Valence band photoelectron spectra of transition-metal cyanides

X-ray photoelectron spectra of the valence bands of NaCN, Li₄Fe(CN)₆, Li₃Fe(CN)₆, Ni(CN)₂, Li₂Pt(CN)₄ and LiSCN have been measured and interpreted. Normalization of the valence-band intensities by equalization of the nitrogen is intensities made it possible to distinguish between cyanide and transition-metal bands. The spectrum of CN⁻ is similar to that of the iso-electronic molecules N₂ and CO. The transition-metal bands occur at a lower binding energy than the CN⁻ bands and do not show structure. From the intensities we conclude that much less mixing of the metal and ligand orbitals takes place than indicated by recent MO calculations.     

Li2SO4-MgSO4及LiNO3-Mg(NO3)2熔盐体系的研究

用目测变温法和差热分析法研究了Li₂SO₄-MgSO₄、LiNO₃-Mg(NO₃)₂熔盐体系。在前一体系中有固液异组成化合物Li₂SO₄·2MgSO₄生成,它在832°熔化分解。化合物与Li₂SO₄间形成低共熔点,温度为647℃,组成含MgSO₄23.6Wt%。Li₂SO₄多晶转变点575℃,在加入MgSO₄后形成类低共熔点,温度552℃,组成含MgSO₄4.2%。LiNO₃-Mg(NO₃)₂为一简单低共熔体系,共晶点含Mg(NO₃)₂47.3%,温度200℃。     

High-temperature behaviour of lithium borates:: Part I: Characterization and thermal stability

Nine compounds, namely Li₃BO₃, -Li₄B₂O₅, β-Li₄B₂O₅, Li₆B₄O₉, -LiBO₂, Li₂B₄O₇, Li₃B₇O₁₂, LiB₃O₅ and Li₂B₈O₁₃ in the Li₂O–B₂O₃ system have been synthesized and characterized. The unit-cell parameters, density and solubility in water at room temperature of all the compounds are reported. The densities of the compounds were found to be in the 1.90–2.50 g cm⁻³ range, while their solubility in water at room temperature was in the 0.91–8.64×10⁻² g cm⁻³ range. Determination of the thermal stability of the compounds by quenching and differential thermal analysis (DTA) showed that only -LiBO₂ and Li₂B₄O₇ retained their original symmetry up to their congruent melting at 1121 and 1188 K, respectively, in air.     

Preparation and Electrochemical Properties of xLi2MnO3·(1-x)LiMn2O4 Composites

Li₂MnO₃-doped spinel LiMn₂O₄ composites were synthesized by sol-gel method to improve the electrochemical performance of LiMn₂O₄. The microstructures, morphologies and electrochemical performance of the obtained xLi₂MnO₃·(1-x)LiMn₂O₄ composites were characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD), scan electron microscopy(SEM) and a galvanostatic charge-discharge process. It was found that both Li₂MnO₃ and LiMn₂O₄ components exist in xLi₂MnO₃·(1-x)LiMn₂O₄(02MnO₃·0.7LiMn₂O₄ composite shows the optimized electrochemical performance, including discharge capacity and cycle stability. It was demonstrated that Li₂MnO₃-doped spinel LiMn₂O₄ cathode material can work at wide potential window with quite good capacity retention and considerably larger reversible capacity compared to single-phase LiMn₂O₄ component.     

磷酸钒锂/石墨烯复合正极材料的制备及表征

通过三聚氰胺甲醛树脂(MR)中的羟基与石墨烯氧化物(GO)中的羧基发生的沉淀反应来制备功能化的氧化石墨烯前驱体,然后利用溶胶-凝胶及高温热处理方法制备磷酸钒锂/石墨烯复合材料,利用此材料制备了电池电极,并对电极材料进行了结构和电化学表征。结果表明,所得磷酸钒锂为单斜晶系结构,石墨烯堆叠程度显著降低,也有效避免了磷酸钒锂颗粒的团聚,提高了材料的电化学性能。电池的充放电曲线极化较小,在3.0~4.3 V的区间内20 C倍率仍有86 mA·h/g的可逆容量。0.1 C循环100次后容量为119.7 mA·h/g,容量保持率94%。在3.0~4.8 V的高电压区间,10 C倍率下可逆容量80 mA·h/g,0.1 C循环100次后仍有145.6 mA·h/g的可逆容量。优异的循环和倍率性能以及较低的碳含量符合锂离子正极材料实用的要求。     

