固相萃取-液相色谱-质谱/质谱法同时测定蜂蜜中的多类药物残留

建立了采用固相萃取-液相色谱-质谱/质谱(SPE-LC-MS/MS)对蜂蜜中磺胺类、硝基咪唑类、喹诺酮类、大环内酯类、林可酰胺类和吡喹酮共计6大类54种药物残留同时测定的方法。蜂蜜经磷酸盐缓冲溶液(pH 8)稀释,Oasis HLB固相萃取柱净化后,通过液相色谱-质谱联用技术进行检测(正离子方式,多反应监测模式)。采用同位素稀释内标法或外标法进行定量,线性关系良好,相关系数大于0.992。方法的定量限(LOQ,以信噪比(S/N)大于10计)分别为磺胺类和硝基咪唑类药物1.0 μg/kg,喹诺酮类和林可酰胺类药物2.0 μg/kg,大环内酯类药物3.0 μg/kg,吡喹酮0.3 μg/kg。总体回收率为32.6%～114%,相对标准偏差为1.3%～28.9%。该方法的定量限满足目前国内外药物的最大残留限量要求,可作为蜂蜜中相关药物残留量的筛选检测方法。     

固相萃取-高效液相色谱法测定动物肉组织中磺胺类药物的残留

建立了一种快速、灵敏、环保的固相萃取-反相高效液相色谱同时分析动物肉组织中5种磺胺类药物残留的方法。将样品加入到盛有无水硫酸钠的离心管中,再用乙酸乙酯提取;提取液经氨基固相萃取柱净化后,用1.5%（体积分数）乙酸乙醇溶液洗脱。洗脱液用高效液相色谱分离,二极管阵列检测器检测,外标法定量。5种磺胺类药物的线性关系良好,磺胺二甲基嘧啶(SM2)、磺胺间甲氧嘧啶(SMM)、磺胺甲唑(SMZ)的线性范围均为30～5000 μg/L,磺胺二甲氧嘧啶(SDM)、磺胺喹啉(SQ)的线性范围均为60～5000 μg/L。2种动物肉组织(鸡肉、猪肉)中5种磺胺类药物的加标回收率在73.2%至97.3%范围内,当添加水平为50 μg/kg时,加标回收率的相对标准偏差在2.5%至11.6%范围内;SM2,SMM和SMZ的检测限（S/N=3）和定量限（S/N=10）分别为3 μg/kg和10 μg/kg,SDM和SQ的检测限和定量限分别为7 μg/kg和25 μg/kg。     

基于离子液体的分散液液微萃取-柱前荧光衍生高效液相色谱法测定水样中8种磺胺类药物

建立了一种基于离子液体的分散液液微萃取技术结合柱前荧光衍生高效液相色谱(IL-DLLME-HPLC-FL)对8种磺胺类药物进行检测的方法,并成功应用于实际环境水样的分析。实验考察了萃取参数对磺胺萃取效率的影响及衍生产物的稳定性。最佳实验条件:以40 μL [C₆MIM]PF₆]为萃取剂,0.1 mL丙酮为分散剂,对pH=4且不含NaCl的水溶液进行不超声的分散液液微萃取,并衍生化反应6 h。结果表明:在最佳实验条件下,该法在0.2~10 μg/L和10~500 μg/L两个浓度范围内线性良好,线性相关系数r ≥0.9989;检出限为0.08~0.5 μg/L (S/N=3)。对实验室自来水、湖水、珠江水、池塘水分别加标5、50、200 μg/L的回收率为87.2%~101.4%,相对标准偏差为3.7%~6.2%。该法环保、简便,可用于测定实际水样中磺胺类药物。     

新型固相微萃取-高效液相色谱测定牛奶中4种磺胺类药物残留

采用原位聚合法在经修饰的不锈钢丝表面键合聚(甲基丙烯酸-乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯)材料,并以之作为固相微萃取纤维涂层,调节样品基质至pH 5,在30℃萃取50 min,在乙腈和0.1%甲酸(20∶80,V/V)中解吸12 min,同时与高效液相色谱联用,建立了牛奶中4种典型磺胺类药物残留的分析方法。实验结果表明,本方法的日内(n=3)和日间(n=5)精密度(RSD)分别小于6.1%和2.8%,平均加标回收率在68.2%～100.3%之间;涂层的制备重现性和实验重现性较好(RSD<5.82%,n=4),4种磺胺类化合物的线性范围为10～500μg/L,线性相关系数r>0.99,检出限在2～10μg/L之间。     

