基于原子干涉仪的微观粒子弱等效原理检验

等效原理是广义相对论的两个基本假设之一,也是爱因斯坦对弱等效原理的推广.目前,大量实验证明弱等效原理在一定的实验精度内是成立的.将引力与标准模型统一起来的新理论都要求弱等效原理破缺,因此更高精度的弱等效原理检验具有重要的科学意义.本文介绍了原子干涉仪的原理,回顾了利用原子干涉仪开展微观粒子弱等效原理检验实验研究的历史和现状,介绍了双组分原子干涉仪检验弱等效原理实验涉及的振动噪声抑制、拉曼光移频与相位噪声抑制、四波双衍射拉曼跃迁原子干涉、信号探测与数据处理等关键问题及研究进展,分析了高精度微观粒子弱等效原理检验研究的发展趋势,介绍了长基线原子干涉仪、空间原子干涉仪、超冷原子源以及纠缠原子源制备等方面的研究动态,展望了微观粒子弱等效原理检验研究的发展前景.     

等效原理空间实验检验

等效原理地面实验检验已经达到了10-13,为了进一步提高实验精度,寻找新的相互作用和检验引力理论,人们提出了一系列更高精度等效原理检验的卫星计划.文章主要概述了等效原理空间检验的原理、发展历史和发展现状,并对进一步空间等效原理检验进行了简要展望.     

旋转物体的等效原理及其空间实验

文章回溯了等效原理的历史,解释了弱等效原理(伽利略等效原理)、强等效原理(爱因斯坦等效原理)和甚强等效原理.实验检验表明,到10-13的实验精度时,没有观测到等效原理的破坏.文章最后,也是文章的主要目的,阐述了广义相对论的不足,即不能描写物质的自旋与引力场的耦合.自旋粒子或自转物体的能一动张量既有对称分量,也有非对称的分量,还有自旋张量.但是广义相对论的引力场方程中只包含了能-动张量对称分量,不包含反对称分量,更没有自旋张量的贡献.涉及自旋与引力场耦合的理论是(有挠率场的)引力规范理论,该理论预言:自旋粒子或旋转物体将偏离测地运动,因而破坏等效原理.为了检验这种破坏,文章作者及其合作者建议进行地面实验和空间实验.     

弱等效原理的实验检验

惯性质量与引力质量相等是广义相对论基本理论假设之一，这个假设称为等效原理。本文介绍等效原理的检验实验的框架以及检验实验的历史、现状和未来。     

广义相对论中的等效原理与时空观

等效原理是广义相对论建立的基本思想实验原理, 它指出引力场和加速度的效应等价. 在等效原理中 有弱等效原理和强等效原理两个层次, 弱等效原理和强等效原理之间存在一定的联系. 以等效原理为基础将有助于 理解爱因斯坦的时空观     

月球尘埃影响对广义相对论的验证

在《对广义相对论更精确的实验检验》[2]一文中叙述了科学家们用发射激光到安置在月亮上的5个反射器来验证等效原理从而间接检验广义相对论的阿波罗(Apollo)测月计划.在此实验中,微弱的光线是一个问题.     

核心素养视域下的伏安法测定电源电动势和内阻实验

以伏安法测量电源电动势和内阻为例,阐述了核心素养视域下物理实验的分析与研究的思路.在生活情景中建立物理观念,在实验原理的指引下培养科学思维,通过寻找"等效电源"培养科学探究能力,运用修正实验培养科学态度与责任.     

以广义相对论为例谈实验检验的总体方案设计

以广义相对论为例，论述了如何根据物理理论的逻辑体系设计实验，以检验理论的正确性，对于广义相对论，检验实验应包括对等效原理的检验实验，对牛顿极限的检验实验，以及对广义相对论推论的检验实验。     

爱因斯坦与广义相对论的诞生——纪念广义相对论发表100周年

介绍了爱因斯坦建立广义相对论的伟大贡献.他最先发现了等效原理,最先指出万有引力本质上是时空弯曲的几何效应.爱因斯坦也是最先给出广义相对论基本方程——场方程的人.他提出的检验广义相对论的3个重要实验已被观测所证实.爱因斯坦是广义相对论的唯一创建者.     

大学物理实验常见故障排除方法

结合大学物理实验教学实践,在分析大学物理实验常见故障成因的基础上,提出大学物理实验故障的排除方法有:直观观察法、原理分析法、操作自检法、参数观测法、等效替换法。     

On the equivalence principle in quantum theory

The role of the equivalence principle in the context of non-relativistic quantum mechanics and matter wave interferometry, especially atom beam interferometry, will be discussed. A generalised form of the weak equivalence principle which is capable of covering quantum phenomena too, will be proposed. It is shown that this generalised equivalence principle is valid for matter wave interferometry and for the dynamics of expectation values. In addition, the use of this equivalence principle makes it possible to determine the structure of the interaction of quantum systems with gravitational and inertial fields. It is also shown that the path of the mean value of the position operator in the case of gravitational interaction does fulfill this generalised equivalence principle.     