三元掺杂改性锂离子电池正极材料Li3V2(PO4)3

以柠檬酸为螯合剂和还原剂, NH₄VO₃为钒源,通过溶胶-凝胶法制备了锂离子电池正极材料Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃及其三元掺杂体系Li_2.85Na_0.15V_1.9Al_0.1(PO₄)_2.9F_0.1.分别采用X射线衍射(XRD)、高分辨透射电子显微镜(HRTEM)、能量损失谱(EELS)、拉曼(Raman)光谱、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线能谱(EDS)、恒流充放电、循环伏安(CV)和交流阻抗谱(EIS)等技术对材料的微观结构、颗粒形貌和电化学性能进行分析.结果表明:在残余碳包覆的基础上, Na、Al、F三元掺杂有利于稳定Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃的晶体结构,进一步减少颗粒团聚和提升材料导电特性,促进第三个锂离子的脱出和嵌入,从而显著改善Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃的实用电化学性能.未经掺杂的Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃原粉在1/9C、1C和6C倍率下的可逆比容量分别为141、119和98 mAh·g^-1,而三元掺杂改性材料在1/9C、1C、8C和14C倍率下的比容量分别为172、139、119和115 mAh·g^-1.在1C倍率下循环300圈后,掺杂体系的比容量依然高达118 mAh·g^-1,比原粉高出32.6%.值得注意的是,这种三元掺杂还使Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃的多平台放电曲线近似转变为一条斜线,显示出可能不同的储锂机制.     

纯相Li_2MnO_3薄膜的制备及作为锂离子电池正极材料的电化学行为

采用固相烧结法制备了纯相Li2MnO3正极材料及靶材,采用脉冲激光沉积(PLD)法在氧气气氛、不同温度下沉积了Li2MnO3薄膜.通过X射线衍射(XRD)和拉曼(Raman)光谱表征了薄膜的晶体结构,采用扫描电镜(SEM)观察薄膜形貌及厚度,利用电化学手段测试了Li2MnO3薄膜作为锂离子电池正极材料性能.结果表明,PLD方法制备的纯相Li2MnO3薄膜随着沉积温度升高薄膜结晶性变好.25℃沉积的薄膜难以可逆充放电,400℃沉积的薄膜具有较高的电化学活性和循环稳定性.相对于粉末材料,400与600℃制备的Li2MnO3薄膜电极平均放电电位随着循环次数的衰减速率明显低于相应的粉体材料.     

Solid state synthesis of lithiated manganese oxides from mechanically activated Li2CO3–Mn3O4 mixtures

The solid state formation of lithium manganese oxides has been studied from the thermal decomposition of mixtures Li₂CO₃–Mn₃O₄ with X_Li (lithium cationic fraction)=0.33 (LiMn₂O₄), 0.50 (LiMnO₂) and 0.66 (Li₂MnO₃). The analysis of the reactivity has been performed mainly by thermoanalytical (TG/DSC) and diffractometric (XRPD) techniques either on physical mixtures and on mixtures subjected to mechanical activation by high energy milling. At X_Li=0.33, the cubic lithium manganese spinel oxide (LiMn₂O₄) forms in air. TG measurements showed that the reaction starts at a considerably lower temperature in the activated mixture. By variable temperature X-ray diffraction it has been assessed that, upon mechanical activation, LiMn₂O₄ forms directly and its formation is completed within 700 °C whereas, starting from a physical mixture, the formation goes through Mn₂O₃ and is complete only at 800 °C. At T>820 °C LiMn₂O₄ reversibly decomposes to LiMnO₂ and Mn₃O₄ with an enthalpy of 30.05 kJ mol⁻¹ of LiMn₂O₄. At X_Li=0.50, by annealing under nitrogen flow for 6 h at 650 °C the activated mixture, the orthorhombic LiMnO₂ is formed. Such a formation goes through a mixture of LiMnO₂ and LiMn₂O₄. The enthalpy of LiMnO₂ solid state formation from the activated mixture has been determined to be 57.4 kJ mol⁻¹ of LiMnO₂. At X_Li=0.66 in air the mechanical activation considerably lowers the temperature within the monoclinic phase Li₂MnO₃ forms. Besides the reaction enthalpy could be determined as 40.13 kJ mol⁻¹ of Li₂MnO₃. The reaction, when performed under nitrogen flow, goes through the formation of LiMnO₂. Such a first stage of the reaction is affected by the temperature of reaction rather than by mechanical activation. The activation greatly enhances the second stage of the reaction leading from LiMnO₂ to Li₂MnO₃.     

