxic activity. The chemical composition analysed by GC/GC–MS showed the presence of monoterpene hydrocarbons in high percentage with marker compounds as α-phellandrene (48.57%), o-cymene (16.80%) and β-ocimene (7.61%). The essential oil exhibited significant antifungal activity against five phytopathogenic fungi, Sclerotium rolfsii, Macrophomina phaseolina, Rhizoctonia solani, Pythium debaryanum and Fusarium oxysporum. The oil demonstrated remarkable phytotoxic activity in tested concentration and significant reduction in seed germination percentage of Phalaris minor and Triticum aestivum at higher concentrations. The roots essential oil showed high yield for one of its marker compound (α-phellandrene) which makes it important natural source of this compound.     

Composition of the essential oils of Lycium barbarum and L. ruthenicum fruits

Water-distilled essential oils from the fruits of Lycium barbarum and L. ruthenicum were analyzed by GCMS. The main components in the oil of L. barbarum were found to be hexadecanoic acid (47.5%), linoleic acid (9.1%), β-elemene (5.4%), myristic acid (4.2%), and ethyl hexadecanoate (4.0%). The essential oil of L. ruthenicum has heptacosane (14.3%), ethyl linoleate (10.0%), hexacosane (7.0%), nonacosane (6.2%), and ethyl hexadecanoate (5.8%) as the main compounds. Published in Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 1, pp. 20–21, January–February, 2006.     

Chemical constituents and antioxidant activity of essential oil and organic extract from the peel and kernel parts of Citrus japonica Thunb. (kumquat) from Iran

The constituents of essential oils and organic extracts from peel and kernels of Citrus japonica were analysed by GC and GC/MS. The content of essential oil in peel and kernel was 1.1 and 0.8% based on dry weight. The essential oil of C. japonica peel and kernel was characterised by a higher amount of limonene (51.0 and 47.1%) and germacrene D (12.1 and 6.3%), and the hexane extracts of its peel and kernel were characterised by a higher amount of dodecanol-1(12.9 and 20.8%) and linolenic acid (13.1 and 16.3%), respectively. The antioxidant activities of oils were evaluated by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. The results indicate that both oils from different parts of C. japonica possess considerable antioxidant activity. The fruit peel and kernel essential oil could thus be useful in the industries, chiefly in the food and pharmaceutical industries.     

Chemical composition and cytotoxicity of the essential oil from different parts of Datura metel L.

The essential oil from different parts of Datura metel L. were extracted using hydrodistillation and GC–MS was used to analyse the essential oil. The main components of flowers were ketone (23.61%) and ethyl palmitate (15.84%). The main components of leaves were ketone (18.84%) and phytol (18.71%). Ketone (39.45%) and phytol (31.32%) were the major components of petioles. Palmitic acid (30.60%) and ethyl linoleate (21.56%) were the major components of seeds. The major ingredient of roots was palmitic acid (52.61%). The main ingredients of the stems were palmitic acid (38.38%) and ethyl linoleate (17.38%). All the different parts of essential oil were screened for cytotoxicity. The roots and stems showed the inhibitory effects against HepG-2 with IC₅₀ levels of 613.88 and 341.12 mg/L. The leaves and roots showed the inhibitory effects against HeLa with IC₅₀ levels of 267.76 and 348.35 mg/L. All the six parts have inhibitory effects against SGC-7901 cell lines.     

Chemical composition,antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil from the leaves of Macleaya cordata (Willd) R. Br.

The essential oil from the leaves of Macleaya cordata R.Br. obtained by hydrodistillation was analysed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Sixty-eight compounds consisting of up to 92.53% of the essential oil were identified. Antioxidant activities of the essential oil were evaluated by using DPPH radical scavenging and β-carotene–linoleic acid assays. The essential oil showed moderate antioxidant activity. In addition, the essential oil exhibited potential antimicrobial activity against all tested microorganisms, with diameters of inhibition zones ranging from 8.7 ± 0.5 to 17.2 ± 1.2 mm and minimum inhibitory concentration values from 125 to 500 μg/mL. We selected the most sensitive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus as model to observe of the action of essential oils of M. cordata on the membrane structure by scanning electron microscopy. The treated cell membranes were damaged severely. The results presented here indicate that the essential oil of M. cordata may be potential sources of antioxidant and antimicrobial agents in the future.     

