温差电量子效应及低维温差电材料

介绍了温差电的基本原理和影响温差电性能的因素以及低维温差电材料的量子效应和理论模型。有计算表明,低维温差电材料随着维度和尺度的降低,温差电性能将得到显著提高,展现了低维温差电材料的广泛应用前景。     

Ⅳ-Ⅵ族低维半导体材料与器件研究进展

二维Ⅳ族金属硫属化合物作为二维层状材料的重要组成部分,由于其晶格结构具有较低的对称性且与核心半导体工艺具有很好的兼容性,在电学、光学、磁性等方面具有优异的性能,并且在地球上资源丰富且具有低成本、环保的特性,因此在光电器件领域具有很大的应用潜力.基于本课题组近年来的研究进展,本文首先介绍了二维Ⅳ族金属硫属化合物及相关异质...     

MXene二维无机材料在环境修复中的应用

MXenes是一类结构新颖的无机层状纳米材料,它是由几个原子层厚度的过渡金属碳化物、氮化物或碳氮化物构成,目前被广泛应用于能源、光学、催化和吸附等领域。由于其具有高亲水性、比表面积大、表面带负电和高离子交换力等特性,被作为一种优异的吸附剂材料。MXenes材料会通过静电吸引、配位螯合等相互作用去除环境中的重金属离子与放射性元素,有望成为吸附重金属离子与放射性元素的理想载体。本文介绍了MXene材料的结构与制备方法,其去除重金属离子(如铬(Cr)、汞(Hg)、铅(Pb)、镍(Ni))与放射性元素(如铀(U)、铯(Cs)、铕(Eu)、钡(Ba)、锶(Sr))的研究进展,并对其相关的吸附行为与相互作用机理进行了重点阐述。此外,还对MXene材料在该领域所面对的挑战和未来发展进行了展望。     

无机功能材料的组合设计、制备和筛选

随着科学的不断发展和人类认识水平的提高,科学研究的手段必然要求高效和多能,研究的对象也日趋复杂和多样化,组合化学就是在这样的形势下发展起来的。组合化学最早被用于合成肽组合库,后来被用于药物的合成与筛选,也称组合合成,组合库和自动合成法。组合化学是一门集合成化学,组合数学和计算机辅助设计等多学科交叉形成的一门边缘学科。因此,组合化学可定义为利用组合论的思想和理论,将构建单元通过有机 /无机合成或化学法修饰,产生分子多样性的群体（库 ),并进行优化选择的科学。 组合化学从制药领域逐步发展到有机小分子 /高…     

新型无机材料中的化学

在几千年社会文明的发展过程中 ,材料一直是人类赖以生活和生产的物质基础。现代社会中 ,材料的重要作用变得更加突出。从 2 0世纪末开始 ,材料科学的发展突飞猛进 ,新材料和新工艺不断涌现 ,这在很大程度上改变了社会的面貌。化学在材料科学中的作用主要表现在两个方面 :首先 ,化学肩负着发现新分子、新结构和新材料的任务。化学家是第一个看到新分子和新材料的人 ,因此化学家在材料研究中处于近水楼台先得月的有利地位。其次 ,材料性能的优化、材料的改性和材料的制备工艺都以化学过程为基础。到目前为止这部分工作仍主要以实验和经验为基…     

稀土功能材料

稀土元素,属于周期表ⅢA族,其中第六周期的La→Lu又称作镧系元素,由于性质上的相似性,这十五个元素单独排成一个系列置     

二维大分子的构象及凝聚态调控

近年来,二维大分子蓬勃发展,已经成为继经典线形与支化拓扑大分子之后的一个重要分支.二维大分子不但补全了经典高分子科学中缺失的二维分子维度,而且成为具有广泛且重要应用前景的材料新体系,将延续高分子科学在国民经济生产生活中的重要作用.类比成熟的线形高分子系统,深入理解二维大分子的构象与凝聚态并建立精确的材料结构调控方法是其发展的基础,目前仍然处于起步阶段.本文以我们课题组的研究工作为主线,以氧化石墨烯为二维大分子理想模型,总结了二维大分子构象行为与凝聚态结构调控的研究思路与进展.简要回顾了二维大分子构象的研究历史,介绍了构象行为规律、液晶凝聚态以及固态凝聚结构调控方法的系列新进展,并对未来二维大分子构象及凝聚态研究进行了展望,为二维大分子及材料的发展提供了新思路.     