基于轻质萃取剂的溶剂去乳化分散液-液微萃取-气相色谱法测定水样中多环芳烃

以密度小于水的轻质溶剂为萃取剂,建立了无需离心步骤的溶剂去乳化分散液-液微萃取-气相色谱(SD-DLLME-GC)测定水样中多环芳烃的新方法。传统分散液-液微萃取技术一般采用密度大于水的有机溶剂为萃取剂,并需要通过离心步骤促进分相。而本方法以密度比水小的轻质溶剂甲苯为萃取剂,将其与丙酮(分散剂)混合并快速注入水样,获得雾化体系;然后注入乙腈作为去乳化剂,破坏该雾化体系,无需离心,溶液立即澄清、分相;取上层有机相(甲苯)进行GC分析。考察了萃取剂、分散剂、去乳化剂的种类及其体积等因素对萃取率的影响。以40 μL甲苯为萃取剂,500 μL丙酮为分散剂,800 μL乙腈为去乳化剂,方法在20～500 μg/L范围内呈现出良好的线性(r2=0.9942～0.9999),多环芳烃的检出限(S/N=3)为0.52～5.11 μg/L。用所建立的方法平行测定5份质量浓度为40 μg/L的多环芳烃标准水样,其含量的相对标准偏差为2.2%～13.6%。本法已成功用于实际水样中多环芳烃的分析,并测得其加标回收率为80.2%～115.1%。     

离子液体自聚集磁性多壁碳纳米管固相萃取环境水样中的磺胺类药物

将1-己基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸([C6MIM] [PF6])离子液体自聚集于磁性多壁碳纳米管(Fe3O4@MWCNTs)表面,并将其作为磁性固相吸附剂,建立了同时测定环境水样中磺胺二甲嘧啶、磺胺对甲氧嘧啶、磺胺邻二甲氧嘧啶和磺胺二甲异噁唑4种磺胺类药物的涡旋辅助磁性固相萃取-高效液相色谱法.优化条件为:将20.0 mg [C6MIM] [PF6]包覆的Fe3 O4@MWCNTs分散于200 mL水样中,涡旋萃取15 min,磁性分离获取磁性吸附剂,3.5 mL 1.0％乙酸铵-甲醇溶液洗脱,洗脱液氮吹至干,300 μL甲醇溶解后待下一步高效液相色谱/二极管阵列检测器(HPLC-PDA)分析.4种磺胺类药物在0.375 ～ 75.0 μg/L范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,其相关系数为0.9985 ～0.9996,检出限(S/N=3)为0.079 ～0.099 μg/L,3个加标浓度水平的回收率为80.60％ ～99.99％,日内、日间测定的相对标准偏差分别为1.3％ ～6.9％和1.2％～2.9％(n=3).结果表明,本方法简单方便,易于操作,适用于环境水样中痕量磺胺类药物的检测.     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定鳗鱼和虾中残留的33种喹诺酮和磺胺类药物

建立了鳗鱼和虾中33种喹诺酮类(QNs)和磺胺类(SAs)药物残留量的高效液相色谱-串联质谱(HPLC-MS/MS)测定方法。以氘代试剂为内标,样品经酸性乙腈萃取后,用正己烷脱脂,旋转蒸发浓缩,采用LC-MS/MS选择反应监测(SRM)正离子模式测定,同时对鳗鱼和虾中的33种QNs和SAs进行定性和定量。33种QNs和SAs的检出限(S/N=3)为1.0 μg/kg,定量限(S/N=10)为2.0 μg/kg;在10.0～200.0 μg/L时目标物的峰强度与质量浓度的线性关系良好(r>0.99);平均回收率为66%～123%。该法简便快捷,降低了分析成本,也在一定程度上实现了药物残留的快速检测。     

分子印迹固相萃取/毛细管电泳法检测牛奶中头孢噻肟残留

采用分子印迹技术,以头孢噻肟(CTX)为模板分子,α-甲基丙烯酸(MAA)为功能单体,乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯(EGDMA)为交联剂合成了头孢噻肟分子印迹聚合物(CTX-MIP).以该分子印迹聚合物为固相萃取柱填料,毛细管电泳进行检测,建立了分子印迹固相萃取/毛细管电泳检测牛奶中头孢噻肟残留的方法.结果表明,CTX-MIP对CTX具有较高的选择性,萃取效果良好.该方法在CTX为5～ 100 mg/L范围内呈良好线性,相关系数(r2)为0.999 4;3种不同加标水平(10、50、100 mg/L)的回收率分别为78％、84％、86％,相对标准偏差(RSD)为3.5％～4.5％,检出限(LOD,S/N≥3)为98.52 μg/L,定量下限(LOQ,S/N≥10)为329.0 μg/L,符合兽药残留分析的要求.     