Chemical composition and biological activities of essential oil from Filifolium sibiricum (L.) Kitam

The essential oil from Filifolium sibiricum (L.) Kitam were extracted using hydrodistillation and GC-MS was used to analyse the essential oil. The main components were espatulenol (8.55%), geranyl acetate (8.03%), caryophyllene oxide (5.47%), calamenene (4.79%), geraniol (4.28%), calamenene (4.53%), geraniol (4.06%), cedrene epoxide (3.23%), myrtenol (3.18%), transgeranylgeranio (3.13%), etc. The essential oil showed intensive inhibitory effects against MCF-7 with IC₅₀ level of 0.78 mg/mL, HepG-2 with IC₅₀ level of 0.44 mg/mL, SKOV-3 with IC₅₀ level of 0.27 mg/mL, BGC-823 with IC₅₀ level of 0.34 mg/mL. In the antibacterial test, the essential oil showed the significant antibacterial activities. The MIC and MBC values were 5.20 and 5.20 mg/mL against Staphylococcus aureus.     

Chemical composition of the essential oils and headspace volatiles of Ferulago sylvatica (Besser) Reichenb. from Serbia

Abstract

Chemical composition of the headspace volatiles and essential oils isolated from different parts of Ferulago sylvatica was determined by GC and GC/MS analyses. The results showed that headspace volatiles obtained from the aerial parts and roots were similar regarding the number of identified compounds and main components. However, essential oils obtained from different plant organs showed significant differences in chemical composition. Myrcene was the most abundant component of the inflorescences and shoots volatiles, while α-pinene make up over 50% of the root volatiles. Only three components were identified in the root essential oil with 2,3,6-trimethyl benzaldehyde (92.7%) as the main component. In the shoots sample the terpenoid fractions represented 56% of the oil, unevenly distributed between monoterpenoids and sesquiterpenoids with germacrene D (32.5%) recognized as the main constituent. On the other hand, more than 94% of the inflorescences oils were monoterpenoids with myrcene as the most abundant contributor (29.2%).     

Chemical composition,phytotoxic and antifungal properties of Ruta chalepensis L. essential oils

The chemical composition, and phytotoxic and antifungal activities of the essential oils isolated by using hydrodistillation from the aerial parts of Tunisian rue were evaluated. Significant variations were observed among harvest periods. The analysis of the chemical composition by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry showed that 2-undecanone (33.4–49.8%), 2-heptanol acetate (13.5–15.4%) and α-pinene (9.8–11.9%) were the main components. The antifungal ability of rue essential oils was tested by using disc agar diffusion against ten plant pathogenic fungi. A high antifungal activity was observed for the essential oil isolated at flowering developmental phase. Furthermore, rue essential oils showed high level of herbicidal activity against several weeds.     

Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils from flowers and leaves of Grindelia integrifolia DC

Essential oils from flowers and leaves of Grindelia integrifolia DC. were investigated for the first time in terms of chemical composition and antimicrobial activity. The GC-FID/MS analysis allowed for the identification of 58 and 72 volatiles, comprising 92.4 and 90.1% of the oils, respectively. The major components of the flower oil were α-pinene (34.9%) and limonene (13.1%), while myrcene (16.9%), spathulenol (12.3%), β-eudesmol (11.9%) and limonene (10.1%) dominated among the leaf volatiles. The antimicrobial activity, evaluated against 12 selected bacteria and fungus, was found moderate, with the strongest effect of both oils observed against C. albicans (MIC = MBC: 0.63 and 0.31 mg/mL for flower and leaf oil, respectively).     