Nd3+-doped Li3V2(PO4)3 cathode material with high rate capability for Li-ion batteries

A series of Nd3+-doped Li3NdxV2àx(PO4)3(x = 0.00, 0.02, 0.05, 0.08 or 0.1) composites are synthesized by the rheological phase reaction method. The XRD results indicate that Nd3+ions have been successfully merged into a lattice structure. Doped samples show good electrochemical performance in high discharge rate and long cycle. In the potential range of 3.0–4.3 V, Li3Nd0.08V1.92(PO4)3exhibits an initial discharge capacity of 115.8 m Ah/g at 0.2 C and retain 80.86% of capacity retention at 2 C in the 51 st cycle.In addition, Li3Nd0.05V1.95(PO4)3holds at 100.4 m Ah/g after 80 cycles at 0.2 C with a capacity retention of92.4%. Finally, the CV test proves that the potential polarization of Li3Nd0.08V1.92(PO4)3decreased compared with the un-doped one.     

Excess capacity on compound phases of Li2FeTiO4 composite cathode materials synthesized by hydrothermal reaction using optional titanium sources to boost battery performance

Li₂FeTiO₄ composites have been produced using commercial LiAC, FeCl₂ and different titanium sources by hydrothermal synthesis (HS) at 175 ℃ and subsequent annealing at 700 ℃. Impure phase TiO₂, Fe₂O₃ and FeTiO₄ were detected out among the Li₂FeTiO₄ composites with different titanium sources. Micron and nano-sized particles of Li₂FeTiO₄ were prepared from various titanium raw materials, with nano-sized particles predominating when titanium raw materials were layered hydrogen titanate nanowire (H₂Ti₃O₇NW, HTO-NW) and titanium oxide nanotubes (TiO₂NB). The Li₂FeTiO₄ composites synthesized by HTO-NW shows a primary particle size of 50-200 nm of high crystallinity staggered with undissolved nanowire with a diameter size of about 100 nm. The samples using one-dimensional nanometer titanium oxide (TiO₂ NB) as the raw material can get a super high initial discharge capacity of 367.8 mAh/g at the rate of C/10 and excellent cycling stability. The selection of raw materials and adopting multi-phase modification can be considered as an effective strategy to improve the electro-chemical properties of Li₂FeTiO₄ composite cathode materials for the lithium secondary battery.     

Mechanism of Lithium and Cobalt Recovery from Spent Lithium-ion Batteries by Sulfation Roasting Process

Different from the traditional pyrometallurgical recovery process of Li and Co from spent lithium-ion batteries, a new recovery method for Li and Co was established by converting LiCoO₂ into water-soluble metal sulfates by roasting a mixture of LiCoO₂ and NaHSO₄·H₂O. The evolution law of the mixture with increased roasting temperature was investigated by thermogravimetry-differential scanning calorimetry(TG-DSC), in situ X-ray diffraction(XRD), XRD, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS). The results show that the phase transition of LiCoO₂ mixed with NaHSO₄·H₂O with increased temperature proceeded as follows:LiCoO₂, NaHSO₄·H₂O→LiCoO₂, NaHSO₄→Li_1-xCoO₂, LiNaSO₄, Na₂S₂O₇, Na₂SO₄→Li_1-xCoO₂, Co₃O₄, LiNaSO₄, Na₂SO₄→Co₃O₄, LiNaSO₄. The reaction mechanism of this roasting process may be as follows:LiCoO₂+NaHSO₄·H₂O→1/2Li₂SO₄+ 1/2Na₂SO₄+1/3Co₃O₄+1/12O₂+3/2H₂O, Li₂SO₄+Na₂SO₄=2LiNaSO₄.     

Thermal behaviour of cobaltic and cobaltous oxides as influenced by doping with some alkali metal oxides

The role of Na₂O- and Li₂O-doping on the thermal decomposition of Co₃O₄ to CoO and the re-oxidation of cobaltous to cobaltic oxide has been investigated using DTA, with controlled rates of heating and cooling, IR and X-ray diffraction spectrometry techniques.

The DTA investigation revealed that both Li₂O and Na₂O increased the thermal stability of Co₃O₄. However, the effect was much more pronounced in the case of lithium oxide. Doping Co₃O₄ with 1.5 mole% Li₂O was found to prevent any thermal decomposition of cobaltic oxide even by heating at 1100°C. The maximum thermal stabilization effect induced by doping with sodium oxide (4.5 mole%) was 30%. The sodium oxide- and lithium oxide-doping enhanced the reactivity of the produced CoO towards the re-oxidation by O₂ yielding Co₃O₄.