分散固相萃取-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定鸡肝中磺胺类、喹诺酮类和苯并咪唑类药物及其代谢物的残留量

建立了一种分散固相萃取-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(QuEChERS-UPLC-MS/MS)测定鸡肝中12种磺胺类、19种喹诺酮类和8种苯并咪唑类药物及其代谢物残留的分析方法。样品用1%乙酸-乙腈溶液提取,NH2吸附剂净化,正己烷脱脂。用Kromasil Eternity C18色谱柱(100 mm×2.1 mm, 2.5 μm)分离,以0.1%甲酸水溶液和甲醇为流动相进行梯度洗脱,电喷雾正离子(ESI+)模式电离,多反应监测模式检测,内标法定量。39种药物在5～100 μg/kg的空白添加浓度范围内线性良好(r2＞0.98);在10～50 μg/kg的添加水平范围内,平均回收率为72%～121%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.5%～23.4%; 39种药物的检出限(LOD)为5 μg/kg,定量限(LOQ)为10 μg/kg。该方法简便、快速、灵敏、准确,适合鸡肝中磺胺类、喹诺酮类和苯并咪唑类药物残留的确证和定量测定。     

高效液相色谱-二极管阵列检测法同时分析兽药粉剂中11种磺胺类药物

建立了高效液相色谱-二极管阵列检测法同时测定兽药粉剂中11种磺胺类药物的分析方法。试样采用95%乙腈提取,经碱性氧化铝固相萃取小柱净化,15%乙腈复溶残渣后用Agilent TC-C18色谱柱分离,0.017 mol/L磷酸溶液和乙腈为流动相进行梯度洗脱,二极管阵列检测器进行检测。结果表明,在优化实验条件下,11种磺胺类药物的色谱分离和相应光谱图匹配理想;在0.25～10.0 mg/L范围内线性关系良好;兽药粉剂中添加0.5～5.0 mg/kg水平的11种磺胺类药物的回收率在67%～97%之间,相对标准偏差为1.5%～9.9%;以3倍信噪比(S/N=3)结合相应光谱图计算得11种磺胺类药物的检出限均为0.25 mg/kg。     

Stir rod sorptive extraction with monolithic polymer as coating and its application to the analysis of fluoroquinolones in honey sample

A stir rod sorptive extraction (SRSE) with monolithic polymer as coating was proposed to avoid the friction loss of coating during the stirring process. In our study, poly(2-acrylamide-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid-co-octadecyl methacrylate-co-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) [poly(AMPS-co-OCMA-co-EDMA)] monolithic polymer was used as a coating of SRSE. The effect of concentration of porogen on SRSE performance was studied. Four fluoroquinolones (FQs) were selected as testing analytes to evaluate the extraction efficiency of SRSE. To achieve the optimum extraction conditions of SRSE towards FQs, several parameters, including extraction time, extraction temperature, stirring rate, sample solution pH and contents of inorganic salt in the sample solution were investigated. Under the optimized conditions of SRSE, a method for the determination of FQs in honey sample was proposed based on the combination of SRSE with liquid chromatography and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (SRSE/LC/ESI-MS). The detection limits (LODs) of the proposed method for four FQs ranged from 0.06 to 0.14 ng/g and the recoveries were in the range of 70.3–122.6% at different concentrations for honey samples. Good method reproducibility was found as intra- and inter-day precisions, yielding the relative standard deviations less than 11.9% and 12.4%, respectively. The results show that SRSE with poly(AMPS-co-OCMA-co-EDMA) monolithic polymer as coating possessed good extraction capacity towards FQs in honey samples. Finally, the monolithic polymer coated stir rod was demonstrated to be reused at least 60 times.     

