Kr-PLIF for scalar imaging in supersonic flows

Experiments were performed to explore the use of two-photon planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) of krypton gas for applications of scalar imaging in supersonic flows. Experiments were performed in an underexpanded jet of krypton, which exhibited a wide range of conditions, from subsonic to hypersonic. Excellent signal-to-noise ratios were obtained, showing the technique is suitable for single-shot imaging. The data were used to infer the distribution of gas density and temperature by correcting the fluorescence signal for quenching effects and using isentropic relations. The centerline variation of the density and temperature from the experiments agree very well with those predicted with an empirical correlation and a CFD simulation (FLUENT). Overall, the high signal levels and quantifiable measurements indicate that Kr-PLIF could be an effective scalar marker for use in supersonic and hypersonic flow applications.     

哑铃型富勒烯化合物的光诱导电子转移反应

DTE-甲亚胺叶立德盐(DTE:二噻吩乙烯基)与C60在甲苯中的1,3-偶极环加成反应被用于合成新型的哑铃型富勒烯化合物1．为了与1作比较,还同时合成了单加成物2.并通过HF-3/21G方法计算确定了这两种化合物分子的几何结构,同时在室温下测定了化合物在不同极性溶剂中的紫外-可见光谱和荧光光谱,证明了化合物内给体和受体间光诱导分子内电子转移过程的存在．     

Correction of LIF temperature measurements for laser absorption and fluorescence trapping in a flame

A computational method is described in order to correct OH LIF temperature measurements for absorption of laser energy and trapping of fluorescence. Calculations are performed in a large range of flame conditions and can be used as a correction data base both in case of (0-0) and (1?0) excitations. Comparison of corrected temperatures profiles obtained in a 40 Torr methanol/air flame, for both kinds of Laser-Induced Fluorescence (LIF) excitations shows a very good agreement. This method is applied to measure the temperature profile of a methanol flame perturbed by a sampling probe. The LIF collection volume is located at the actual probe sampled volume using an experimental procedure already described. Spatial resolution and sensitivity of temperature measurements are sufficiently efficient to highlight, for the first time by LIF, an indubitable cooling effect due to the probe presence that induces important OH profile change. According to flame chemical modelling, it is shown that both effects are strongly correlated.     

Effect of annealing temperature on K-shell X-ray fluorescence parameters of zinc oxide thin films prepared by the sol-gel method

Zinc oxide thin films were grown on a glass substrate by a sol-gel process using a spin-coating technique. The obtained thin films were annealed between 350?°C and 550?°C in 50?°C steps and were then characterized using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray fluorescence techniques. The samples were stimulated by 59.5?keV gamma rays emitted from an Americium-241 annular radioisotope source. K X-rays emitted by samples were counted using an ultra-low energy germanium detector with a resolution of 150?eV at 5.96?keV. It was found that there was generally a decrease in both the Kβ/Kα X-ray intensity ratios and the K X-ray fluorescence cross sections for zinc oxide between 350?°C and 500?°C, but not at 550?°C. In addition, the X-ray diffraction patterns of the films showed that the transition phase from an amorphous to a polycrystalline hexagonal wurtzite structure was complete at an annealing temperature of 500?°C. The results show that variations in these parameters can be explained by the reorganization of atoms and the charge transfer process due to the effect of the annealing temperature on the elements forming the compounds.     

The multi‐purpose hard X‐ray beamline BL10 at the DELTA storage ring

The layout and the characteristics of the hard X‐ray beamline BL10 at the superconducting asymmetric wiggler at the 1.5 GeV Dortmund Electron Accelerator DELTA are described. This beamline is equipped with a Si(111) channel‐cut monochromator and is dedicated to X‐ray studies in the spectral range from ～4 keV to ～16 keV photon energy. There are two different endstations available. While X‐ray absorption studies in different detection modes (transmission, fluorescence, reflectivity) can be performed on a designated table, a six‐axis kappa diffractometer is installed for X‐ray scattering and reflectivity experiments. Different detector set‐ups are integrated into the beamline control software, i.e. gas‐filled ionization chambers, different photodiodes, as well as a Pilatus 2D‐detector are permanently available. The performance of the beamline is illustrated by high‐quality X‐ray absorption spectra from several reference compounds. First applications include temperature‐dependent EXAFS experiments from liquid‐nitrogen temperature in a bath cryostat up to ～660 K by using a dedicated furnace. Besides transmission measurements, fluorescence detection for dilute sample systems as well as surface‐sensitive reflection‐mode experiments are presented.     