结构敏感功能材料的基础研究

结构敏感功能材料是其功能对原子的空间排列变化敏感的材料。通过对结构敏感功能材料的研究, 归纳和总结化合物的物理化学性质与原子的空间排列以及电子结构之间的内在规律, 结合物理化学性能测试和理论计算, 逐步推导出功能基元和数学关系式, 以形成功能基元理论, 为开发新型功能材料提供理论基础。本文以碳原子不同的空间排列形式而展现出显著差异的物理化学性质为引子, 阐述光学、电学和磁学性能对结构的敏感性, 并讨论理论计算在该学科中的应用。     

非线性化学反应在低维介质中的动力学行为

通过数值模拟对３分子自催化反应Ａ＋２Ｘ＝３Ｘ在一维和二维介质中的动力学行为进行了研究。发现在一维和二维情形下，如果施以不同的微观反应规则，该反应的渐近行为既可能偏经典化学反应动力学（平均场理论）所预言的平衡极限行为，也可能与之一致。     

碳点及其在无机材料中多种功能的应用

碳点（CDs）与无机材料结合可能改善两者的性能甚至出现新性能。本文重点介绍CDs以下三种性能在无机材料中的应用：利用CDs的发光性能,可将CDs与无机材料结合用于照明、防伪等;利用CDs的紫外吸收性能,可将其与无机材料结合用作紫外屏蔽剂;利用CDs的化学性能可调控无机材料的结构或增强无机材料的性能。最后,展望了CDs在无机材料中的多功能应用,以期为无机材料的创新性发展做出贡献。     

CNN Pincer Ruthenium Catalysts for Hydrogenation and Transfer Hydrogenation of Ketones: Experimental and Computational Studies

Reaction of [RuCl(CNN)(dppb)] ( 1‐Cl ) (HCNN=2‐aminomethyl‐6‐(4‐methylphenyl)pyridine; dppb=Ph₂P(CH₂)₄PPh₂) with NaOCH₂CF₃ leads to the amine‐alkoxide [Ru(CNN)(OCH₂CF₃)(dppb)] ( 1‐OCH₂CF₃ ), whose neutron diffraction study reveals a short RuO ??? HN bond length. Treatment of 1‐Cl with NaOEt and EtOH affords the alkoxide [Ru(CNN)(OEt)(dppb)] ? (EtOH)_n ( 1‐OEt?n EtOH ), which equilibrates with the hydride [RuH(CNN)(dppb)] ( 1‐H ) and acetaldehyde. Compound 1‐OEt?n EtOH reacts reversibly with H₂ leading to 1‐H and EtOH through dihydrogen splitting. NMR spectroscopic studies on 1‐OEt?n EtOH and 1‐H reveal hydrogen bond interactions and exchange processes. The chloride 1‐Cl catalyzes the hydrogenation (5 atm of H₂) of ketones to alcohols (turnover frequency (TOF) up to 6.5×10⁴ h^?1, 40 °C). DFT calculations were performed on the reaction of [RuH(CNN′)(dmpb)] ( 2‐H ) (HCNN′=2‐aminomethyl‐6‐(phenyl)pyridine; dmpb=Me₂P(CH₂)₄PMe₂) with acetone and with one molecule of 2‐propanol, in alcohol, with the alkoxide complex being the most stable species. In the first step, the Ru‐hydride transfers one hydrogen atom to the carbon of the ketone, whereas the second hydrogen transfer from NH₂ is mediated by the alcohol and leads to the key “amide” intermediate. Regeneration of the hydride complex may occur by reaction with 2‐propanol or with H₂; both pathways have low barriers and are alcohol assisted.     

Hydrogenation and Transfer Hydrogenation Promoted by Tethered Ru−S Complexes: From Cooperative Dihydrogen Activation to Hydride Abstraction/Proton Release from Dihydrogen Surrogates

Hydrogenation and transfer hydrogenation of imines with cyclohexa‐1,4‐dienes, as well as with a representative Hantzsch ester dihydrogen surrogate, are reported. Both processes are catalyzed by tethered Ru?S complexes but differ in the activation mode of the dihydrogen source: cooperative activation of the H?H bond at the Ru?S bond leads to the corresponding Ru?H complex and protonation of the sulfur atom, whereas the same cationic Ru?S catalyst abstracts a hydride from a donor‐substituted cyclohexa‐1,4‐diene to form the neutral Ru?H complex and a low‐energy Wheland intermediate. A sequence of proton and hydride transfers on the imine substrate then yields an amine. The reaction pathways are analyzed computationally, and the established mechanistic pictures are in agreement with the experimental observations.     

