A numerical study of auto-ignition in turbulent lifted flames issuing into a vitiated co-flow

This paper presents a numerical study of auto-ignition in simple jets of a hydrogen–nitrogen mixture issuing into a vitiated co-flowing stream. The stabilization region of these flames is complex and, depending on the flow conditions, may undergo a transition from auto-ignition to premixed flame propagation. The objective of this paper is to develop numerical indicators for identifying such behavior, first in well-known simple test cases and then in the lifted turbulent flames. The calculations employ a composition probability density function (PDF) approach coupled to the commercial CFD code, FLUENT. The in-situ-adaptive tabulation (ISAT) method is used to implement detailed chemical kinetics. A simple k–ε turbulence model is used for turbulence along with a low Reynolds number model close to the solid walls of the fuel pipe.

The first indicator is based on an analysis of the species transport with respect to the budget of convection, diffusion and chemical reaction terms. This is a powerful tool for investigating aspects of turbulent combustion that would otherwise be prohibitive or impossible to examine experimentally. Reaction balanced by convection with minimal axial diffusion is taken as an indicator of auto-ignition while a diffusive–reactive balance, preceded by a convective–diffusive balanced pre-heat zone, is representative of a premixed flame. The second indicator is the relative location of the onset of creation of certain radical species such as HO₂ ahead of the flame zone. The buildup of HO₂ prior to the creation of H, O and OH is taken as another indicator of autoignition.

The paper first confirms the relevance of these indicators with respect to two simple test cases representing clear auto-ignition and premixed flame propagation. Three turbulent lifted flames are then investigated and the presence of auto-ignition is identified. These numerical tools are essential in providing valuable insights into the stabilization behaviour of these flames, and the demarcation between processes of auto-ignition and premixed flame propagation.     

Experimental investigation of the auto-ignition of a transient propane Jet-in-Hot-Coflow

Auto-ignition is a complex process which is extremely sensitive to boundary conditions such as local temperature, mixture or strain rate and occurs on very short time-scales. Therefore, measurement techniques with high spatio-temporal resolution have to be applied to test cases with well-defined boundary conditions in order to generate high-quality validation data for numerical simulations. In the current paper, the auto-ignition of a transient propane jet-in-hot coflow was studied with high-speed OH* chemiluminescence imaging and high-speed Rayleigh scattering for the simultaneous determination of mixture fraction, mixture temperature and scalar dissipation rate immediately prior to the onset of auto-ignition. A variation of the coflow temperature showed a pronounced temperature dependence of the auto-ignition location and time, and the temperature sensitivity was higher than for a comparable methane test case from the literature. This is explained by the lower sensitivity of propane ignition delay times to the local strain rate in comparison to methane. The Rayleigh measurements however showed that the formation mechanism of auto-ignition kernels is similar for propane and methane. Ignition kernels were found to form upstream of bulges of the inflowing jet at locations with locally low scalar dissipation rate.     

Large-eddy simulations of transcritical injection and auto-ignition using diffuse-interface method and finite-rate chemistry

The need for improved engine efficiencies has motivated the development of high-pressure combustion systems, in which operating conditions achieve and exceed critical conditions. Associated with these conditions are strong variations in thermo-transport properties as the fluid undergoes mixing and phase transition, and two-stage ignition with low-temperature combustion. Accurately simulating these physical phenomena at real-fluid environments remains a challenge. This study examines a diffuse-interface method for simulating the injection and ignition of n-dodecane at transcritical conditions. To this end, a compressible solver with a real-fluid state equation and finite-rate chemistry is employed. Simulations of an ECN-relevant diesel-fuel injector are performed for both inert and reacting conditions. For the spray ignition, four specific operating points (corresponding to ambient temperatures between 900 K and 1200 K) are investigated to examine effects of the real-fluid environment and low-temperature chemistry. Comparisons with available experimental data demonstrate that the presented numerical method adequately captures the diesel fuel injection and auto-ignition processes under transcritical conditions.     