MCNP Dose Calculations in a CT Phantom for Therapeutic External Photon Beam

In this paper, we have addressed the problem of the radiation transport with the Monte Carlo N particle(MCNP) code. This is a general purpose Monte Carlo tool designed to transport neutron, photon and electron in three dimensional geometries. To examine the performance of MCNP5 code in the field of external radiotherapy, we performed the modeling of an Electron Density phantom (EDP) irradiated by photons from 60Co source. The model was used to calculate the Percent Depth Dose (PDD) at different depths in an EDP. One field size for PDD has been examined. A 60Co photons source placed at 80 cm source to surface distance (SSD). The results of calculations were compared to TPS data obtained at National Institute of Oncology of Rabat.     

Pressure effects on EXAFS Debye-Waller factor and melting curve of solid krypton

The pressure effects on atomic mean-square displacement, extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) Debye-Waller factor and melting temperature of solid krypton have been investigated in within the statistical moment method scheme in quantum statistical mechanics. By assuming the interaction between atoms can be described by Buckingham potential, we performed the numerical calculations for krypton up to pressure 120?GPa. Our calculations show that the atomic mean-square displacement and EXAFS Debye-Waller factor of krypton crystal depend strongly on pressure. They make the robust reduction of the EXAFS peak height. Our results are in good and reasonable agreements with available experimental data. This approach gives us a relatively simple method for qualitatively calculating high-pressure thermo-physical properties of materials. Moreover, it can be used to verify future high-pressure experimental and theoretical works.     

Sublimation du krypton à basse température

The sublimation of krypton at low temperature (25 ? T ? 50 K) is studied by means of high sentivity vibrating quartz microbalances. One of them supports, on its upper electrode, a condensed krypton crystal and allows the number of sublimated atoms per second to be measured, the temperature varying by steps. The evolution of the sublimation lobes versus temperature is determined by three others, situated in the same plane and respectively at 4°, 30° and 60° to the normal to the krypton crystal surface. The experimental results show the effects of radiation energy, partial pressure and thickness of krypton solid, on the krypton sublimation parameters. From the experimental results of the sublimation rate, the vapor pressure versus temperature and energy of activation of krypton sublimation are calculated and compared to results obtained by other authors. On the other hand for T < 42 K, the deviation of the sublimation lobe from Lambert's law increases as the temperature is lowered, i.e. for a lobe represented by cosⁿθ, n increases as T decreases.     

Surface diffusion of tungsten adatoms induced by low-energy bombardment with He atoms

Using low-temperature field ion microscope techniques, we studied at the atomic level the elementary events of radiation-induced surface diffusion of tungsten adatoms on the ideally pristine surface. The experiments on surface-damage formation and adatom displacements have been performed in situ with a source of neutral helium atoms with an energy of 5?keV. It was demonstrated that the low-energy He atomic bombardment at grazing incidence was able to induce a substantial surface mobility of adatoms. Most of the radiation-induced adatom displacements were oriented along the direction of irradiation. The long impact-induced jumps of adatoms, spanning more than a nearest-neighbor distance, were revealed. Performed molecular dynamics simulations reproduce the general experimental trends and conclusions.     

Diode laser atomic fluorescence temperature measurements in low-pressure flames

Temperature measurements have been performed in a low-pressure flame by the technique of diode laser induced atomic fluorescence. The experiments were done in a near-stoichiometric flat-flame of premixed methane, oxygen and nitrogen, at a pressure of 5.3 kPa. Indium atoms were seeded to the flame and probed using blue diode lasers; the lineshapes of the resulting fluorescence spectra were used to determine the flame temperature at a range of heights above the burner plate. The particular issues associated with the implementation of this measurement approach at low pressure are discussed, and it is shown to work especially well under these conditions. The atomic fluorescence lineshape thermometry technique is quicker to perform and requires less elaborate equipment than other methods that have previously been implemented in low-pressure flames, including OH-LIF and NO-LIF. There was sufficient indium present to perform measurements at all locations in the flame, including in the pre-heat zone close to the burner plate. Two sets of temperature measurements have been independently performed by using two different diode lasers to probe two separate transitions in atomic indium. The good agreement between the two sets of data provides a validation of the technique. By comparing thermocouple profiles recorded with and without seeding of the flame, we demonstrate that any influence of seeding on the flame temperature is negligible. The overall uncertainty of the measurements reported here is estimated to be ±2.5% in the burnt gas region.     