Chemical composition and antimicrobial activities of essential oil from Wedelia urticifolia growing wild in Hunan Province,China

The essential oil obtained from Wedelia urticifolia growing in Hunan Province, China, was analyzed for the first time by capillary GC and GC-MS. A total of 67 constituents, representing 98.68% in essential oil were identified. The major constituents of the oil were: α-pinene (8.85%), limonene (6.38%), carvacrol (6.15%), caryophyllene (6.08%), spathulenol (5.49%), sabinene (5.36%), camphor (4.34%). Antimicrobial potential of oil against bacterial strains (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus), yeast strains (Hansenula anomala and Saccharomy cescerevisiae) and molds (Aspergillus niger, Chaetomium globosum, Mucor racemosus, and Monascus anka) was determined by disc diffusion method and broth micro dilution method, respectively. The oil exhibited promising antimicrobial effect as a diameter of zones of inhibition (16.8–24.9 mm). Minimum inhibitory concentration values of oil were ranged 62.5–1000 μg/mL.     

The antifungal activity of essential oil from Melaleuca leucadendra (L.) L. grown in China and its synergistic effects with conventional antibiotics against Candida

To identify the natural antifungal agents, the antifungal activities of Melaleuca leucadendra (L.) L. essential oil (ML-EO) from Fujian Province of China were assayed. Treatment of ML-EO in combination with the front-line using antibiotics against Candida led to synergistic effects. Electron microscopy analysis on the oil treated C. albicans cells revealed the formation of mesosome-like structures, suggesting well the membrane damage caused by the essential oil. The Griess assay by monitoring NO production in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells indicated the potent anti-inflammatory activity of ML-EO. In comparison with the marked essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia EO, ML-EO had almost the same chemical components. In general, the antifungal activity of ML-EO and its synergistic interactions with conventional antibiotics were able to lead the development of new treatment strategies on Candida infection.     

Chemical diversity of the essential oils of twenty populations of Tanacetum polycephalum Sch. Bip. from Iran

Chemical diversity of the essential oils of twenty wild populations of Tanacetum polycephalum Sch. Bip., was investigated. The aerial parts of T. polycephalum were collected at full flowering stage from West Azerbaijan Province of Iran, air-dried; hydrodistilled to produce essential oils. The essential oils were analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS. A total of forty compounds were identified accounting for 96.4–99.9% of the total oils. The most principal compounds were cis-thujone (0–82.3%), trans-thujone (0–79.8%), camphor (1.3–75.0%), 1,8-cineole (4.5–43.3%), borneol (1.0–36.2%) and bornyl acetate (0–26.8%). Hierarchical cluster analysis based on the percentages (>0.5%) of the essential oils components was carried out to determine the chemical diversity among the populations studied. The cluster analysis resulted in the identification of four main chemotypes namely: ‘camphor + 1,8-cineole’, ‘mixed’, ‘cis-thujone’ and ‘trans-thujone’.     

The composition and antifungal bioassay of the essential oils of differentBetula species growing in Turkey

FiveBetula species,B. pendula, B. browicziana, B. medwediewii, B. litwinowii, andB. recurvata, were collected from different parts of Turkey. The leaves of these species were hydrodistilled to yield the consequent essential oils. The essential oil compositions were investigated by GC/MS. 14-Hydroxy--caryophyllene was the main constituent in the oil ofB. pendula. 14-Hydroxy-4,5-dihydro--caryophyllene, a new compound, was identified as the main constituent in the oils ofB. browicziana, B. litwinowii, and B. recurvata. In the oil ofB. medwediewii methyl salicylate was the main compound. Various phytopathogenic fungi were studied by the agar tube dilution technique to test the antifungal activities of the essential oils at 400 g/ml concentration. The essential oils showed strong antifungal activity againstCephalosporium aphidicola, Drechslera sorokinianse, Fusarium solani, andRhizoctonia cerealis.Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 2, pp. 126–130, March–April, 2000.     