激光诱导空气等离子体光谱时间演化特性的研究

利用能量为150mJ和500mJ的激光击穿空气获得空气等离子体,依据光谱信息,计算得到等离子体电子温度,密度,并探讨了其时间的演化特性,证实：在此过程中,复合相比电离居于主导地位。同时,结果表明：随着延迟时间的增加,谱线强度在300 ns内迅速减小,之后缓慢减小;电子密度和谱线强度的变化规律基本一致;电子温度的衰减近似呈现指数拟合线型,并且激光能量越高,电子温度的衰减越慢。     

激光诱导空气等离子体光谱时间演化特性的研究

利用能量为150mJ和500mJ的激光击穿空气获得空气等离子体,依据光谱信息,计算得到等离子体电子温度,密度,并探讨了其时间演化特性,证实了在此过程中,复合相比电离居于主导地位.同时,结果表明:随着延迟时间的增加,谱线强度在300ns内迅速减小,之后缓慢减小;电子密度和谱线强度的变化规律基本一致;电子温度的衰减近似呈现指数拟合线型,并且激光能量越高,电子温度的衰减越慢.     

Theoretically study on measurement of velocity distribution by means of laser induced fluorescence

Based on two-level atomic density matrix movement equation and emitting operator, the physical model is established for laser induced moving atomic resonant fluores cence. Theoretically study showsthat the measurement of atomic velocity distribution by means of laser induced fluorescence is only valid when the physical factors, such as atomic natural line width, laser power, laser line width, is suitably selected.     

A method for visualizing the mixing zone between two co-axial flows in an ejector

This paper describes an optical method which allows the accurate visualization of the mixing zone between two high-speed flows inside an ejector. This method associates Rayleigh scattering, laser induced fluorescence and image processing.     

激光诱导击穿空气等离子体时间分辨特性的光谱研究

空气等离子体的时间行为对空气环境下激光诱导等离子体形成过程的研究有重要意义.本文将纳秒Nd:YAG脉冲激光(1064 nm)聚焦于一个大气压的空气中,诱导其产生等离子体.利用具有纳秒时间分辨功能的PI-MAX-II型ICCD,采用时间分辨光谱方法,研究了大气环境下激光诱导等离子体的时间行为.大气环境下的激光诱导等离子体光谱广泛分布于300—900 nm范围内,并且是由带状光谱和线状光谱叠加而成的.根据美国国家标准与技术研究院原子发射谱线数据库,对等离子体光谱中的氧、氮、氢等元素的特征谱线进行了识别和归属.给出了激光诱导击穿大气等离子体光谱随时间演化的直观图像,根据空气等离子体发射谱线计算了等离子体电子温度和等离子体电子密度.这些结果对于提高在大气环境下进行的在线测量结果的准确性和精确性具有重要的科学意义.     

Flame/flow dynamics at the piston surface of an IC engine measured by high-speed PLIF and PTV

Resolving fluid transport at engine surfaces is required to predict transient heat loss, which is becoming increasingly important for the development of high-efficiency internal combustion engines (ICE). The limited number of available investigations have focused on non-reacting flows near engine surfaces, while this work focuses on the near-wall flow-field dynamics in response to a propagating flame front. Flow-field and flame distributions were measured simultaneously at kHz repetition rates using particle tracking velocimetry (PTV) and planar laser induced fluorescence (PLIF) of sulfur dioxide (SO₂). Measurements were performed near the piston surface of an optically accessible engine operating at 800?rpm with homogeneous, stoichiometric isooctane-air mixtures. High-speed measurements reveal a strong interdependency between near-wall flow and flame development which also influences subsequent combustion. A conditional analysis is performed to analyze flame/flow dynamics at the piston surface for cycles with ‘weak’ and ‘strong’ flow velocities parallel to the surface. Faster flame propagation associated with higher velocities before ignition demonstrates a stronger flow acceleration ahead of the flame. Flow acceleration associated with an advancing flame front is a transient feature that strongly influences boundary layer development. The distance from the wall to 75% maximum velocity (δ₇₅) is analyzed to compare boundary layer development between fired and motored datasets. Decreases in δ₇₅ are strongly related to flow acceleration produced by an approaching flame front. Measurements reveal strong deviations of the boundary layer flow between fired and motored datasets, emphasizing the need to consider transient flow behavior when modeling boundary layer physics for reacting flows.     