Laser diagnostics of NO reburning in fuel-rich propene flames

Absolute NO concentrations were measured by laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) in three different fuel-rich non-sooting propene flames (φ=1.5, 1.8 and 2.3). The experiments were performed in low-pressure premixed propene flames with 0.2%-1% NO added. Laser diagnostics was applied as a tool for investigating reburn chemistry. The Q₂(25.5) line in the A-X(0,0) band was excited because of the small temperature dependence of its ground state population. The NO fluorescence lifetimes were measured directly and compared to theoretical values. The initial NO levels are strongly reduced in all three flames. According to modeling results, the HCN mole fraction increases strongly with stoichiometry. As guidelines for laser diagnostics applications in such systems, the modeling results were analyzed with respect to the main reaction channels and reaction partners in fuel-rich flames. Received: 1 March 2000 / Revised version: 20 April 2000 / Published online: 20 September 2000     

Luminescence-Based Optical Fiber Chemical Sensors

A scheme for the simultaneous determination of temperature and analyte concentration for application in luminescence-based chemical sensors is proposed. This scheme is applied to an optical oxygen sensor, which is based on the quenching of the fluorescence of a ruthenium complex. Temperature measurement is performed using the excitation radiation and an absorption long-pass filter. Preliminary results are presented that show the viability of an oxygen measurement that is independent of temperature and optical power level. The possibility of self-referenced temperature measurements with semiconductor nanoparticles is also investigated. In order to optimize the sensor design, several different optical fiber probe geometries for oxygen sensing are tested and compared, including different methods of coupling radiation into the optical fiber system. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyacrylamide membranes are tested as supports for sensor immobilization in fiber-optical pH sensing devices in aqueous solution. Some results are presented that show the feasibility of using fiber-optical pH indicators for remote monitoring.     

Luminescence-Based Optical Fiber Chemical Sensors

Abstract

A scheme for the simultaneous determination of temperature and analyte concentration for application in luminescence-based chemical sensors is proposed. This scheme is applied to an optical oxygen sensor, which is based on the quenching of the fluorescence of a ruthenium complex. Temperature measurement is performed using the excitation radiation and an absorption long-pass filter. Preliminary results are presented that show the viability of an oxygen measurement that is independent of temperature and optical power level. The possibility of self-referenced temperature measurements with semiconductor nanoparticles is also investigated. In order to optimize the sensor design, several different optical fiber probe geometries for oxygen sensing are tested and compared, including different methods of coupling radiation into the optical fiber system. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyacrylamide membranes are tested as supports for sensor immobilization in fiber-optical pH sensing devices in aqueous solution. Some results are presented that show the feasibility of using fiber-optical pH indicators for remote monitoring.     

Extended defect removal in silicon by rapid thermal annealing

Summary Germanium, arsenic and krypton ions of 600 keV energy were implanted in <100> silicon substrate at 250°C. The hot implantation results in the formation of extended defects (dislocation loops and cluster of point defects) as residual damage. Rapid thermal annealing process at a temperature above 1000°C was used to remove the damage. Rutherford-backscattering channelling technique was used to measure the amount of defects and their annealing. In some cases the channelling results were correlated to transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis. The annealing process of the damage is governed by an activation energy of (4.4±0.2) eV for both germanium and arsenic implants. During RTA processes broadening of the As and Ge distributions is quite negligible. The Kr atoms interact instead with defects and the annealing even after a prolonged time at 1100°C is not complete, bubbles surrounded by extended defects are left The authors of this paper have agreed to not receive the proofs for correction.     

Studying of the critical exponents around the glass transition in bulk polymerization of ethyl methacrylate by using fluorescence techniques

The glass transition during bulk polymerization was studied in free-radical crosslinking copolymerization (FCC) of ethyl methacrylate (EMA), using both the steady-state fluorescence (SSF) and the fast transient fluorescence (FTRF) techniques. Pyrene (Py) was used as a fluorescence probe. Changes in the viscosity of the pregel solutions due to gel formation dramatically enhance the fluorescent yield of Py molecules. The reaction time at which the Py intensity and lifetime exhibit a sudden increase corresponds to the reaction time at which the rate of polymerization becomes maximum resulting from the gel effect. This effect is used to study the gelation of EMA, as a function of time, at various crosslinker concentrations and different temperatures. The results were interpreted in the view of percolation theory. The gel fraction, β and weight average degree of polymerization, γ exponents β?=?0.37?±?0.01, γ?=?1.71?±?0.04 and β?=?0.36?±?0.002, γ?=?1.687?±?0.01 are found in agreement with percolation results for SSF and FTRF measurements, respectively.     