配位环境可调的Cu单原子的合成及催化加氢性能研究※

具有可控配位环境的高催化活性和选择性的稳定单金属位点催化剂的合成仍然具有挑战性. 本工作采用阳离子交换策略合成了两种具有不同配位结构的Cu单原子催化材料. 该策略主要依赖于硫化物的阴离子骨架和富含 N 的聚合物壳在高温退火过程中产生大量的S和N缺陷, 精确合成了富边缘S和N双修饰的单金属Cu位点催化材料. 在这两种材料, 一种Cu单原子具有硫(S)、氮(N)双配位, 一种Cu单原子只有单一的S配位. Cu中心原子的第一壳层配位数为4, Cu-S/N-C的结构为Cu-S₁N₃, Cu-S-C的结构为Cu-S₄. 实验表明, S、N双修饰的Cu单原子材料在室温下催化硝基苯加氢过程中表现出较高活性. 反应20 min后, 在Cu-S/N-C催化下, 硝基苯加氢转化率达到100%, 循环使用5次后活性未见显著下降. 该发现为调节中心金属配位环境以提高单原子催化材料的性能提供了一种可行的方法.     

Coordination bonding assembly and photophysical properties of Europium organic/inorganic/polymeric hybrid materials

Ternary organic/inorganic/polymeric hybrid material PVP-Eu-(DBM-Si)₃ (DBM = dibenzoylmethane; PVP = poly(4-vinylpyridine)) have been synthesized through the coordination bonds. The precursor DBM-Si is obtained by the modification of DBM molecule with a cross-linking reagent TEPIC (3-(triethoxysilyl)-propyl isocyanate), which is used to form the inorganic Si–O–Si networks with TEOS (tetraethoxysilane) after a hydrolysis and polycondensation process. PVP, which is obtained through the polymerization reaction using 4-vinylpyridine as the monomer in the presence of BPO (benzoyl peroxide), is used to form the organic polymeric C–C chains. For comparison, the binary organic/inorganic hybrid material Eu-(DBM-Si)₃ was also synthesized simultaneously. FT-IR (Fourier-transform infrared spectra), UV (ultraviolet absorption spectra), UV-DR (ultraviolet–visible diffuse reflection absorption spectra), SEM (scanning electron micrograph), PL (photoluminescence spectroscopy) and LDT (luminescence decay time) measurements are used to investigate the physical properties of the obtained hybrid materials. The results reveal that the ternary hybrids presents more regular morphology, higher red/orange ratio, stronger luminescent intensity, higher ⁵D₀ luminescence quantum efficiency and longer lifetime than the binary one, suggesting the property of the overall hybrid system is improved with the introduction of the organic polymer PVP.     

Transfer Hydrogenation of Nitroarenes Catalyzed by CoCu Anchored on Nitrogen-doped Porous Carbon

The non-precious metal catalysts with high catalytic activity is extremely desirable but still full of challenges. In this paper, CoCu bimetal immobilized on nitrogen-doped porous carbon (CoCu-N-C) was prepared by an effective ligand-stabilized pyrolysis strategy. CoCu-N-C exhibited excellent catalytic efficiency for the transfer hydrogenation of nitroarenes with ammonia borane as hydrogen source, which can be ascribed to the well dispersed metal nanoparticles, the synergetic interaction of CoCu bimetal and nitrogen-doped carbon. The durability and recyclability experiments of the recycled CoCu-N-C catalyst indicated that no obvious change in catalytic performance was observed after five consecutive cycles. To gain insight into the catalytic mechanism of CoCu-N-C for the hydrogenation reaction, density functional theory calculations was also conducted. This work provides an universal approach for constructing highly efficient non-precious metal heterogeneous catalysts and which may find diverse high performance applications.     