激光诱导荧光光谱探测系统用于癌症诊断

本文介绍了一种激光诱导荧光光谱探测系统。以３５５ｎｍ固体ＹＡＧ激光作为激光光源，ＯＭＡ光学多通道分析仪为荧光收集系统，通过在多个人体肺癌和食道癌样品上的应用，成功地测得了多种组织的荧光光谱。本文也初步探讨了一些与此相关的技术问题。     

Oscillations and chaos on the free surface of a heated fluid

Summary We report the observation of oscillatory and chaotic instabilities on a fluid layer with a free surface, heated from below. The system is driven in a bidimensional state by a spatial modulation of the heat flux on the free surface. For increasing temperature gradients the system yields oscillations periodic in time, initially at a frequency of 8 mHz, then with a second frequency lower by a ratio 30 and eventually with an aperiodic behaviour corresponding to the onset of turbulent regime. The oscillatory regions are localized in space.

---

Riassunto Si riportano le prove sperimentali di oscillazioni periodiche, e successivamente di aperiodicità (turbolenza) in uno strato di fluido scaldato dal di sotto, e con la superficie libera (effetto Marangoni). Mediante fresatura di canali sulla parte inferiore del coperchio della cella, si forza una modulazione spaziale di flusso termico che vincola i moti a due dimensioni. All'aumentare del gradiente di temperatura, si hanno inizialmente oscillazioni periodiche a 8 mHz, successivamente compare una seconda frequenza, piú bassa di un fattore 30, infine si ha un comportamento aperiodico che segna la nascita del regime turbolento. Le oscillazioni non interessano tutta la superficie del fluido, ma sono localizzate nello spazio.

---

Резюме Рассматриваются осцилляторные и хаотические неустойчивости на свободной поверхности слоя жидкости, нагреваемого снизу. Рассматриваемая система находится в двумерном состоянии за счет пространственной модуляции потока тепла на свободную поверхность. При увеличении градиентов температур в системе возникают осцилляции, периодические во времени, первоначально с частотой 8 мГц, а затем со второй частотой, которая меньше первой в 30 раз, и в итоге возникает апериодическое поведение, соответствующее началу турбулентного режима. Области осцилляций локализованы в пространстве.

     

人体肿瘤组织的光谱识别

本文对人体胃肿瘤组织和正常组织的激光诱导荧光光谱进行了研究。结果表明：对于肿瘤组织，其光谱的强度和形状都不同于正常组织，对肿瘤组织区分的符合率为８９％，对正常组织区分的符合率为９１％。另外，还对病人的胃肿瘤组织进行了光谱实时测定。     

激光诱导荧光水体污染遥测数据定量分析方法

在紫外光的激发下,污染水体中的溶解有机物(DOM)会产生特定的荧光光谱,因此利用激光诱导荧光(LIF)可对水体中的溶解有机物的含量进行定量分析,从而可估计出水体富营养化的程度。提出了一种用于对水质遥测数据进行定量分析的方法,这是一种基于遗传算法(GA)的光谱分离算法。首先确定拉曼散射信号和溶解有机物的荧光在404nm波段的信号强度,然后再利用拉曼散射信号对DOM荧光光谱进行归一化处理。根据浓度校准曲线可得到水体中的溶解有机物的浓度。     

机油类产品激光诱导荧光时间特性的研究

介绍了一种由三倍频Nd∶YAG激光器、单色仪、光电倍增管以及信号采集处理系统构成的激光荧光谱寿命测量系统及其测量原理和方法,讨论了如何去除激发光脉冲宽度和探测系统响应速度对测量结果的影响,并实际测量了一种应用广泛的燕山机油的荧光谱寿命.本系统具有简便、快捷、准确以及成本低等优点,适合用于未来实用化机载水面监测激光荧光雷达遥感系统中 关键词： 激光诱导荧光 荧光寿命 Nd∶YAG激光器 光电倍增管     