The X-ray diffraction and IR spectrometric investigations showed that part of Li₂O and Na₂O was effectively incorporated in the Co₃O₄ lattice, affecting the thermal stabilization of the solid, and another part of the dopant oxide interacted with the produced CoO and also with Co₃O₄ giving a new sodium cobalt compound, and with Co₃O₄ producing, also, a new lithium cobalt oxide phase. However, the amount of Li₂O dissolved in the Co₃O₄ lattice was greater than that of Na₂O. The sudden cooling of doped solids, from 1000°C to room temperature, favoured the formation of the new sodium cobalt oxide compound, and exerted no effect on the production of the new lithium cobalt oxide phase. The characteristic d spacings and IR absorption bands of these new compounds have been determined.

The possible mechanisms of dissolution of Li₂O and Na₂O in cobaltic oxide lattice are discussed.     

The Li2CrO4---CaCrO4 binary phase diagram

Phase equilibria in the Li₂CrO₄---CaCrO₄ system were determined by differential thermal analysis and X-ray powder diffraction. The phase diagram is characterized by a eutectic reaction at 489°C and 5 mole% CaCrO₄, and a monotectic reaction at 570°C and 80 mole% CaCrO₄. The solubility of Li₂CrO₄ in CaCrO₄ was ≈15 mole% at the eutectic temperature and declined to <5 mole% at the monotectic temperature. No double salt was formed between the end members. The immiscibility observed in the system is rationalized in terms of the cation coordination polyhedra.

Thermal events indicative of a solid state phase change in Li₂CrO₄ as reported in some references are judged to be the result of a Li₂CO₃ impurity.     

湿磨法制备纳米Li_4SiO_4材料用于高温捕集CO_2

采用不同硅源、锂源以湿磨法结合高温焙烧制备了纳米Li_4SiO_4材料,利用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)表征了合成材料的结构和表面形貌,利用热重分析仪(TG)研究了Li_4SiO_4材料高温下的CO_2吸收性能和循环使用稳定性。结果表明,湿磨法制备的Li_4SiO_4材料在550℃、2.5×104Pa下,10min可达吸收平衡,平衡吸收量为27.9%(质量分数),经五次吸收-解吸后仍保持初始吸收性能,显示了良好的循环稳定性。将25%CO_2-25%N2-50%He混合气通过Li_4SiO_4材料床层,发现在550℃下,CO_2能被高效捕集,在相对湿度为10%的水汽存在下,Li_4SiO_4捕集CO_2的性能没有明显下降。     

Li3Fe2(PO4)3/C正极材料的电化学性能及其反应机理研究

采用溶胶凝胶及高能球磨制得Li₃Fe₂(PO₄)₃/C材料,利用多种物理及其电化学技术观察材料形貌,表征材料结构及电化学性能,用电化学原位XAFS等初步研究Li₃Fe₂(PO₄)₃/C超理论容量电化学反应机理. 结果显示,Li₃Fe₂(PO₄)₃/C的结构为单斜晶系,空间群P21/n. 2.0 ~ 4.0 V电位区间,10 mAh·g^-1电流密度,Li₃Fe₂(PO₄)₃/C电极的首周期放电比容量为129 mAh·g^-1,达到其理论容量. 若电位区间拓宽至2.0 ~ 4.95 V,其首周期放电比容量高达165 mAh·g^-1,超出理论的“额外”容量30%. 电化学原位XAFS测试未观察到明显的Fe³⁺/Fe⁴⁺氧化还原对参与电化学反应,初步推测“额外”容量可能来自于该复合材料的高浓度表面缺陷.     

Improved electrochemical properties in the Li3Fe2(PO4)3 by titanium and vanadium doping

Ti⁴⁺ ions were introduced to the VO₄^3- substituted Li₃Fe₂(PO₄)₃ by sol-gel method. Simultaneous substitution of Ti⁴⁺ for Fe³⁺ and VO₄^3- for PO₄^3- in the Li₃Fe₂(PO₄)₃ resulted in a net improvement in the rate capability and cycling performance, as compared with the single Ti⁴⁺ or VO₄^3- substituted compound.     