Enantioselective Synthesis of Alcohols and Amines by Iridium‐Catalyzed Hydrogenation,Transfer Hydrogenation,and Related Processes

The preparation of chiral alcohols and amines by using iridium catalysis is reviewed. The methods presented include the reduction of ketones or imines by using hydrogen (hydrogenations), isopropanol, formic acid, or formate (transfer hydrogenations). Also dynamic and oxidative kinetic resolutions leading to chiral alcohols and amines are included. Selected literature reports from early contributions to December 2012 are discussed.     

金属/金属氧化物纳米粒子在不对称氢化和氢转移反应中的应用研究进展

近年来,金属/金属氧化物纳米粒子催化的不对称氢化和氢转移反应已经成为催化领域的前沿和研究热点之一. 金属/金属氧化物纳米粒子的催化模式类似于“纳米反应器”,底物可以通过有机包覆层扩散至催化中心,局部的高催化剂浓度通常可以极大地提高催化反应转换数（TON）和转化频率（TOF）. 在以纳米金属为催化活性中心方面,Orito纳米铂体系获得最多的关注,科学家们从手性修饰剂的结构改造、催化剂载体的选择、不同的反应介质、纳米催化剂的形貌和催化反应机理等方面开展了较为系统的研究,并取得重要进展. 此外,纳米钯、铑、钌、铱和铁等金属纳米催化剂也在烯烃、酮和亚胺等化合物的不对称氢化和氢转移反应中表现出良好的催化性能,特别是纳米铱和铁催化剂已获得95%以上的对映选择性. 在金属/金氧化物纳米粒子为催化剂载体方面,其催化不对称氢化及氢转移反应的效率及对映选择性可与均相催化剂相媲美,同时还解决了均相催化剂难于回收再循环的缺陷. 本文简要介绍了近年来手性金属纳米催化剂在不对称氢化和氢转移反应领域的研究进展,讨论了相关反应的催化机理,并对该领域仍存在的问题和未来的发展方向进行了展望.     

Ligand Effects in Dinitrogen Hydrogenation of Binuclear Zirconium Complexes

In this work, we report a theoretical exploration of the ground-state electronic structures and molecular vibrational properties of a series of binuclear zirconium complexes in the framework of density functional theory （DFT） employing the B3LYP hybrid functional. The calculated results reveal that the electronic structure of the complex [（η^5-C5Me5）2Zr]2（μ^2, η^2, η^2-N2） is unfavorable for hydrogenation due to the exclusion of side-on dinitrogen in the LUMO＋ 1 molecular orbital as compared with the reactant 1 [（η^5-C5Me4H）2Zr]2（μ2,η^2,η^2-N2）. Besides, the structural feature of the hypothetical intermediate 1′, [（η^5C5Me4H）2Zr]2（μ2,η^2, η^2-N2）-n2, clearly implies the possibility of further hydrogenation. In addition, the distinguishing of vibrational modes of experimental intermediate 2, [（η^5-C5Me4H）2ZrH]2（μ2,η^2,η^2-N2H2）, indicates that the asymmetric stretching of Zr-N and Zr-H leads to dissociation. Moreover, the vibrational intensity of Zr-H is stronger than that of Zr-N. Therefore, it can be predicted that excess hydrogen atmosphere is necessary to ensure the dissociation of Zr-N bonds.     

Controlling Ethylene Hydrogenation Reactivity on Pt13 Clusters by Varying the Stoichiometry of the Amorphous Silica Support

Ethylene hydrogenation was investigated on size‐selected Pt₁₃ clusters supported on three amorphous silica (a‐SiO₂) thin films with different stoichiometries. Activity measurements of the reaction at 300 K revealed that on a silicon‐rich and a stoichiometric film, Pt₁₃ exhibits a similar activity to that of Pt(111), in line with the known structure insensitivity of the reaction. On an oxygen‐rich film, a threefold increased rate was measured. Pulsing ethylene at 400 K, then measuring the activity at 300 K, resulted in complete loss of activity on the silicon‐rich surface compared to only marginal losses on the other surfaces. The measured reactivity trends correlate with charging characteristics of a Pt₁₃ cluster on the SiO₂ films, predicted through first‐principle calculations. The results reveal that the stoichiometry‐dependent charging by the support can be used to tune the selectivity of reaction pathways during a catalytic hydrogenation reaction.