The equivalence principle

The experimental basis of the equivalence principle is reviewed, and the implications for the gravitational interactions of elementary particles are studied within a special relativistic framework. The gravitational red shift is treated in detail and is used to show that antiparticles also obey the equivalence principle. The profound consequences of a violation of the equivalence principle are discussed.     

Deterrents to a Theory of Quantum Gravity

As shown previously, quantum mechanics directly violates the weak equivalence principle in general, and thus indirectly violates the strong equivalence principle in all dimensions. The present paper shows that quantum mechanics also directly violates the strong equivalence principle unless it is arbitrarily abetted in hindsight. Vital domains are shown to exist in which quantum gravity would be non-applicable. There are classical subtleties in which the strong equivalence principle appears to be violated, but is not. Neutron free fall interference experiments in a gravitational field are examined, as is Galileo's falling body assertion and the misconception it leads to.     

Equivalence principles exotica

This is a short review of the different principles of equivalence stated and used in the context of the gravitational interaction. We emphasize the need for precision in stating and differentiating these different equivalence principles, especially in the context of prevalent confusion regarding the applicability of the weak equivalence principle in quantum mechanics. We discuss several empirical results pertaining to the validity of the equivalence principle in exotic physical sitautions not directly amenable to experimental tests. We conclude with a section on the physical basis of the universal validity of the equivalence principle, as manifest in the universality of free fall, and discuss its link to cosmic gravity.      

A test of the principle of equivalence for the second generation

It is pointed out that the principle of equivalence has never been tested with matter of the second and third generation of fermions. A test of the principle of equivalence with muons is proposed.     

Quantum equivalence principle without mass superselection

The standard argument for the validity of Einstein?s equivalence principle in a non-relativistic quantum context involves the application of a mass superselection rule. The objective of this work is to show that, contrary to widespread opinion, the compatibility between the equivalence principle and quantum mechanics does not depend on the introduction of such a restriction. For this purpose, we develop a formalism based on the extended Galileo group, which allows for a consistent handling of superpositions of different masses, and show that, within such scheme, mass superpositions behave as they should in order to obey the equivalence principle.     

The Principle of Equivalence and the Twin Paradox

No Heading The canonical twin paradox is explained by making a correct use of the principle of equivalence. The role of the principle of equivalence is to provide a physical agent i.e gravity which can supply the required extra aging to the rocket-bound sibling during its acceleration phase through a gravitational time-offset effect. We follow an approach where a novel variation on the twin paradox is used to connect gravity with the desynchronization in the clocks of two spatially distant, identically accelerated observers. It is shown that this approach removes certain drawbacks of an earlier effort which claims to exploit the equivalence principle in explaining the differential aging in the paradox. * Author to whom all correspondences should be made.     

Remarks on interpretations of the Eotvos experiment and misinterpretation of E=mc^2

The Eotvos experiment on the verification of equivalence between inertial mass and gravitational mass of a body is famous for its accuracy. A question is, however, can these experimental results be applied to the case of a physical space in general relativity, where the space coordinates could be arbitrary？ It is pointed out that it can be validly applied because it has been proven that Einstein＇s equivalence principle for a physical space must have a frame of reference with the Euclidean-like structure. Will claimed further that such an overall accuracy can be translated into an accuracy of the equivalence between inertial mass and each type of energy. It is shown that, according to general relativity, such a claim is incorrect. The root of this problem is due to an inadequate understanding of special relativity that produced the famous equation E=mc^2, which must be understood in terms of energy conservation. Concurrently, it is pointed out that this error is a problem in Will＇s book, ‘Theory and Experiment in Gravitational Physics＇.     

Apparent violation of the principle of equivalence and killing horizons

By means of the principle of equivalence we deduce the qualitative behavior of the Schwarzschild horizon about a uniformly accelerating particle. This result is confirmed for an exact solution of a uniformly accelerating object in the limit of small accelerations. For large accelerations the Schwarzschild horizon appears to violate the qualitative behavior established via the principle of equivalence. When similar arguments are extended to an observable such as the red shift between two observers, there is no departure from the results expected from the principle of equivalence. The resolution of the paradox is brought about by a compensating effect due to the Rindler horizon.Work supported in part by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under Grant No. NSG-7639.