Fast moving nuclei in Li19 clusters as evidenced by molecular beam ESR experiments

ESR spectra of free lithium clusters Li₁₁ and Li₁₉ were measured by a molecular beam method. The spectra show that the observed clusters are Li₁₀ + Li and Li₁₈ + Li, i.e., Li₁₀ and Li₁₈ with an atomic Li attached to them. The host cluster Li₁₈ in Li₁₉ is highly spin-polarized by the attached atom, and gives the spectrum a large number of equally spaced hyperfine-lines indicating 18 equivalent nuclei, which reveal fluid-like behavior of Li₁₈ at an estimated internal temperature of T = 102 K. The host cluster Li₁₀ in Li₁₁ is only weakly spin-polarized probably because Li₁₀ is an ordinary solid-like cluster.     

xLi[Li1/3Mn2/3]O2-(1-x)LiNi5/12Mn5/12Co2/12O2(0≤x≤0.8)的结构与电化学性能

采用喷雾干燥法制备了xLi[Li_1/3Mn_2/3]O₂-(1-x)LiNi_5/12Mn_5/12Co_2/12O₂(0≤x≤0.8)系列富锂层状固溶体正极材料, 并通过X射线衍射(XRD)、高分辨透射电子显微镜(HRTEM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、电化学阻抗测试(EIS)以及充放电测试等多种手段研究了样品组分中Li₂MnO₃ 含量变化对材料结构及电化学性能的影响.研究发现, 材料的微观结构随着Li₂MnO₃含量的增加而逐渐发生转变.当x≤0.2时, 样品的微观结构与其母体材料LiNi_5/12Mn_5/12Co_2/12O₂相似; 而当x≥0.4时, 样品的微观结构与Li₂MnO₃有很高的相似性.当x=0.3时, 材料表现出两相共存的特征.HRTEM结果显示, 随着Li₂MnO₃含量的增加, 样品中过渡金属原子的排列逐渐由长程有序转变为长程无序而短程有序, 并且在高Li₂MnO₃含量的样品中观察到了金属阳离子混排的现象.充放电测试结果表明, 当x≤0.6时, 材料的放电比容量随着x的增加而增加; 当x>0.6时, 其放电比容量则随着x的增加而下降; 当x=0.6时, 放电比容量最高, 室温及高温(50℃)下分别为260 和304 mA·h/g.EIS研究结果表明, 这种微观结构上由有序向无序的转变会导致材料电荷转移阻抗的增加, 进而影响材料的电化学性能.     

碳热还原辅助溶胶-凝胶法制备氟代聚阴离子型嵌/脱锂材料LiVPO4F/C

采用碳热还原辅助溶胶-凝胶法合成了锂二次电池正极材料LiVPO₄F/C, 探讨煅烧温度和煅烧时间对所制备材料纯度、结构和电化学性能的影响. 采用X射线衍射(XRD), 扫描电子显微镜(SEM), 恒流充放电, 电化学阻抗谱(EIS)和循环伏安(CV)等手段对不同煅烧温度和时间所得的材料进行结构表征和电化学性能测试. 当煅烧时间为4 h 时, 温度为450 ℃时, 能够得到纯相LiVPO₄F/C, 在0.1C、0.5C和1.0C倍率下, 电池放电比容量分别为193.2、175.6 和173.7 mAh·g^-1. 随着煅烧温度升高, Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃杂相逐渐增多, 650 ℃煅烧后的材料Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃ 成为主相. 优化煅烧时间也能够有效控制Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃ 杂相的生成, 能得到电化学性能良好的LiVPO₄F/C. 当煅烧温度为550 ℃时, 反应3 h后得到的产物综合电化学性能最优.     

锂-空气电池的实用化之路：规避二氧化碳负面效应

与其他的锂电池体系相比,锂-空气电池具有最高的理论比能量,被认为有潜力成为终极能量转换和储存装置。目前的锂-空气电池常常使用气体钢瓶提供纯氧气,而非空气中的氧气,这种电池设计极大降低了锂-空气电池的能量密度和实用性。然而,当空气作为锂-空气电池的氧气供给源时,二氧化碳作为杂质会引起严重的副反应,从而降低锂-空气电池的性能。要解决二氧化碳引起的副反应,理解其反应机制至关重要。本文综述了锂-空气电池中有关二氧化碳诱发的化学/电化学反应的研究进展; 总结了可缓解二氧化碳负面效应的有效策略。此外,对二氧化碳选透膜材料和分离技术用于锂-空气电池进行了展望。