Layered double hydroxide/poly(vinylpyrrolidone) coated solid phase microextraction Arrow for the determination of volatile organic compounds in water

Today, wide variety of adsorbents have been developed for sample pretreatment to concentrate and separate harmful substances. However, only a few solid phase microextraction Arrow adsorbents are commercially available. In this study, we developed a new solid phase microextraction Arrow coating, in which nanosheets layered double hydroxides and poly(vinylpyrrolidone) were utilized as the extraction phase and poly(vinyl chloride) as the adhesive. This new coating entailed higher extraction capacity for several volatile organic compounds (allyl methyl sulfide, methyl propyl sulfide, 3‐pentanone, 2‐butanone, and methyl isobutyl ketone) compared to the commercial Carboxen 1000/polydimethylsiloxane coating. Fabrication parameters for the coating were optimized and extraction and desorption conditions were investigated. The validation of the new solid phase microextraction Arrow coating was accomplished using water sample spiked with volatile organic compounds. Under the optimal conditions, the limits of quantification for the five volatile organic compounds by the new solid phase microextraction Arrow coating and developed gas chromatography with mass spectrometry method were in the range of 0.2‐4.6 ng/mL. The proposed method was briefly applied for enrichment of volatile organic compounds in sludge.     

聚甲基三氟丙基硅氧烷固相微萃取涂层的制备及其对海水中酚类化合物的分析

采用溶胶-凝胶技术制备了聚甲基三氟丙基硅氧烷(PTFPMS)涂层,并将其作为萃取     

Polymer-Based Superhydrophobic Coating Fabricated from Polyelectrolyte Multilayers of Poly(allylamine hydrochloride) and Poly(acrylic acid)

Superhydrophobic films mainly based on poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) polyelectrolyte multilayer have been deposited onto cleaned glass substrate by a layer-by-layer dip coating method. 3 bilayers of the PAH and PAA was directly coated onto the substrate as an underlying layer for subsequent coating. Desired surface roughness on the polyelectrolyte bilayers was created by etching the bilayers in hydrochloric acid solution so as to create the open pore having suitable size at the surface. Then, nanoparticles such as SiO₂ and TiO₂ of various sizes were deposited onto the etched polyelectrolyte bilayers. Finally, the surfaces were further modified with semifluorinated silane followed by cross-linking at 180 °C for 2 h to obtain desirable surface morphological features. The effect of etching time and addition of nanoparticles on surface morphology was investigated using an atomic force microscope (AFM). Wetting ability of the prepared film was determined by measuring water droplet contact angle using a goniometer. Adhesion between the superhydrophobic films and the substrate was evaluated by using a standard tape test method (D3359). The adhesion was improved by reducing the organic content in the films.     

Development and application of a polar coating for stir bar sorptive extraction of emerging pollutants from environmental water samples

In the present study, a stir bar coated with hydrophilic polymer based on poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone-co-divinylbenzene) was prepared for the sorptive extraction of polar compounds. The main parameters affecting the polymerisation of the coating were investigated.The new stir bar was applied successfully in stir bar sorptive extraction with liquid desorption followed by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry in tandem with a triple quadrupole for the determination of a group of polar pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in environmental water matrices. Different variables affecting extraction and desorption such as agitation speed, temperature, ionic strength and extraction time were optimised. The results showed that the stir bar is able to enrich the selected analytes effectively.The developed method was applied to determine a group of PPCPs in different complex environmental samples, including river, effluent and influent waste water.     

奎宁功能化聚乙烯咪唑修饰硅胶亲水相互作用色谱固定相的制备及应用

通过表面自由基链转移聚合和亲核取代反应制备了一种新型奎宁功能化聚乙烯咪唑修饰硅胶亲水色谱固定相(Sil-PIm-Qn)。通过元素分析和红外光谱对该固定相进行表征,并在亲水相互作用色谱(HILIC)模式下对其进行了色谱性能评价。结果表明,该固定相对5种氨基酸、9种磺胺以及10种碱基核苷有较好的分离选择性。实验考察了流动相中有机相乙腈体积分数和水相中乙酸铵浓度对待分离物质保留行为的影响,并进一步对固定相分离的重复性进行了考察,其保留时间的相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.08%~2.30%(n=10)。该亲水色谱固定相制备方法简单,并且表现出了优异的亲水色谱分离性能,有望在磺胺类药物及生物样品中碱基核苷等亲水性物质的分离分析中有一定应用。     