Diffractive–refractive optics: low‐aberration Bragg‐case focusing by precise parabolic surfaces

Based on analytical formulae calculations and ray‐tracing simulations a low‐aberration focal spot with a high demagnification ratio was predicted for a diffractive–refractive crystal optics device with parabolic surfaces. Two Si(111) crystals with two precise parabolic‐shaped grooves have been prepared and arranged in a dispersive position (+,?,?,+) with high asymmetry. Experimental testing of the device at beamline BM05 at the ESRF provided a focal spot size of 38.25 µm at a focal distance of 1.4 m for 7.31 keV. This is the first experiment with a parabolic‐shaped groove; all previous experiments were performed with circular grooves which introduced extreme aberration broadening of the focal spot. The calculated and simulated focal size was 10.8 µm at a distance of 1.1 m at 7.31 keV. It is assumed that the difference between the measured and calculated/simulated focal spot size and focal distance is due to insufficient surface quality and to alignment imperfection.     

Sexafs study of the natural oxide on iron surface detected by total photoelectron yield

We have applied the total photoelectron yield method on ferritic-iron surface to measure the EXAFS of the natural oxide layer at the Frascati Synchrotron Radiation facility (PULS). We have found that the oxide contribution to the spectrum is relevant at low values of photoelectron wavevector k. The FeO distance d = 2.04 A has been determined.The effective sampling depth of the total yield mode at ? 7 keV has been found. The energy dependence of the sampling depth of total yield in the X-ray range from 1.5 to 9 keV is found to increase with photoenergy.     

Measurement of the radiative cooling rates for high-ionization species of krypton using an electron beam ion trap

We describe a measurement of the radiative cooling rate for krypton made at the Berlin electron beam ion trap (EBIT). The EBIT was tuned to a charge-state distribution approaching the ionization balance of a plasma at a temperature of about 5 keV. To determine the cooling rate, we made use of EBIT's capabilities to sample a wide range of electron-beam energies and distinguish between different radiation channels. We have measured the x-ray emission from bremsstrahlung, radiative recombination, dielectronic recombination, and line radiation following electron-impact excitation. The dominant contribution to the cooling rate is made by the n=3-2, n=4-2, ellipsis x rays of the L-shell spectra of krypton, which produce more than 75% of the total radiation loss. A difference with theoretical calculations is noted for the measured total cooling rate. The predicted values are lower by a factor of 1.5-2, depending on the theoretical model. For our measurement of the cooling rate, we estimate an uncertainty interval of 22-30 %.     

南漪湖叶绿素a浓度荧光反演算法研究

叶绿素a（Chlorophyll-a, Chl-a）浓度是监测浮游植物和水质状况的代表性指标，对湖泊富营养化评价具有重要意义。为了探求南漪湖多时相的Chl-a浓度高光谱特征及反演方法，选取2020年—2021年间南漪湖8次走航式水体实验同步采集的98组高光谱数据和Chl-a浓度数据，分析不同Chl-a浓度条件下南漪湖实测光谱的变化特征，同时考虑水质组分变化和采样时间变化对光谱的影响，提取能反映Chl-a浓度信息的特征波段。然后引入峰谷距离法、荧光基线高度法、峰面积法和基于峰面积法改进的谷上峰面积法共同反演南漪湖Chl-a浓度，并利用5折交叉验证法比较不同反演算法的优劣。研究结果表明：（1）随着Chl-a浓度的增大，荧光峰位置向红外方向移动，Chl-a吸收谷和荧光峰分别有加深和升高的趋势，峰谷差异更加明显，荧光峰附近谱段能够有效反映Chl-a浓度变化；（2）利用5折交叉验证法将样本分为5组，依次作为验证集进行建模，对于不同组别的验证集各方法的RMSE和 MAPE极差平均值分别为0.437 5 μg·L-1和28.27%，可见样本建模集与验证集的选取会显著影响精度评价结果，5折交叉验证的方法可以减小上述误差，在样本范围内最大程度地比较出各方法的优劣；（3）结合Chl-a浓度吸收谷极小值处水平切线提出的谷上峰面积法取得了最优的反演结果，其验证精度分别为R2=0.756 7，RMSE=1.653 1 μg·L-1，MAPE=40.77%，相较于峰谷距离法、荧光基线高度法和峰面积法精度均有提升，为叶绿素a浓度荧光反演提供了新的思路。     

18～88 keV Ross滤片谱仪的设计和应用

以带通平响应为优化目标,通过残余响应、带外残余响应相对误差以及残余响应平整度3个参数来优化滤片的厚度,设计了一套共有7个能量通道、连续覆盖18~88keV能谱范围的Ross滤片谱仪。该谱仪能量通道宽度在2~20keV之间。多数能量通道的带外残余响应相对误差低于10%,残余响应平整度优于20%。将该谱仪应用于微聚焦X光机上的高Z金属球壳高能X射线背光照相实验,结果表明:在不同的实验条件下,Ross滤片谱仪测得的能谱形状与理论模型给出的结果符合较好,测得的能谱不仅能够很好地解释背光照相图像,而且可用于根据图像反推客体的面密度。