Analysis of essential oils from Voacanga africana seeds at different hydrodistillation extraction stages: chemical composition,antioxidant activity and antimicrobial activity

In this study, essential oils from Voacanga africana seeds at different extraction stages were investigated. In the chemical composition analysis, 27 compounds representing 86.69–95.03% of the total essential oils were identified and quantified. The main constituents in essential oils were terpenoids, alcohols and fatty acids accounting for 15.03–24.36%, 21.57–34.43% and 33.06–57.37%, respectively. Moreover, the analysis also revealed that essential oils from different extraction stages possessed different chemical compositions. In the antioxidant evaluation, all analysed oils showed similar antioxidant behaviours, and the concentrations of essential oils providing 50% inhibition of DPPH-scavenging activity (IC₅₀) were about 25 mg/mL. In the antimicrobial experiments, essential oils from different extraction stages exhibited different antimicrobial activities. The antimicrobial activity of oils was affected by extraction stages. By controlling extraction stages, it is promising to obtain essential oils with desired antimicrobial activities.     

Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Anthemis wiedemanniana</Emphasis> from Turkey

The chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil from aerial parts of Anthemis wiedemanniana, an endemic taxon of Turkey, were investigated. Linalool (12.75%), 1,8-cineole (8.49%), hexadecanoic acid (6.09%), and chrysanthenone (5.67%) were found to be the main components among the 122 compounds characterized in the essential oil of Anthemis wiedemanniana. Antimicrobial activities were reported against 12 microorganisms and five yeast-like fungi by the disc diffusion method. Published in Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 1, pp. 40–43, January–February, 2007.     

Chemical composition and antioxidant activities of essential oil of Hedychium greenii and Hedychium gracile from India

The chemical constituents of the essential oils hydrodistilled from rhizome parts of Hedychium greenii W.W. Sm. and Hedychium gracile Roxb, of family Zingiberaceae, growing in India, were analysed for the first time by GC-FID and GC-MS, respectively. A total of 30 and 29 components representing 99.62 and 96.74% of the total oil were identified in the essential oils of H. greenii and H. gracile, respectively. The major components of H. greenii were bornyl acetate (31.32%), α-pinene (14.49%), camphene (12.81%) and limonene (10.55%), whereas H. gracile was dominated by β-pinene (25.24%), γ-terpinene (24.62%), terpinen-4-ol (14.87%) and 1,8-cineole (7.51%). Essential oils were assessed for antioxidant potential using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging assay. H. greenii oil exhibited stronger antioxidant potential as compared to H. gracile oil and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). Thus, H. greenii rhizome oil has the potential to be used as an alternative source of antioxidant.     

Effect of bioclimatic area on the composition and bioactivity of Tunisian Rosmarinus officinalis essential oils

The chemical composition of eight Tunisian Rosmarinus officinalis L. populations (A–H) from different bioclimatic areas has been examined by gas chromatography (GC) and GC-mass spectrometry. The essential oils are characterised by high amounts of oxygenated monoterpenes (58.2–71.7%) followed by monoterpene hydrocabons (15.1–26.7%). 1,8-Cineole, camphor, α-pinene and borneol are the main representative components. The antioxidant activity was investigated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH), ferric reducing ability power assay and β-carotene bleaching test. Samples showed antiradical activity by inhibiting DPPH radical with IC₅₀ values ranging from 375.3 to 592.8 μg mL^? 1 for samples F and A, respectively. Sample A also showed the most promising activity in β-carotene bleaching test (IC₅₀ of 31.9 μg mL^? 1). The essential oils were also screened for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitory activity. Sample G showed the highest activity against AChE (IC₅₀ of 64.7 μg mL^? 1) while sample D (IC₅₀ of 29.5 μg mL^? 1) exhibited the most potent activity against BChE.