Poly(dialkoxyethyl itaconates)

The oxidative and non-oxidative degradation of poly(di-methoxy-), poly(di-ethoxy-), poly(di-iso-propoxy-) and poly(di-n-butoxyethyl itaconate) were investigated by thermogravimetry. Characteristic degradation temperatures and apparent activation energies of degradation were determined for the non-oxidative degradation of all the investigated polymers. It was not possible to determine these characteristics in the presence of oxygen as the degradation was accompanied by a secondary exothermic reaction. Based on examination of the monomers, it is supposed that the exothermic reaction is a repolymerisation of the monomers released during the earlier stages of polymer degradation.     

Effect of inert diluent segment on the miscibility behavior of poly(vinylphenol) with poly(acetoxystyrene) blends

Polymer blends of poly(vinylphenol) (PVPh) and poly(styrene‐co‐vinylphenol) with poly(p‐acetoxystyrene) (PAS) were prepared by solution casting from tetrahydrofuran solution. The thermal properties and hydrogen bonding of the blends were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Although hydrogen bonding existed between the PVPh and PAS segments, the experimental results indicated that PVPh is immiscible with PAS as shown by the existence of two glass‐transition temperatures over the entire composition range by DSC. This phenomenon is attributed to the strong self‐association of PVPh, intramolecular screening, and functional group accessibility effects of the PVPh/PAS blend system. However, the incorporation of an inert diluent moiety such as styrene into the PVPh chain renders the modified polymer to be miscible with PAS. Copolymers containing between 16 and 51 mol % vinylphenol were fully miscible with PAS according to DSC studies. These observed results were caused by the reduction of the strong self‐association of PVPh and the increase of the interassociation between PVPh and PAS segments with the incorporation of styrene on the PVPh chain. According to the Painter‐Coleman association model, the interassociation equilibrium constant of PVPh/PAS blends was determined by a model compound and polymer blend. Good correlation between these two methods was obtained after considering the intramolecular screening and functional group accessibility effect in the polymer blend. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 40: 1661–1672, 2002     

Synthesis and characterization of multiblock copolyesters containing poly(dimethylsiloxane) in the soft segments

Synthesis and thermal properties of poly(aliphatic/aromatic-ester) copolymers containing additionally poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) chains in the soft segments are discussed. A two step method of transesterification and polycondensation from the melt was carried out in a presence of magnesium-titanate catalyst. An aliphatic dimer fatty acid was used as a component of the soft segments while poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) constituted the hard blocks. Effectiveness of the incorporation of PDMS into polymer chain was confirmed by the Soxhlet extraction and infrared spectroscopy of an excess of 1,4-butane diol destilled off from the polycondensation reaction. Multiblock copolymers showed microphase separation as determined by differential scanning calorimetry. Incorporation of a small amount of PDMS (up to 14.5 wt.-%) into polymer chain containg low concentration of hard segments of PBT lead to decrease in crystallinity of such copolymers. This may indicate that semicrystalline PBT are dissolved in the amorphous matrix of the soft segments.     

Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) Coatings Containing Flame Retardant Additives from Suspensions in Water-2-Propanol

A dip-coating technique is designed for deposition of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) from water/2-propanol mixture, avoiding the use of traditional toxic solvents. Solutions of PMMA macromolecules with high molecular weight (M_W) are obtained for a water/2-propanol ratio of 0.15–0.33 and the solubilization mechanism is discussed. The ability to use concentrated PMMA solutions and high M_W of the polymer are the key factors for the successful dip coating deposition. The coating mass for 10 g L⁻¹ polymer solutions shows a maximum at a water/2-propanol ratio of 0.25. The deposition yield increases with the polymer concentration increase and with an increasing number of the deposited layers. PMMA deposits protect stainless steel from aqueous corrosion. The coating technique allows for the fabrication of composite coatings, containing flame-retardant materials (FRMs), such as commercial halloysite, huntite, hydrotalcite, and synthesized Al(OH)₃, in the PMMA matrix. The FRM content in the coatings is modified by variation of the FRM content in colloidal suspensions. A fundamentally new method is developed, which is based on the salting out aided dispersive extraction of Al(OH)₃ from the aqueous synthesis medium to 2-propanol. It is based on the use of hexadecylphosphonic acid molecules as extractors. The method offers advantages of reduced agglomeration.