High spatial and temporal resolution using upconversion nanoparticles and femtosecond pulsed laser in single particle tracking

Recent advanced biophysical techniques allow us to monitor the cellular dynamics of biologically important molecules in real time. Bright, stable fluorophores are needed to accomplish this: photoblinking and photobleaching occurring in organic fluorophores and qdots make them an ill-suited option. In this study, we employed upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) since they exhibit no photobleaching or photoblinking. Another advantage of using UCNPs is that these particles absorb IR light (980 nm) and emit visible light (560 nm and 640 nm), which sig-nificantly eliminates background noise caused by autofluorescence. Moreover, excitation of UCNPs can occur using a CW-laser because they can be excited by wide-field illumination rather than requiring confocal illumination. Although a CW-laser would have been capable of exciting UCNPs, we were able to maximize the photon density and resulting number of photons emitted from UCNPs by employing a femto-second laser. Using a femto-second laser, we achieved 2.4 nm single-molecule localization accuracy with an exposure time of 2 ms. The UCNP particles and femto-second laser allowed us to stably monitor the molecular motors, kinesin and dynein, in cells.     

平面激光诱导荧光技术在交错电极介质阻挡放电等离子体研究中的初步应用

利用平面激光诱导荧光技术对交错电极介质阻挡放电过程中产生的痕量组分NO进行了检测. 通过数值模拟对实验结果进行了分析说明,并对介质阻挡放电等离子体流动控制原理进行了简要分析. 此外还通过平面激光诱导荧光技术对等离子体诱导流动进行了直观显示. 关键词： 平面激光诱导荧光 等离子体 介质阻挡放电     

基于径向基函数网络的激光诱导荧光特征光谱分离算法

应用激光诱导荧光技术测量水中溶解有机物(DOM)含量，具有灵敏度高、检测速度快、可遥测等优点，其中特征荧光光谱的分离在系统中占有十分重要的地位.在分析激光诱导荧光光谱特征的基础上，提出了采用径向基函数网络(RBFN)分析荧光光谱数据的数学模型，应用这种模型从荧光光谱中恢复出了激光、拉曼和DOM的荧光等光谱分量成分，从而得到了水中DOM的浓度. 关键词： 径向基函数网络 激光诱导荧光 溶解有机物     

Study of the electric field and wall voltage in a high pressure ac-PDP cell by laser induced fluorescence spectroscopy

The electric field in a surface discharge type ac-PDP cell with He or He/Xe(0.1%) mixture has been measured over a wide range of pressure (5－50 kPa) using laser induced fluorescence detection. The wall voltage was estimated from the measured electric field. The Stark manifolds of triplet atomic helium Rydberg state (2s^3S) with principal quantum numbers (n=8 and 9) have been used to measure the electric field, as the lifetime of 2s^3S is longer than the single atomic helium Rydberg state (2s^1S) in high pressure discharge. Comparison of the Stark manifolds between the n=9 and n=8 shows that the measurement accuracy of electric field can be increased by 10%. The maximum electric field strength during discharge and the wall voltage at the end of pulse decreases with the increase of pressure. The comparison of He and He/Xe(0.1%) discharge at 13 kPa showed that He/Xe gas mixture discharge can accumulate more wall charge on MgO surface and the electric field was somewhat higher than those of pure helium discharge during pulse off period under the same discharge conditions.     

激光诱导荧光遥感系统的设计

分别设计了地面车载 (或海面 )和空中机载激光诱导荧光雷达成像遥感系统。提出了用拼合式卡塞格仑(Cassegrainnian)望远镜结构实现多色荧光成像系统。所设计的系统可以同时获取荧光光谱信息、荧光信息成像和与荧光信息相匹配的地理信息。所设计的系统与以住的激光荧光遥感系统相比 ,增加了荧光成像功能。机载设计方案是一个适应RS、GPS、GIS一体化和“数字地球”发展要求的激光遥感空间信息集成的设计 ,具有一定的先进性。